Pilon骨折的手术治疗体会

目的回顾性分析了治疗Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法对1997年至2002年接受手术治疗的52例单侧Pilon骨折患进行随访，平均年龄37．8岁，伤后至手术时间平均6．8d。骨折类型：Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型36例、Ⅲ型12例。40例行切开复位三叶型(或T型)钢板内固定；12例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架2例，辅以石膏托10例。术后平均随访28．4个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，52例患，优43例，良6例，可3例。术后并发症包括创面不愈合4例，感染2例，延迟愈合1例和关节退行性变7例。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

高能量Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法回顾性分析1998至2004年进行手术治疗的38例单侧胫骨Pilon骨折病例，38例中9例行切开复位三叶型钢板内固定，26例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架者24例、辅以石膏托者2例。术后平均随访30．2个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，38例患者中，优28例，良8例，可2例。术后3例出现创面不愈合，4例发生感染，1例骨折延迟愈合，4例发生关节退行性变。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

胫骨Pilon骨折的手术治疗

[目的]回顾性分析治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的手术方法及其疗效.[方法]对2002年1月～2005年12月手术治疗的31例胫骨Pilon骨折进行随访,开放性骨折12例,闭合性骨折19例.按R黣di-Allgǒwer分型Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型11例.24例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定术,7例行有限内固定结合外固定支架.术后随访12～23个月,平均18.3个月.[结果]采用Tenny评分系统评估手术疗效,优18例,良6例,可5例,差2例.术后并发症包括皮肤坏死3例,感染1例,复位不良1例和关节退行性变4例.[结论]根据骨折类型,正确选择手术时机和合适的固定方式是治疗Pilon骨折取得良好效果的关键.     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的：回顾性分析了有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的手术疗效。方法：23例患接受该方法治疗，其中，男16例，女7例。骨折类型：Ⅰ型2例，Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型9例，Ⅳ型5例，Ⅴ型4例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型在“C”臂机监视下闭合复位，“T”型单侧多功能外固定支架或组合式外固定支架固定。Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型采用踝前小切口，以螺钉有限内固定结合组合式外固定支架外固定。术后平均随访21个月，结果：采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，优：16例，良：5例，可：1例，差：1例。术后并发症包括：针道感染3例，螺钉松动2例。结论：有限内固定结合外固定支架是治疗高能量Pilon骨折（尤其Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型）的较好方法。     

胫骨远端Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法2004年7月～2005年5月期间，收治Pilon骨折29例，其中PilonⅠ型骨折5例，Ⅱ型骨折16例，Ⅲ型骨折8例；闭合性Pilon骨折8例，开放性GustiloⅠ型Pilon骨折7例，GustiloⅡ型骨折9例，GustiloⅢ型骨折5例；急诊手术复位三叶草钢板内固定13例，有限切开复位、支架外固定5例，U型石膏外固定6例，延期手术复位内固定5例。结果按Mazur标准，优15例，良7例，可4例，差3例。结论根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度，在适当的时问选择合适的治疗方案，是Pilon骨折治疗成功的关键。     

外固定支架治疗开放性Pilon骨折29例报告

目的：探讨开放性Pilon骨折外固定支架治疗的优缺点及手术要点。方法：对1996年－2000年接受手术治疗的29例单侧开放性Pilon骨折回顾。结果：29例经平均26个月的随访，总优良率69％。结论：1、开放性Pilon骨折，使用外固定支架，收到较好疗效。2、骨折的分级与术后疗效有直接关系。3、对Pilon骨折的并发症要有足够认识。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的：探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效。方法：对1995-2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访。骨折类型：Ⅰ型14例，Ⅱ型16例，Ⅲ型15例。22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定，23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定。术后平均随访40.8月。结果：按Mazur评分系统，45例中优37例，良5例，可2例，差1例。术后并发症：伤口不愈合（4例），伤口感染（2例），骨折延迟愈合（1例），踝关节肿胀（8例），踝关节僵硬（1例）。结论：治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则。术前伤品处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施。     

间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的 评价间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的效果。方法 对进行间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗的19例Pilon骨折患者随访10个月～5年。结果 采用Helfet标准进行疗效评价，优13例(I型6例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型2例)，良4例(Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型1例)，差2例(Ⅲ型)。结论 该方法保护骨折部软组织附着，间接复位稳定固定可提高骨折愈合率及愈合速度。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效。方法:对1995～2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访。骨折类型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型15例。22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定,23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定。术后平均随访40.8月。结果:按Mazur评分系统,45例中优37例,良5例,可2例,差1例。术后并发症:伤口不愈合(4例),伤口感染(2例),骨折延迟愈合(1例),踝关节肿胀(8例),踝关节僵硬(1例)。结论:治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则。术前伤口处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效.方法:对1995～2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访.骨折类型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型15例.22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定,23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定.术后平均随访40.8月.结果:按Mazur评分系统,45例中优37例,良5例,可2例,差1例.术后并发症:伤口不愈合(4例),伤口感染(2例),骨折延迟愈合(1例),踝关节肿胀(8例),踝关节僵硬(1例).结论:治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则.术前伤口处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.