Expression of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract: Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is thought to be involved in liver regeneration, cellular proliferation, and hepatocarcinog-enesis. We have looked at the relationship between TGF-alpha and it's receptor, and have attempted to relate the expression of TGF-alpha and it's receptor to the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on serial sections of HCC. We examined immunohistochemically the expression of the TGF-alpha and of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proteins in the same area of 53 nodules (<5 cm in diameter) of HCC obtained from patients. Immnnoreactive proteins were visualized by using a biotin-streptoavidin system (LSAB Kit, Dako). TGF-alpha was strongly expressed in 29 of 53 (54.7%) nodules. Specimens strongly positive for TGF-alpha were found mainly in well-differentiated HCC, while specimens positive for EGFR were found mainly in poorly differentiated HCC (p<0.05). In the tissues that stained weakly positive for TGF-alpha, the expression of EGFR differed significantly, according to the degree of HCC histologic differentiation (p<0.05). These results led us to speculate that the expression of TGF-alpha and EGFR might be related to the pattern of histologic differentiation of HCC.     

EGF受体和转化生长因子α mRNA在人大肠癌组织的表达意义

目的研究表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）及转化生长因子α（ＴＧＦα）在人大肠癌三组不同组织中的表达，探讨其在大肠癌发生发展中的作用．方法分别取１４例大肠癌患者癌瘤组织、癌旁２ｃｍ及１０ｃｍ之全层肠管，采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ方法分别检测ＥＧＦＲ和ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ表达．结果大肠癌三组１４例不同组织中均有ＥＧＦＲ和ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ不同程度表达，以癌旁组织中表达为最强，同一病例比较，癌远侧组织中表达呈减弱趋势．癌远侧组织中，３例Ａ，Ｂ两期杂交信号明显弱于其他例Ｃ，Ｄ期信号．结论ＥＧＦＲ，ＴＧＦα在大肠癌发生发展中起重要作用，其ｍＲＮＡ表达与Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期相关，可望作为大肠癌恶性程度的指标．其在癌远侧组织中表达减弱的趋势提示是否可作为肿瘤手术切缘的评估指标，尚有待进一步的研究．     

糖皮质激素对老年鼻息肉患者表皮生长因子和表皮生长因子受体的表达影响及其临床作用

目的探讨糖皮质激素治疗老年鼻息肉患者的效果及其对息肉组织中表皮生长因子(EGF)和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)表达水平的影响。方法纳入2014年1月至2016年8月在我院接受糖皮质激素治疗的60例老年鼻息肉患者(息肉组)及鼻中隔偏曲患者20例(对照组)。息肉组患者采用布地奈德喷剂治疗12周,分别于治疗前、治疗后采集息肉组织及对照组鼻黏膜组织进行免疫组化染色及逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检查,对比两组EGF和EGFR蛋白及信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达水平。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用t检验。结果息肉组患者的鼻息肉病变评分情况:治疗前(2.48±0.77)分,治疗2周后(2.11±0.68)分,治疗6周后(1.57±0.49)分,治疗12周后(1.29±0.64)分;鼻息肉病变评分呈逐渐降低趋势,各时间点比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。息肉组在治疗前、治疗后的EGF、EGFR蛋白表达水平和mRNA表达水平均高于对照组(P0.05);息肉组治疗12周后鼻息肉组织中EGF和EGFR蛋白表达水平和mRNA表达水平较治疗前均显著降低(P0.05)。结论糖皮质激素治疗老年鼻息肉患者的效果肯定,其作用机制与抑制鼻息肉组织中EGF及EGFR表达有关。     

表皮生长因子在食蟹猴睾丸不同发育阶段表达的研究

目的观察表皮生长因子（EGF）在出生后食蟹猴睾丸发育成熟过程中的表达特征,探讨其在睾丸发育成熟中的作用。方法用免疫组化技术检测食蟹猴从新生猴期至成年猴期不同发育阶段睾丸EGF的表达情况。结果 32只食蟹猴睾丸均表达EGF。EGF主要表达于食蟹猴曲细精管内的精原细胞及一些间质细胞的胞质中,偶见表达于支持细胞胞质。各发育阶段睾丸精原细胞EGF阳性率存在差异（P〈0.01）,以新生猴期最低,童猴后期最高。结论 EGF在食蟹猴睾丸不同发育阶段的表达差异,提示EGF对睾丸的形态发育及功能起调节作用。     

Expression of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study

ABSTRACT— Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was examined in 56 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using an immunohistochemical method. EGF and FGF were expressed on carcinoma cells in 14 (25%) and 23 cases (41%), respectively. In the 23 FGF-positive cases, 11 cases were positive for both acidic and basic FGF, while 18 were positive for acidic FGF, and 16 were positive for basic FGF. In non-cancerous hepatic tissues, FGF was weakly positive in macrophages, hepatocytes and vascular endothelial cells in some cases, while EGF was totally negative. There were no significant correlations between the expression of EGF or FGF on carcinoma cells and the various clinicopathologic factors examined. These data suggest that EGF and FGF are produced by human HCC cells in vivo. The roles of the expression of these growth factors in the development and progression of HCC remain only speculative.     

促愈颗粒对胃溃疡实验大鼠胃黏膜表皮生长因子及其受体表达的影响

[目的]研究促愈颗粒对乙酸烧灼型胃溃疡(GU)大鼠胃黏膜表皮生长因子(EGF)及其受体(EGFR)表达的影响。[方法]将大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组,模型组,促愈颗粒组和雷尼替丁组。乙酸制备慢性GU大鼠模型后,于给药14 d和28 d后分2次处死大鼠,观察胃黏膜组织形态,免疫组织化学技术检测大鼠胃黏膜EGF及EGFR水平。[结果]与模型组比较,促愈颗粒组和雷尼替丁组囊状扩张腺体数量均显著减少(P<0.01,<0.05),EGF及EGFR水平均显著增高(P<0.01,<0.05),且促愈颗粒组作用均优于雷尼替丁组(均P<0.05)。[结论]促愈颗粒可能通过增加胃黏膜EGF和EGFR的水平,进而提高GU再生黏膜结构和功能成熟度,从而促进溃疡愈合,提高溃疡愈合质量,并防止溃疡复发。     

LTBP-1在早孕胚胎停育患者绒毛蜕膜中的表达

目的探讨胚胎停育患者蜕膜和绒毛组织中潜在性转化生长因子结合蛋白1（LTBP-1）及转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的表达情况,分析其与胚胎停育的关系。方法随机选择早孕胚胎停育患者20例为实验组,正常早孕患者20例作为对照组。用免疫组化SP法测定蜕膜及绒毛组织中LTBP-1及TGF-β1的表达情况。结果胚胎停育患者蜕膜及绒毛组织中LTBP—1表达水平均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,TGF-β1表达水平与对照组比较无显著性差异。结论LTBP-1表达的改变可能参与了胚胎停育的发病。     

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II in diabetic pregnancy: Suppression of normal pregnancy-induced rise of IGF-I

Summary The concentrations of somatomedins/insulin-like growth factors were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay for insulin-like growth factor-I and a specific radioreceptor assay for insulin-like growth factor-II in sera of term normal and Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic pregnant women and in various cord sera of their newborn infants. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in normal (non-diabetic) maternal serum were higher than in non-pregnant women (486 ± 26 versus 215 ± 26 ng/ml). The normal pregnancy-induced increment of insulin-like growth factor-I was markedly reduced in diabetic pregnancy. It was not different in patients with good or poor glycaemic control, as judged by normal or elevated blood levels of haemoglobin A_1c content. Insulin-like growth factor-I levels in cord serum of infants of diabetic women with good glycaemic control (86±11 ng/ml) and poor glycaemic control (91±19 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in infants of non-diabetic women (43±42 ng/ml). The fetal birth weight ratios were not significantly correlated with insulin-like growth factor-I levels in cord serum. Serum insulin-like growth factor-II levels in maternal and cord serum in diabetic and normal pregnancy were not different from each other or from normal non-pregnant women. The increment in insulin-like growth factor-I levels in maternal serum in pregnancy may influence placental structure and function. Lack of this increment in maternal diabetes may have direct implication in placental abnormalities in diabetes and indirect implications on fetal development and metabolism. The increment in fetal serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in infants of diabetic mothers might suggest a role for insulin-like growth factor-I in fetal macrosomia. This finding, along with the lack of correlation with maternal glycaemic control, might suggest that fetal hyperinsulinaemia has a greater role than insulin-like growth factor-I in the fetal macrosomia. Serum insulin-like growth factor-II levels do not appear to be influenced by pregnancy or diabetes. The similar levels of insulin-like growth factors-I or II in normal and diabetic non-pregnant women may present some evidence against a major role of both insulin-like growth factors in the chronic complications which may develop in persons with diabetes.     

洛沙坦对大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏转化生长因子βⅠ型、Ⅱ型受体表达的影响

目的　观察洛沙坦对大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏转化生长因子 βⅠ型受体 (TGFβRⅠ )、Ⅱ型受体 (TGFβRⅡ )表达的影响。 方法　 30只大鼠按体重随机分为 3组 ,每组 10只。A组 :健康对照组 ;B组 :糖尿病模型组 ,尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素 5 0mg/kg体重制成糖尿病模型 ;(3)C组 :洛沙坦治疗组 ,按B组方法建立大鼠糖尿病模型后第 2天给予洛沙坦 10mg·kg体重 -1·d-1灌胃。 8周后半定量逆转录 聚合酶链反应检测 3组肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ和纤维连接蛋白 (FN)mRNA的表达。免疫组化测 3组肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ和FN蛋白的表达。生化法测血糖、尿素氮和肌酐水平。放射免疫法测血胰岛素和血管紧张素Ⅱ。磺基水杨酸法测 2 4h尿蛋白。结果　B组大鼠平均肾小球体积、肾重 /体重增加 ,2 4h尿蛋白、血尿素氮和肌酐水平上升 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ、FNmRNA和蛋白表达显著增加 (P <0 0 5 )。C组大鼠平均肾小球体积、肾重 /体重减少 ,2 4h尿蛋白、血尿素氮和肌酐水平下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肾皮质TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ、FNmRNA和蛋白表达显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论　洛沙坦下调大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ的表达 ,抑制肾脏细胞肥大 ,减少细胞外基质成分的合成。     

骨关节炎患者滑膜及软骨中转化生长因子β受体的表达

目的 了解骨关节炎滑膜和软骨中转化生长因子βⅠ类受体和转化生长因子βⅡ类受体的分布及变化,探讨滑膜转化生长因子β受体与骨关节炎发病和治疗的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学方法对２６例骨关节炎及３例正常滑膜和软骨中转化生长因子βⅠ类受体和转化生长因子βⅡ类受体与转化生长因子β１的分布和阳性程度进行观察。结果 全部骨关节炎患者滑膜和软骨标本转化生长因子βⅠ类受体染色阳性,阳性细胞包括滑膜衬里细胞、滑膜下层血管内皮细胞、间质巨噬细胞和软骨细胞,阳性颗粒位于细胞浆中。转化生长因子βⅡ类受体在骨关节炎滑膜和软骨中的分布部位和阳性程度与转化生长因子βⅠ类受体相似。结论 在ＯＡ滑膜和软骨中ＴＧＦβ的信号传递介尚丰富,对抑制炎症过程、帮助局部组织修复有重要作用。     

Correlation of human epidermal growth factor receptor protein expression and colorectal cancer

AIM: To investigate the correlation between human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2) protein expression and colorectal cancer (CRC) using a case-control study and meta-analysis.METHODS: Tumor tissue specimens from 162 CRC patients were selected for the case group. Fifty cases were randomly selected, and normal CRC tissue at least 10 cm away from the tumor margins of these cases was used to generate the control group. The expression of the HER-2 protein in the 162 CRC tissue samples and the 50 adjacent normal mucosa tissue samples was detected via immunohistochemistry. The experimental data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software, and R software version 3.1.0 was utilized for further verification.RESULTS: The expression of HER-2 protein in the 162 CRC tissue samples was significantly higher than in the normal tissue specimens. The data showed that the expression of HER-2 in CRC was related to the Dukes’ stage, the depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. The HER-2-positive patients had lower 3- and 5-year OS rates than the HER-2-negative patients, but there was no significant difference. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the 3- and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates of HER-2-positive and HER-2-negative patients. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the expression of HER-2 in CRC patients was statistically significantly increased over that of healthy people. The 3-year DFS rate in HER-2-positive patients was markedly lower than that in HER-2-negative patients.CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of HER-2 expression might be a dependable strategy for CRC therapy.     

New mechanism of transforming growth factor‐β signaling in hepatoma: Dramatic up‐regulation of tumor initiating cells and epidermal growth factor receptor expression

Aim: Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) has dual activity in tumor cells. We studied the effect of TGF‐β on tumor‐initiating cells (TICs), which are similar in self‐renewal and differentiation features to normal adult stem cells. Methods: We used side population (SP) cells that exclude DNA binding dye Hoechst 33342 to obtain TICs, studied the differences in the kinetics of the SP cell response to TGF‐β treatment between hepatic tumor cell lines, and performed gene analysis. Results: SP cells from all cell lines have higher proliferative ability compared to non‐SP cells and they are drug resistant. TGF‐β treatment increased the percentage of SP cells (%SP) and the survival rate; chemotherapeutic drug resistance developed only in K‐251 SP cells. Gene analysis showed that TGF‐β up‐regulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) only in K‐251 cells. There were no EGFR mutations in K‐251, which had been reported in lung cancer. Knockdown of Smad4 using the small‐interfering RNA technique in K‐251 cells inhibited EGFR overexpression and significantly decreased the %SP. In contrast, the JNK inhibitor had little effect on EGFR expression or the %SP. Conclusion: TGF‐β treatment of K‐251 cells causes tumor progression and the anti‐cancer drug resistant phenotype by increasing SP.     

转化生长因子β受体-Ⅰ等在非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝组织中的表达

检测转化生长因子β受体Ⅰ（TGFβRⅠ）和血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）-A、-B及其受体PDGFR-α、-β，观察其在各种类型的非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者肝组织中的表达、分布和变化情况，以探讨其促进NAFLD发生脂肪性肝炎、脂肪性肝硬化的作用机制及临床意义。     

日本血吸虫病小鼠肝纤维化肝脏CTGF、TGF-β1的表达及意义

目的 研究结缔组织生长因子（connective tissue growth factor，CTGF）与转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor-betal，TGF-β1）在日本血吸虫病小鼠肝纤维化肝脏中的表达状况及意义。方法 用昆明小鼠感染尾蚴建立日本血吸虫病小鼠肝纤维化模型，随机分为模型组和对照组，感染后6、10、14、18周杀鼠；HE染色观察肝脏病理变化，免疫组化法检测肝内CTGF、TGF-β1蛋白的表达水平。结果 模型组小鼠10周时形成血吸虫病肝纤维化，此时肝内CTGF表达达高峰。且10、14、18周时的表达量均显著高于同期对照组（P〈0．01）；模型组TGF-β1蛋白定量和CT—GF有相同的变化趋势，但18周时与同期对照组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；模型组CTGF和TGF-β1蛋白表达水平具有直线相关性。结论 CTGF与TGF-β1的表达与日木血吸虫病小鼠肝纤维化形成有密切关系，TGF-β1的致纤维化作用可能部分通过CTGF的生物学作用介导，阻断CTGF的传导通路可能是血吸虫病肝纤维化治疗的有效靶点。     

Correlation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in gastric cancer

AIM:To investigate human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) gene amplification and protein expression in Chinese patients with resectable gastric cancer and the association with clinicopathological characteristics and survival.METHODS:One hundred and ninety-seven gastric cancer patients who underwent curative surgery procedures were enrolled into this study.HER2 gene amplification and protein expression were examined using fluorescence in-situ hybridization(FISH) and immunohistochemistry(IHC) analysis on formalin-fixed paraffinembedded gastric cancer samples from all patients.For scoring,Hofmann’s HER2 gastric cancer scoring system was adopted.All cases showing IHC3+ or FISH positiv-ity were defined as HER2 positive.Patient clinicopathological data and survival information were collected.Finally,χ 2 statistical analysis was performed to analyze the HER2 positivity rate amongst the subgroups with different clinicopathological characteristics including;gender,age,tumor location,Lauren classification,differentiation,TNM staging,depth of invasion,lymph node metastases and distant metastasis.The probability of survival for different subgroups with different clinicopathological characteristics was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival curves plotted using log rank inspection.RESULTS:According to Hofmann’s HER2 gastric cancer scoring criteria,31 cases(15.74%) were identified as HER2 gene amplified and 19 cases(9.64%) were scored as strongly positive for HER2 membrane staining(3+),25 cases(12.69%) were moderately positive(2+) and 153 cases(77.66%) were HER2 negative(0/1+).The concordance rate between IHC and FISH analyses was 88.83%(175/197).Thirty-six cases were defined as positive for HER2 gene amplification and/or protein expression,with 24 of these cases being eligible for Herceptin treatment according to United States recommendations,and 29 of these cases eligible according to EU recommendations.Highly consistent results were detected between IHC3+,IHC0/1 and FISH(73.68% and 95.42%),but l     

调节性T淋巴细胞转化生长因子-β白细胞介素-17对狼疮肾炎的影响及相互关系

目的 检测活动期、静止期狼疮肾炎(LN)患者及健康人外周血白细胞介素(IL)-10、IL-6、转化生长因子(TGF)-β、IL-17、CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(lo)调节性T淋巴细胞水平,探讨TGF-β与调节性T淋巴细胞、IL-6、IL-17在LN的变化及相互关系.方法 采用三色荧光染色通过流式细胞仪(FCM)检测外周血中CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(lo)细胞水平,以双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定LN患者外周血中TGF-β、IL-17水平,用CBA流式蛋白分析系统检测外周血中IL-10、IL-6水平.结果 ①活动期LN患者外周血调节性T淋巴细胞低于静止期、健康组(P<0.01),静止期与健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).②活动期LN患者IL-10、IL-6与静止期相比显著升高(P<0.01).③活动期LN、静止期LN、健康组TGF-β、IL-17无变化.④LN患者调节性T淋巴细胞与IL-10、IL-6、SLEDAI之间呈负相关(P<0.05);与C3、C4之间无显著相关性.⑤LN患者外周血IL-10、IL-6与SLEDAI呈正相关(P<0.01),与C3、C4均呈负相关(P<0.01).LN患者外周血SLEDAI与C3、C4均呈负相关(P<0.01).⑥LN患者调节性T淋巴细胞与TGF-β、IL-17之间无相关性.⑦TGF-β与IL-17呈正相关(P<0.01).结论 ①LN患者外周血中调节性T淋巴细胞及IL-10、IL-6、TGF-β的水平变化可作为狼疮活动性的指标.②LN患者外周血中调节性T淋巴细胞与IL-10、IL-6呈负相关.③激素有助于提高调节性T淋巴细胞,降低IL-17.④T淋巴细胞将随机体状态、局部微环境的改变以及维护机体免疫平衡的需要出现不同的极化.