畜禽宰后肌肉能量代谢与肉品质研究进展

畜禽宰后肌肉通过糖酵解等能量代谢途径提供ATP满足能量需要,产物乳酸的生成会降低pH。糖酵解的速度和程度影响了pH的下降速度和程度,进而调控肉品色泽、嫩度、持水性、多汁性、风味等品质。本文综述了畜禽宰后肌肉能量代谢的基本路径,论述了腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶对糖酵解的调控机理及其对肉品质的影响,并着重叙述了白肌肉(pale soft and exudative meat,PSE)的预防措施,为在生产过程中肉品质调控提供思路。     

乙酰化、能量代谢与肉品品质的关联

蛋白质翻译后修饰对生命的调控极其重要。赖氨酸乙酰化是一种普遍存在于生命当中、动态可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,调控众多能量代谢过程。能量代谢的调控对宰后肉品品质的形成起着关键作用。在肌肉体系当中,异常的能量代谢进程会导致异质肉的发生。本文首先阐述能量代谢对宰后肉品品质的影响,之后总结乙酰化对能量代谢的调控作用,进而引出乙酰化对肉品品质的影响,论述乙酰化调控肉品品质潜在的宰后生理因素。最后,对乙酰化在肉品科学领域的发展进行展望,并总结得出乙酰化通过调控能量代谢相关蛋白影响能量代谢进程,最终改变肉品品质。     

应用蛋白质组学研究肉品品质形成的机理

品质是肉品食用价值和商业价值的基础。基因型、宰前管理及宰后处理等诸多因素影响动物组织的新陈代谢和宰后肌肉到食用肉转变过程中的生化过程,在上述过程中肌肉蛋白质组的变化贯穿始终,最终决定肉的品质。文中综述牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉在品质形成过程中蛋白质组的变化,阐述了肌肉到食用肉的转变过程中发生的分子变化,及其宰前因素和宰后加工对肉品品质(如嫩度、肉色、脂肪沉积)的影响及其机理。     

影响宰后鱼肉能量代谢和质构的酶及其活性测定方法研究进展

宰后鱼肉在低温贮藏过程中会发生一系列物理、化学和微生物方面的变化。研究发现,宰后鱼肉能量代谢和质构变化与肌肉中的多种内源性水解酶相关。本文综述了4 种肌肉酶,即与能量代谢相关的三磷酸腺苷酶（adenosinetriphosphatase,ATPase）、乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）和与质构相关的钙激活蛋白酶、溶酶体组织蛋白酶的结构特点及其分离纯化和活性测定,为建立宰后鱼肉能量代谢和品质分析的酶学方法提供参考。     

蛋白质氧化对肉类成熟的影响研究进展

在肉的宰后成熟过程中会伴随着肌肉蛋白质的氧化并导致肉的食用品质劣变。本文综述近年来在肉品领域关于蛋白质氧化的研究成果,主要阐述肌肉蛋白质氧化机制以及蛋白氧化对肉宰后成熟的影响,包括对肉色、嫩度、持水力及营养价值等食用品质指标的影响,旨在为有关肉类蛋白氧化研究提供一定的参考,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。     

宰后成熟对生鲜肉品质影响的研究进展

作为一种肉品增值手段,成熟技术多年来在全球肉类工业中已被广泛应用。在宰后初期肌肉转化为可食用肉及后期成熟过程中所发生的一系列生化变化都会对肉的品质产生重要影响。因此,通过优化成熟方案并引入新型成熟技术来有效提升肉品品质（特别是嫩度）尤为重要。近年来,对肉品宰后生理生化机制的探索和新型成熟技术的研究始终是该领域的热点,然而目前鲜见对该方面最新进展的综合性报道。因此,本文系统地总结了对肉品质起决定性作用的宰后早期生理生化变化,概述了现行不同成熟方法（干法成熟和湿法成熟）对肉品质的影响,并对新型成熟技术的发展及其对品质的改善效果进行了综述,以期为满足消费者日益增长的高品质肉品消费需求和促进我国肉品加工行业的发展提供理论技术指导和发展思路。     

食品领域顶级期刊在线发表了肉品加工与品质调控团队综述文章“肉品质生物标志物最新研究进展及发展趋势”

正肉品质生物标志物能够阐明畜禽宰后肌肉转化为肉过程中发生一系列复杂的生理生化变化,涉及能量代谢、钙信号传导和细胞凋亡等数十种途径,决定肉品质。生物标志物是众多生化反应的物质基础和关键靶标,筛选和确证肉品质生物标志物是国际肉品科技研究的最新前沿,但一直未明确目标研究对象。近年来,肉品加工与品质调控创新团队聚焦能量代谢与靶标蛋白质(酶)翻译后修饰关联调控肉品质的新机制,     

生猪宰前皮温、宰后肉温及pH值对肉品质量影响

生猪屠宰后,肉尸(胴体)会产生系列新陈代谢变化.这一过程和结果直接关系到肉品卫生安全质量.宰前皮肤温度与宰后肌肉温度及pH值变化,是影响猪肉品质的三个主要因素.宰前充分休息与饮水,宰后严格冷却工艺和屠宰修正工艺是提高肉品品质的重要措施.     

蛋白质组学揭示宰前温和驱赶改善猪肉品质的潜在机制

宰前不同驱赶方式对生猪造成不同程度应激,进而影响猪肉品质。本实验以45头6月龄大的生猪为研究对象,随机分配到完全温和驱赶组(全温组,n=15)、声音温和驱赶组(声温组,n=15)和传统驱赶组(传统组,n=15)。宰后测定生猪血液应激指标、肌肉品质和理化指标,并利用蛋白质组学鉴定影响宰后肌肉能量代谢与肉品品质的调控蛋白,探索宰前驱赶影响肉品品质的潜在机制。结果表明:相比于传统组,全温组的肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、皮质醇含量显著下降(P0.05),应激程度最低;红度a*值显著升高(P0.05),蒸煮损失率显著降低(P0.05),PSE(pale, soft, exudative)肉发生率下降;宰后45 min和3 h的pH值显著提高(P0.05);宰后45 min和3 h的ATP含量显著增大(P0.05)。相似地,声温组应激水平也低于传统组,其肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶活力、45 min和3 h的pH值、45 min和3 h的ATP含量等指标都处于中间水平。此外,蛋白质组学鉴定出46个差异蛋白,包括能量代谢相关的ATP依赖性6-磷酸果糖激酶、α-1,4-葡聚糖磷酸化酶、糖原脱支酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、线粒体肌酸激酶2以及肌肉收缩相关的肌球蛋白7。两组温和驱赶方式都减缓肌肉中的能量代谢进程并改变肌肉收缩状态,进而提高宰后肌肉pH值、糖原和ATP水平,最终改善猪肉品质。     

蛋白质磷酸化对宰后肉品质影响研究进展

畜禽肌肉在宰后变为可食肉的过程中,需要经过一系列的生化变化直到成熟,其中蛋白质磷酸化反应作为一种蛋白质的动态调控机制,几乎调节每一个主要的生物过程,是生物界常见的翻译后修饰形式之一。因此,研究蛋白质磷酸化与宰后肌肉的关系有助于肉类食品行业的发展。本文从介绍蛋白质磷酸化概念出发,讨论磷酸化蛋白质检测技术的发展,总结宰后肌肉中会发生磷酸化的蛋白质及影响因素,从蛋白质磷酸化反应与宰后肉的嫩度、肉的色泽和保水性3 个方面的研究入手综述蛋白质磷酸化反应对肉品质的影响,以及食盐与氨基酸在该过程中的应用,并对蛋白质磷酸化反应在肉品品质中的研究做出展望。     

Exploring the unknowns involved in the transformation of muscle to meat

Meat quality development, or the transformation of muscle to meat, involves a myriad of biochemical pathways that are largely well-studied in living muscle tissue. However, these pathways are less predictable when homeostatic ranges are violated. In addition, there is far less known about how various management or environmental stimuli impact these pathways, either by substrate load or altered cellular environment. Likewise, it is largely accepted that oxygen plays little to no role in the conversion of muscle to meat, as anaerobic metabolism predominates in the muscle tissue. Even so, the oxygen tension within the tissues does not fall precipitously at exsanguination. Therefore, transition to an anaerobic environment may impact energy metabolism postmortem. Antemortem handling, on the other hand, clearly impacts meat quality development, yet the exact mechanisms remain a mystery. In this paper, we will attempt to review those factors known to affect postmortem energy metabolism in muscle and explore those areas where additional work may be fruitful.     

Stress Effects on Meat Quality: A Mechanistic Perspective

Stress inevitably occurs from the farm to abattoir in modern livestock husbandry. The effects of stress on the behavioral and physiological status and ultimate meat quality have been well documented. However, reports on the mechanism of stress effects on physiological and biochemical changes and their consequent effects on meat quality attributes have been somewhat disjointed and limited. Furthermore, the causes of variability in meat quality traits among different animal species, muscle fibers within an animal, and even positions within a piece of meat in response to stress are still not entirely clear. This review 1st summarizes the primary stress factors, including heat stress, preslaughter handling stress, oxidative stress, and other stress factors affecting animal welfare; carcass quality; and eating quality. This review further delineates potential stress‐induced pathways or mediators, including AMP‐activated protein kinase‐mediated energy metabolism, crosstalk among calcium signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species, protein modification, apoptosis, calpain and cathepsin proteolytic systems, and heat shock proteins that exert effects that cause biochemical changes during the early postmortem period and affect the subsequent meat quality. To obtain meat of high quality, further studies are needed to unravel the intricate mechanisms involving the aforementioned signaling pathways or mediators and their crosstalk.     

Pre-slaughter transport, AMP-activated protein kinase, glycolysis, and quality of pork loin

Numerous studies have revealed that pre-slaughter stress, like transport, increases the occurrence of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork meat. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon, however, is poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-slaughter transport and subsequent rest on energy metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and glycolysis in postmortem pork loin. Results indicated that pre-slaughter transport accelerated ATP depletion, which led to lower energy status in postmortem muscle immediately post-exsanguination when compared with control. The lower energy status led to AMPK activation within 1h postmortem, subsequently increasing glycolysis, leading to rapid glycolysis and high incidence of PSE meat. Allowing pigs to rest after transport restored energy status in muscle ante-mortem. Higher energy status then prevented premature and rapid AMPK activation in postmortem muscle and lessened the negative effects of pre-slaughter transport on meat quality. AMPK regulated glycolysis in postmortem muscle, at least partially, through phosphorylation and activation of phosphofructose kinase-2, since fructose-2,6-diphosphate content, an allosteric activator of phosphofructose kinase-1, was well correlated with AMPK activation and glycolytic rate. This suggests that AMPK is a potential molecular target for the control of PSE incidence in pork.     

Effects of protein posttranslational modifications on meat quality: A review

Meat quality plays an important role in the purchase decision of consumers, affecting producers and retailers. The formation mechanisms determining meat quality are intricate, as several endogenous and exogenous factors contribute during antemortem and postmortem periods. Abundant research has been performed on meat quality; however, unexpected variation in meat quality remains an issue in the meat industry. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate structures and functions of proteins in living tissues, and recent reports confirmed their importance in meat quality. The objective of this review was to provide a summary of the research on the effects of PTMs on meat quality. The effects of four common PTMs, namely, protein phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, on meat quality were discussed, with emphasis on the effects of protein phosphorylation on meat tenderness, color, and water holding capacity. The mechanisms and factors that may affect the function of protein phosphorylation are also discussed. The current research confirms that meat quality traits are regulated by multiple PTMs. Cross talk between different PTMs and interactions of PTMs with postmortem biochemical processes need to be explored to improve our understanding on factors affecting meat quality.     

蛋白质乙酰化对宰后肉品质调控的研究进展

蛋白质乙酰化是一种动态、可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它是连接乙酰辅酶A代谢与机体细胞信号转导重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰类型,可以调节基因表达、代谢、细胞凋亡、钙信号传导、蛋白质水解、肌肉收缩以及疾病预防。宰后肌肉的糖酵解、肌肉收缩以及细胞凋亡对肉品质的形成具有重要影响,因此,蛋白质乙酰化可能通过调节宰后肌肉的糖酵解、肌肉收缩与细胞凋亡从而调控肉品质。该文通过综述近年来蛋白质乙酰化对糖酵解、肌肉收缩及细胞凋亡调控的研究进展,阐明了蛋白质乙酰化可能对肉品质的调控具有重要影响,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

秦川牛肉冷藏期间能量代谢变化及其对肉品质的影响

为探究秦川牛肉在冷藏期间能量代谢机理及其对肉品质的影响。采用4D-非标记定量蛋白质组学法研究不同贮藏期（0、4、8 d）秦川牛背最长肌中蛋白质组学变化,采用高效液相色谱法检测能量物质的变化。结果表明：与能量代谢相关的三磷酸腺苷（adenosine triphosphate,ATP）合酶亚基δ和ATP合酶亚基γ在贮藏第8天时较第0天分别上调1.516（P＝0.017）、1.579 倍（P＝0.037）;NADH脱氢酶[泛醌]1β亚复合物亚基5在贮藏第8天时较第4天调整0.497 倍（P＝0.023）;琥珀酸-辅酶A连接酶[ADP形成]亚基β在贮藏第8天时较第0天调整0.762 倍（P＝0.000 7）;NADH脱氢酶[泛醌]1α亚复合物亚基6在贮藏第4天时较第0天上调1.467 倍（P＝0.026）;细胞色素c氧化酶亚基7A1在贮藏第8天时较第4天调整0.692 倍（P＝0.024）。以上6 种蛋白表达丰度的变化通过线粒体电子传递、呼吸链复合物I装配、ATP生物合成等过程影响ATP等能量物质合成和运输过程,导致冷藏期间肌细胞中能量物质供应不足,进而影响肉品质的变化：在贮藏0～8 d期间ATP含量降低了95.07%,影响了肌红蛋白的转化,导致褐变出现;促使无氧糖酵解在产能的同时产生乳酸,引起肌肉酸化;导致细胞凋亡,肌原纤维蛋白水解促使肌肉嫩度变化。     

脯氨酰羟化酶对宰后牦牛肉糖酵解及肉品质的影响

为研究脯氨酰羟化酶（prolylhydroxylase,PHD）对宰后牦牛肉低氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）、糖酵解及肉品质的影响,以牦牛背最长肌为研究对象,分析二甲基乙二酰氨基乙酸（dimethyloxaloylglycine,DMOG）处理组和生理盐水对照组中HIF-1α表达量、糖酵解关键酶活性、糖酵解程度、肉品质等指标的变化。结果显示,在宰后成熟过程中,HIF-1α表达量随成熟时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,但由于DMOG的作用,HIF-1α表达量在宰后12 h内显著升高（P＜0.05）,说明抑制PHD活性可以上调HIF-1α表达量。己糖激酶（hexokinase,HK）活性、磷酸果糖激酶（phosphofructokinase,PFK）活性和丙酮酸激酶（pyruvate kinase,PK）活性均随成熟时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,同时DMOG组的HK、PFK、PK的活性在3～120 h均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;DMOG组的糖原含量和pH值均在3～72 h显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,说明PHD介导HIF-1α上调糖酵解酶活性,加速糖酵解进程。同时,DMOG组的剪切力在宰后成熟3～72 h显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,L*值在6～168 h显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而a*值在成熟过程中始终显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;DMOG组的肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积均低于对照组,肌纤维间隙高于对照组,但差异不显著。说明PHD介导HIF-1α对宰后肉品质的形成产生影响,其中剪切力与L*值的变化由pH值变化引起,而a*值的变化原因需要进一步探究。结果表明,在宰后成熟过程中,PHD通过上调HIF-1α表达量进而增强糖酵解关键酶活性,加速糖酵解进程,引起肌肉内环境的变化,最终影响宰后肉品质的形成。     

Skeletal muscle fiber type and myofibrillar proteins in relation to meat quality

Although numerous studies have reported the relationships among muscle fiber characteristics, lean meat content and meat quality, controversial perspectives still remain. Conventional histochemical classifications may be involved in a high level of error, subjectivity and it could not clearly explain variety of myofibrillar protein isoforms. Therefore, more information is needed on how different factors, such as species, breeds, gender, nutrient conditions, physiological state of animals, and environment factors, affect ultimate meat quality in order to evaluate these uncertainness. Unfortunately, there is little information that completely covers with relationship among the muscle fiber types, myofibrillar proteins and enzymatic proteolysis. In addition to the perspective of postmortem metabolism, protein quality control in skeletal muscle and proteolytic degradation of muscle proteins during postmortem period could help to clarify this relationship. Therefore, the present review will focus on muscle fiber types, typing methods, muscle proteins and meat quality, and will summarize aspects of enzymatic view of proteasome.     

Mechanisms controlling pork quality development: The biochemistry controlling postmortem energy metabolism

Pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork represents considerable economic losses for the industry due to its limited functionality and undesirable appearance. During the past several decades, exhaustive research covering various aspects of the food chain has established genotyping procedures, recommended handling practices, and quality indicators in order to reduce the incidence of inferior pork quality. Despite these efforts, there is still a relatively high occurrence of PSE pork. Development of pork quality attributes is largely governed by the rate and extent of postmortem pH decline. The combination of high temperature at low pH or abnormally low ultimate pH causes denaturation of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, resulting in paler color and reduced water holding capacity. The pH decline is closely related to muscle energy availability and demand at or around slaughter. The postmortem degradation of glycogen through glycogenolysis and glycolysis provides ATP to help meet energy demand and decreases pH by generating lactate and H+. Therefore, the flux of metabolites through glycolysis, the involvement of energy signaling pathways that modulate glycolytic activity, and the inherent metabolism of different fiber types are critical factors influencing pH decline and pork quality. Further, recent work implicates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a major energy sensor for the cell, and thus may be involved in the control of postmortem metabolism. The intent of this paper is to review the biochemistry controlling postmortem energy metabolism in pig muscle and explore new information generated using genetic mutations in order to define the fundamental mechanisms controlling the transformation of muscle to meat.