三种金枪鱼不同部位肌肉营养成分与风味物质比较

为科学评价大目金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和蓝鳍金枪鱼不同部位的营养成分与风味物质,采用国标法和Flavorspace?气相色谱-离子迁移谱仪检测了其基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质,对比分析不同品种及不同部位间存在的差异。结果表明:三种金枪鱼肌肉的水分含量存在较大差异,不同部位肌肉水分含量为50.16~79.37 g/100 g,其中,蓝鳍金枪鱼肌肉的水分含量显著低于大目和黄鳍金枪鱼（P<0.05）。蓝鳍金枪鱼背部蛋白含量最高,达24.70 g/100 g;蓝鳍金枪鱼腹部脂肪含量高达30.29 g/100 g。大目金枪鱼背部肌肉符合FAO/WHO标准,属于优质蛋白;而大目金枪鱼腹部肌肉、蓝鳍背部和腹部肌肉均接近于FAO/WHO标准,也是良好的蛋白源。三种金枪鱼不同部位肌肉中谷氨酸含量最高,色氨酸含量最低。三种金枪鱼不同部位肌肉共检出31种脂肪酸,其中,二十碳五烯酸（Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）总量较高,二者总量占脂肪酸比例的27.61%~41.73%。共检测到醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类、酸类和烷烃及含氮化合物等40种挥发性风味物质;其中蓝鳍金枪鱼中种类最多,大目金枪鱼最少;同一品种不同部位肌肉中挥发性风味物质的相对含量也存在明显差异。三种金枪鱼不同部位肌肉均具有较高的营养价值,主体风味各不相同;其中蓝鳍金枪鱼背部肌肉必需氨基酸含量高,腹部肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,且风味更佳。本研究结果为三种金枪鱼不同部位肌肉的精准加工与利用提供科学依据。     

四川泸州6种香椿营养成分和挥发性成分分析

为了解四川省泸州市不同香椿品种的差异,收集6种泸州市内栽种的香椿,对其基础营养成分和挥发性成分进行分析检测并比较。结果表明6种香椿存在差异。6种香椿样品中水分(85%～90%)和可溶性蛋白含量(3.0 mg/g)无明显差异。5号香椿样品脂肪含量最高0.771 8 mg/g, 6号香椿样品的脂肪含量最低0.194 7 mg/g。3号香椿样品总叶绿素含量最高281.5 mg/g, 4号香椿样品总叶绿素含量最低281.5 mg/g。2号香椿样品中黄酮类物质、多酚、多糖总含量最高,分别为8.5 mg/g, 5.4 mg/g和2.8 g/100 g。6种香椿样品共检出69种挥发性成分,其中含有萜烯类、酯类、醇类、醛类化合物,这些化合物共同作用,使香椿呈现出独特的气味。不同品种的香椿在基础营养成分和挥发性成分方面存在差异,可根据实际需求选择品种。     

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的蓝莓品质综合评价

目的:探究蓝莓的综合品质特性。方法:利用全自动氨基酸分析仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪等仪器,测定四川地区6个品种蓝莓的感官形态、营养功能、游离氨基酸、挥发性风味物质等20个指标,并结合主成分分析法及聚类分析评价其综合品质。结果:不同品种蓝莓各项指标间存在差异,布里吉塔的单果重（2.06 g）最重,横径（14.39 mm）最大,但胶粘性（151.96 N）和总酚含量（1.64 mg/g）最低;密斯梯的游离氨基酸含量最高（453.72 mg/100 g）,鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸占比较大;绿宝石的游离氨基酸含量最低（122.93 mg/100 g）且种类最少;园蓝的硬度适中,糖酸比（28.23）、花青素（2.09 mg/g）、总酚（5.78 mg/g）及挥发性风味物质（14.60 μg/g）含量最高。结论:根据主成分分析得到的最优品种为园蓝;根据聚类分析将蓝莓分为三类,适宜鲜食品种为园蓝和莱格西;加工鲜食皆宜品种为绿宝石、布里吉塔和密斯梯,蓝雨品种加工优势突出。     

自然风干对原料大头菜品质及风味的影响

为探讨自然风干对原料大头菜品质及风味的影响,本研究以风干前后的原料大头菜为研究对象,对原料大头菜风干前后的水分含量、水分活度、硬度、脆度、蛋白质含量、氨基酸态氮含量、微生物菌落总数和乳酸菌菌落数进行了对比分析,并采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（SPME-GC-MS）分析其挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明,自然风干极显著提高了大头菜硬度,降低了大头菜脆度（P<0.01）。与风干前相比,风干后原料大头菜的菌落总数和乳酸菌菌落数极显著增加（P<0.01）,蛋白质含量由风干前的2.3 g/100 g极显著上升至2.5 g/100 g(P<0.01),水分含量由风干前的91%显著减少到88%(P<0.05),氨基酸态氮含量由风干前的0.27 g/100 g显著下降至0.24 g/100 g(P<0.05)。通过GC-MS技术从风干前后大头菜中分别检出24和18种挥发性风味物质,风干前后的大头菜挥发性物质种类及含量均有明显差异,风干后异硫氰酸仲丁酯和苯代丙腈的相对含量增加至1.362%和65.870%;利用偏最小二乘-判别分析（OPLS-DA）筛选出了19种特征...     

多品种鹅鲜肉成分及品质特性差异分析

选取240 日龄朗德鹅、扬州鹅、浙东白鹅以及皖西白鹅各12 只,取胸肉进行食用品质、营养品质以及挥发性风味物质的测定。结果表明：4 种鹅肉的pH 值均在正常范围值内,肉色较好,皖西白鹅熟肉率最高,食用品质较好,浙东白鹅剪切力最低;4 种鹅肉的蛋白质、脂肪、水分和灰分含量差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;在4 种鹅肉中共检测出30 种脂肪酸,皖西白鹅脂肪酸含量最高,达到51.55 mg/100 g,对鹅肉风味的产生有重要作用,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山嵛酸、油酸以及二十碳五烯酸是其主要脂肪酸（占比81.83%）,多不饱和脂肪酸占饱和脂肪酸的比值（polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acid,PUFA/SFA）为2.52;朗德鹅具有最低的动脉粥样硬化指数（atherogenic index,AI）值（0.23）,其次是皖西白鹅。鹅鲜肉中共检测出17 种氨基酸,其中7 种为必需氨基酸,其中皖西白鹅具有最高的氨基酸含量（41.57 mg/100 g）,鹅肉中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例（essential amino acid/amino acids,EAA/TAA）达到33.12%,鲜味氨基酸含量达到0.96 mg/100 g;共鉴定得到17 种挥发性有机物,醛、酮和酸是鹅生肉的主要风味物质,其中皖西白鹅具有最丰富的挥发性物质类别,3-羟基-2-丁酮、丙酮以及4 种酸是皖西白鹅的风味主体;主成分分析结果表明长链不饱和脂肪酸和部分氨基酸（缬氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸）分别是皖西白鹅、扬州鹅区别于其他鹅种的主要标志,扬州鹅与浙东白鹅呈现较高的相似度。     

不同品种鸡肉蒸煮挥发性风味成分比较研究

利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用内标法对不同品种鸡肉的蒸煮挥发性风味物质进行定性定量分析,基于挥发性物质种类及含量差异,对鸡肉蒸煮主要风味物质进行主成分分析,并对品种进行聚类分析。同时利用电子鼻(E-nose)风味分析技术,对鸡品种进行种类区分。结果表明:10种蒸煮鸡肉共鉴定出72种挥发性物质,其中醛类20种、酮类7种、醇类11种、其它化合物34种,共有的挥发性风味物质19种。不同品种鸡肉相比,柴母鸡和乌鸡的挥发性风味物质种类较多,分别为49和46种;清远鸡和北京油鸡的醛类含量较高,分别为11785.47和11050.57 ng/g。主成分分析表明,蒸煮鸡肉主要挥发性物质为(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、庚醇和2-癸酮。基于蒸煮鸡肉中挥发性风味物质种类和含量不同,可将10个品种鸡肉聚为两类。采用电子鼻分析技术,可将中国地方品种鸡与白羽肉鸡很好地区分。     

黔式腊肉加工过程中理化成分与风味物质分析

以黔式腊肉为研究对象,对其加工过程中理化成分变化以及风味物质成分进行研究。结果表明：黔式腊肉加工过程中水分含量由70.75%下降到45.06%,酸价由0.84 mg KOH/g增加到2.31 mg KOH/g,过氧化值由0.48 meq/kg增加到2.00 meq/kg,pH值由6.03下降到5.80,脂肪不断水解、氧化生成小分子脂肪酸;非蛋白氮和挥发性盐基氮含量呈上升趋势;游离氨基酸总含量由441.55 mg/100 g增加到1 060.79 mg/100 g,其中,半胱氨酸增幅最大（112.17 mg/100 g）,其次是丙氨酸（94.79 mg/100 g）、亮氨酸（94.15 mg/100 g）、谷氨酸（89.67 mg/100 g）和苯丙氨酸（60.68 mg/100 g）。黔式腊肉中共鉴定出55 种挥发性风味物质,主体风味物质为酚类、羰基类、醇类、酯类和烃类。     

鸡肉品种和部位对美拉德反应产物呈味的影响

以淘汰蛋鸡(72周龄)、三黄鸡(10周龄)和AA白羽肉鸡(7周龄)3种鸡肉为原料,通过化学分析和感官评定相结合的方法,比较研究3种鸡的鸡胸肉、鸡腿肉和鸡骨架的化学组成和酶解液美拉德反应产物的呈味特性。结果表明:不同品种、不同部位的鸡肉在水分、蛋白质及脂肪含量上存在显著差异(P 0.05),淘汰蛋鸡骨架的水分和蛋白质含量最低,分别为68.74%和15.32%,脂肪含量最高,达到14.49%。3个品种的鸡肉,均以鸡胸肉的水解度最高。呈味试验结果显示,不同品种鸡肉美拉德反应产物的呈味效果,以淘汰蛋鸡最优,而淘汰蛋鸡的不同部位之间,又以鸡骨架在炖煮鸡汤的特征味、醇厚感、持续性、和谐性等方面最优。与AA白羽肉鸡和三黄鸡相比,淘汰蛋鸡更适合用来生产热反应鸡肉香精。     

扬州市售盐水鹅品质分析

为比较扬州不同品种市售盐水鹅的营养品质和挥发性风味物质,优选4种扬州市售盐水鹅,测定其水分、脂肪、蛋白质、能量并进行显著性分析,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对4种盐水鹅挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明:盐水鹅c的水分含量最高,为66.53%;盐水鹅d的脂肪含量和能量最高,分别为25.87%和308.33%;盐水鹅b的蛋白质含量最高,为20.10%,更具有高蛋白、低脂肪的特点,符合现代人们对食品的营养要求;盐水鹅a的挥发性风味物质种类最多,含量最高,风味最好。     

革胡子鲶鱼皮营养成分和挥发性物质分析

为了开发利用革胡子鲶鱼皮,采用常规营养成分分析方法和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术,测定鱼皮营养成分和挥发性物质。结果表明:鱼皮中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、总糖含量分别为62.85%,27.50%,5.28%,0.15%,3.84%;鱼皮中必需氨基酸含量为16.60 g/100 g,鲜味氨基酸含量为45.72 g/100 g;必须游离氨基酸和鲜味游离氨基酸含量较多,分别为52.6 mg/100 g,30.54 mg/100 g,游离氨基酸含量最高的为牛磺酸28.34 mg/100 g;鱼皮中不饱和脂肪酸含量较为丰富,脂肪酸含量最高的为顺油酸(1.18 mg/mL),且富含多种矿物质元素。GC-MS和GC-IMS两种分析方法共同得到的挥发性物质仅反-2-辛烯醛、苯甲醛、正己醛和正己醇。这两种分析方法相结合,可以更好地研究革胡子鲶鱼皮的风味物质。     

云南武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡肌肉中脂肪酸的组成分析

以云南省特有的三个优质地方鸡品种:武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、大围山微型鸡为研究对象,用溶剂提取法提取3种鸡胸肌及腿肌中总脂质,经甲脂化后,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对脂肪酸组成及含量进行分析。结果显示,在云南武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡胸肌及腿肌中共含有20种脂肪酸,主要包括油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生四烯酸。武定鸡与盐津乌骨鸡胸肌中总脂肪含量分别为28.470与25.042 mg/g,显著高于大围山微型鸡的16.769 mg/g(p0.05),大围山微型鸡腿肌中总脂肪含量为51.10 mg/g,显著高于武定鸡40.994 mg/g(p0.05);三种鸡的脂肪酸种类相同,饱和、不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例相似,但各脂肪酸含量有所差异,三个鸡种腿肌中脂肪酸含量显著高于胸肌中脂肪酸含量(p0.05)。     

Effect of Substituting Surimi with Spent Laying Hen Meat on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Fried Fish Paste

Fried fish paste (FFP) samples were divided into four treatments: a control composed of commercial FFP containing no breast meat batter from spent laying hens, and treatments 1, 2, and 3, in which Itoyori surimi was substituted with 7.46, 14.93, and 22.39 % batter from the breast meat of whole spent laying hens, respectively. Moisture content was significantly lower in T3 than in the FFP samples, whereas crude fat was significantly higher in T3. Polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were significantly higher in the control than the other FFP samples, whereas saturated fatty acid contents were significantly higher in T3. The breaking force, deformation, gel strength, and jelly strength values were higher in the control than the other FFP samples during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a measure of lipid oxidation, and volatile basic nitrogen, as a measure of protein degradation, were significantly higher in T3 than in the other samples. Additionally, the control had a significantly lower TBARS level than the other samples. In sensory evaluation, color, aroma, flavor, and juiciness were not significantly different among FFP samples during storage. The results show that physicochemical properties such as gel characteristics, shear force, and fatty acid composition are influenced by substitution with spent laying hen meat batter. However, sensory evaluation scores are less influenced by this substitution.     

The development of imitation crab stick containing chicken breast surimi

Imitation crab stick samples were made from Alaska pollack with Golden treadfin bream surimi (C), Alaska pollack with Golden treadfin bream surimi and spent laying hens breast surimi (T1), Alaska pollack with spent laying hens breast surimi (T2), and Alaska pollack with Golden treadfin bream with mechanically deboning chicken meat (MDCM) (T3). Crude protein was significantly lower in T2 and T3 compared with C and T1. However, crude fat and carbohydrate were not significantly different among the samples during storage periods. pH steadily increased until 2 weeks of storage thereafter pH was decreased in all samples. Lightness (L^∗) and whiteness (W) were significantly lower in T3 than those of other samples. In fatty acid composition, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher than other fatty acids in all samples at 0 week of storage period. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value was highest in control sample compared with other samples. In sensory evaluation, color was the highest in C than other samples, whereas T3 was lowest in color than those of other samples. Overall acceptability was significantly highest in T1 compared with other samples during the storage periods.     

Effect of Heat Processing in Cans and Retort Pouches on Sensory Properties of Fowl Meat

Fowl meat processed in cans and flexible retortable pouches was evaluated for heat effects on sensory properties. A trained panel evaluated texture and off-flavor of canned boned chicken, uncooked fowl meat retorted in flexible pouches, cooked meat retorted in flexible pouches, and simmered fowl meat (control). Results indicated that the retort pouch process may offer a method for improving the texture of processed fowl meat from spent hens by adequately cooking to tenderize the meat but not overcooking it to the extent that meat chunks are reduced to fibrous, shredded, or stringy components. Off-flavor development was related to pre-cooking before retorting.     

基于智能燃气灶的乌鸡汤炖制工艺分析

为探讨鸡汤炖制方式与鸡汤品质之间的关系,以乌骨鸡为原料,家庭用智能燃气灶为设备,通过分析不同的炖制时间和炖制方式对乌鸡汤的感官品质的影响,测定不同乌鸡汤的游离氨基酸含量和嘌呤含量,并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术（SPME-GC-MS）测定乌鸡汤中挥发性风味物质,确定出现代家用智能燃气灶的乌鸡汤炖制条件：中档烧开后继续滚煮10 min,然后转低档小火炖制30 min。结果表明,在此条件下炖制的乌鸡汤呈乳黄色、表面有小粒浮油、汤汁黏度适中,鸡汤香味浓郁,鲜味较适中,滋味醇厚。该条件的汤中风味氨基酸共17种,含量达到35.47 mg/100 mL;嘌呤共4种,含量达到154.74 mg/L;挥发性风味物质共33种,其中烃类12种、醛类12种、酮类3种、醇类4种、含氮和含硫化合物各1种,烃类占13.4%、醛类占71.26%、酮类占2.29%、醇类占11.73%、含氮化合物占0.4%、含硫化合物占0.92%。比较四种煲汤模式的样品,中档烧开后炖10 min,转低档炖30 min后炖制的样品风味佳、营养丰富、嘌呤含量较低且时间较短,是一种营养健康的炖制方式。     

Effect of different acids on the extraction of pepsin-solubilised collagen containing melanin from silky fowl feet

Four acid treatments: acetic acid (FA), citric acid (FC), hydrochloric acid (FH) and lactic acid (FL) were used in this study to extract the pepsin-solubilised collagen (PSC) containing melanin from silky fowl feet. The collagen content, melanin content, electrophoresis and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra (200–400 nm) were determined in order to develop a collagen with UV protection. Among four acid extractions, the acetic acid treatment had both the highest extracting yield (7.3%) and collagen content (516.6 mg/g). PSCs obtained from silky fowl feet using four acid extractions exhibited melanin content; whereas no similar observations were found in that of broiler feet by acetic acid extraction (FB). Moreover, the PSC via acetic acid extraction resulted in the significantly highest melanin content (210 mg/g) (P < 0.05), which contributed to UV absorption. In electrophoresis, three subunits were found in PSCs from silky fowl feet using the four acid extractions, which were different from typical type I collagen and assumed that the PSCs obtained from silky fowl feet consisted of more than two types of collagens.     

Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on volatile profiles, color and lipid oxidation of irradiated raw chicken meat

Forty-eight, 27-week-old White Leghorn hens were fed a diet containing 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, hens were slaughtered, and boneless, skinless breast and leg meats were separated from carcasses. Meats were ground through 9 and 3-mm plates, and patties were prepared. Patties prepared from each dietary treatment were divided into two groups and either vacuum- or aerobic-packaged. Patties were irradiated at 0 or 3.0 kGy using a linear accelerator and stored at 4°C. Samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile profiles, color and odor characteristics at 0 and 7 days of storage. Dietary CLA reduced the degree of lipid oxidation in raw chicken meat during storage. The content of hexanal and pentanal in raw chicken meat significantly decreased as dietary CLA level increased. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation in meat with aerobic packaging, but irradiation effect was not as significant as that of the packaging. Dietary CLA treatment improved the color stability of chicken patties. Color a*-value of irradiated raw chicken meat was higher than that of the nonirradiated meat. Dietary CLA decreased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid and increased CLA in chicken muscles, which improved lipid and color stability and reduced volatile production in irradiated and nonirradiated raw chicken meat during storage.     

Studies on Pasteurized and Commercially Sterilized Poultry Meat Bologna. Effects of Chopping Condition and Type of Meat

Poultry meat bologna has been studied under two systems of heat processing, pasteurizing and commercial sterilizing in cans. Mechanically deboned turkey meat was chopped (1) from the tempered state, (2) after thawing, refreezing and tempering, (3) after thawing. Treatments 1 and 2 resulted in reduction in cooking loss, while treatment 1 gave a firmer textured product, as measured by shear value but not by taste panel. Turkey meat was compared with spent Leghorn laying fowl meat, and mechanically deboned meat with manually deboned meat. Bologna made from mechanically deboned laying fowl had the highest cooking loss. Laying fowl bologna was firmer textured than turkey bologna, and manually deboned meat bologna was firmer than MDM bologna by both shear value and taste panel measuremnts.     

泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉总磷脂含量及其侧链脂肪酸组成的特性

本文比较了相同条件养殖的泰和乌骨鸡和两种非药用鸡鸡肉的总磷脂含量,并以GC-MS联用技术对三种鸡肉中磷脂的疏水侧链脂肪酸组成进行了鉴定和分析,用面积归一法,计算各脂肪酸的相对百分含量。结果表明,泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉中总磷脂含量显著高于非药用鸡,而两种非药用鸡间无显著差异;泰和乌骨鸡鸡肉磷脂侧链脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸和花生四烯酸含量显著高于非药用鸡。     

乌骨鸡黑色素的提取分离及抗氧化活性研究

采用双酶水解法提取乌骨鸡黑色素,研究碱液脱除蛋白,分离乌骨鸡黑色素的工艺条件。以腹腔注射D-半乳糖法建立小鼠氧化损伤模型,灌胃给予不同剂量乌骨鸡黑色素(500、250、100mg/kg bw),观察其抗氧化活性。结果表明：碱液脱除蛋白分离乌骨鸡黑色素的最佳工艺条件为NaOH 溶液(pH10),温度60℃,时间1.5h,料液比1:10,提取4 次。与模型组比较,乌骨鸡黑色素组小鼠血和肝脏中GSH-Px 活力显著升高,MDA 水平显著降低。乌骨鸡黑色素具有较强的体内抗氧化作用。