黄土丘陵区危险废物填埋场地下水环境影响评价

为系统识别危险废物填埋场项目建设可能对区域地下水环境造成的影响,结合黄土丘陵区特殊的水文地质条件特征,建立基于包气带污染物垂向迁移模拟的数值模型方法。从拟建危险废物填埋场工程布局及可能的污染风险识别出发,设置地下水环境影响评价要素及情景,开展地下水环境影响识别和预测分析。影响预测结果表明:在填埋区防渗层事故破损出现泄漏的情景下,随渗滤液进入土壤环境的铅、镍污染物穿透包气带需18～19 a,事故情景下污染物渗漏不会影响区域地下水环境。在按照相关技术规范要求对填埋场区采取有效防渗措施,并完善填埋场防渗系统的渗漏破损检测系统建设的前提下,该选址地下水环境保护目标可行。     

某垃圾填埋场氯化物运移的不确定性分析

实际污染物的运移浓度和污染范围受水文地质参数的数值不确定性和空间分布随机性的影响,常规数值模型不能有效地模拟污染物运移。分别将水文地质参数的数值不确定性和空间分布随机性考虑到常规数值模型中,以某垃圾填埋场氯化物渗滤液运移为例,计算了该垃圾填埋场1940-2000年60 a氯化物的运移浓度和运移范围变化情况。以第43年计算结果为例,结果表明:考虑了不确定性因素的随机模型多次模拟结果平均值与实际值吻合更好,说明随机模拟法较常规数值模拟更具有优势;当自变量变化范围为20%时,考虑数值不确定性的随机模型计算结果比同等条件下考虑空间随机性模型计算结果的平均偏差值和平均方差值大25.04%和26.95%; 60 a内氯化物浓度和污染范围的计算结果不确定性大小存在变化,两种不确定性模型计算得到的结果大小变化趋势一致,即呈现出先增大后减少的趋势。通过不确定性分析可以掌握该地区氯化物浓度的变化范围,在划分不同浓度置信区间的基础上进行风险分析,为地下水的污染防治提供数据参考。     

典型安全填埋场地下水环境影响评价

以杭州湾某安全填埋场为例,在探明水文地质条件的基础上确定研究区范围,并建立研究区水文地质概念模型,使用MODFLOW构建研究区地下水流场和溶质运移模型。结合工程分析结果,确定营运、封场等时段污染源强,并以铬作为特征污染物,运用MT3DMS模拟填埋场渗滤液渗漏增加的地下水铬浓度,采用标准指数法评价模拟结果。结果表明:在局部库区范围内,由填埋场渗滤液渗漏增加的地下水中铬浓度超过水质标准,但不会造成大面积铬浓度超标;填埋场渗滤液渗漏影响地下水是持久的,封场后应尽可能杜绝渗滤液产生,在水力梯度较大的下方向区域可采用工程防污措施减缓对库区外环境的影响。     

基于Visual Modflow的广州市某垃圾填埋场地下水污染迁移规律研究

在系统分析广州市某垃圾填埋场地层信息、地质信息、水流边界、源汇项、野外水位及水质观测数据等资料的基础上,构建了研究区地下水水流和溶质运移模型,利用2014年4月至2015年3月共29个孔的水位观测值用于模型校准。结果表明,该模型可为研究区提供合理、有效、可靠的地下水水流模拟结果,能够反映研究区的地下水流动规律。在整个模拟期的残差的平均值、残差绝对值的平均值、误差均方根差、线性相关系数可达0.72、1.39、5.30和0.96。稳定流敏感性分析表明河流边界入渗量、降雨入渗补给量、渗透系数对研究区地下水水位影响极为显著,给水度、贮水率、初始水位对研究区地下水水位影响较低。在此基础上,采用保守离子氯离子进行对流-弥散迁移模拟,预测填埋场发生底部渗漏及侧面渗漏情景下的污染范围和污染程度。结果表明,相对渗滤液处理厂发生孔洞渗漏的情景,填埋场边界发生侧面渗漏时的氯离子迁移范围更大,氯离子浓度更大。随着地下水污染的问题日益加剧,研究对预测地下水污染发展趋势,辅助了解地下水运动和溶质迁移的机制问题,选择最佳防治措施,制定相关地下水保护政策具有重要的实际意义。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液地下迁移的数值模拟及其模型参数的敏感性分析

随着社会经济的快速发展,地下水的污染日趋严重,尤其是垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水的污染,一直是社会各界广泛关注的热点问题.利用地下水数值模拟软件GMS对松鼠岭区垃圾填埋场的渗滤液迁移规律进行了模拟,根据采样结果,将氯离子作为污染物主要成分来模拟其地下迁移和扩散的情况.结合研究区的区域地质概况和水文地质条件,选取了水平渗透系...     

唐山市某垃圾填埋场对浅层地下水水质的影响

垃圾填埋是我国目前处理城市生活垃圾的主要方式,由此引发的垃圾填埋场渗滤液对地下水污染已成为当前主要的水环境污染.选择唐山市某垃圾填埋场为研究对象,通过对垃圾填埋场周围布孔,对地下水取样和监测,分析了垃圾填埋场对其周围地下水环境的影响.结果表明地下水中污染因子主要为COD、NH4 +-N、NO3-N、总硬度及溶解性总固体.目前该区域地下水已受到垃圾填埋场渗滤液的污染,在第四系地层保持完整而不被破坏的情况下,形成的地下水污染晕深度不超过30 m.随着垃圾填埋场运行时间的延长,垃圾渗滤液对周围浅层地下水环境的影响范围及程度还有待于进一步研究.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质影响因素的研究

渗滤液是垃圾填埋场的主要污染源之一，而水质的确定是渗滤液处理的关键。作者在实验室建立了模拟填埋场的反应器，研究了加水和回灌对渗滤液水质的影响。结果表明：加水和回灌加快了填埋场和渗滤液的稳定化，使渗滤液水质得到均化；加水增加了污染物的溶出负荷，加快了污染物的溶出，而回灌则相反。     

地下水污染物迁移可靠性分析的小生境混合遗传算法

在地下水污染物迁移问题中,考虑水动力弥散系数及测量误差的不确定性因素对浓度估计可靠性的影响,采用小生境混合遗传算法,对地下水污染物迁移的可靠性进行探讨,并在可靠性条件下进行污染浓度正反问题分析,为地下水环境保护和调控提供更多的决策依据。分析结果表明,小生境混合遗传算法在地下水污染物迁移问题的可靠性分析中具有可行性和有效性。     

基于流固耦合的垃圾污染物运移模型及模拟

基于流固耦合和溶质运移理论,建立了垃圾渗滤液有机污染物运移耦合模型,用SOM法对所建的模型进行数值求解,利用该数值模型对垃圾渗滤液在地下水中迁移行为进行模拟,预测了污染物浓度的时空分布特征,对耦合、非耦合模拟结果结合实际监测数据进行对比,并对污染晕的大小、分布范围进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明,耦合模型模拟的污染物浓度变化趋势与监测值基本吻合,从而验证了耦合模型的可靠性和实用性.     

基于流固耦合的垃圾污染物运移模型及模拟

基于流固耦合和溶质运移理论，建立了垃圾渗滤液有机污染物运移耦合模型，用SOM法对所建的模型进行数值求解，利用该数值模型对垃圾渗滤液在地下水中迁移行为进行模拟，预测了污染物浓度的时空分布特征，对耦合、非耦合模拟结果结合实际监测数据进行对比，并对污染晕的大小、分布范围进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明，耦合模型模拟的污染物浓度变化趋势与监测值基本吻合，从而验证了耦合模型的可靠性和实用性。     

南水北调工程北京市受水区非正规垃圾填埋场控高水位研究

近年来北京市平原区地下水污染范围已呈现从城区向郊区延伸、从浅层向深层扩散的趋势.地下水污染源调查评价研究表明,垃圾填埋堆放场是造成地下水污染的主要污染源之一.以北京市南水北调工程受水区内存在被浸泡可能的27个非正规垃圾填埋场为研究对象,在垃圾填埋场基本特征的基础上,对典型非正规垃圾填埋场进行水文地质勘察和水、土、垃圾样...     

Dynamic Optimal Monitoring Network Design for Transient Transport of Pollutants in Groundwater Aquifers

Optimal groundwater pollution monitoring network design models are developed to prescribe optimal and efficient sampling locations for detecting pollution in groundwater aquifers. The developed methodology incorporates a two dimensional flow and transport simulation model to simulate the pollutant concentrations in the study area. Different realizations of the pollutant plume are randomly generated by incorporating the uncertainty in both source and aquifer parameters. These concentration realizations are incorporated in the optimal monitoring network design models. Two different objectives are considered separately. The first objective function minimizes the summation of unmonitored concentrations at different potential monitoring locations. This objective function in effect minimizes the probability of not monitoring the pollutant concentrations at those locations where the probable concentration value is large. Although this probability is not explicitly incorporated in the model, a surrogate form of this objective is included as the objective function. The second objective function considered is the minimization of estimation variances of pollutant concentrations at various unmonitored locations. This objective results in a design that chooses optimal monitoring locations where the uncertainties in simulated concentrations are large. The developed optimization models are solved using Genetic Algorithm. The variances of estimated concentrations at potential monitoring locations are computed using the geostatistical tool, kriging. The designed monitoring network is dynamic in nature, as it provides time varying network designs for different management periods, to account for the transient pollutant plumes. Such a design can eliminate temporal redundancy and is therefore, economically more efficient. The optimal design incorporates budgetary constraints in the form of limits on the number of monitoring wells installed in any particular management period. The solution results are evaluated for an illustrative study area comprising of a hypothetical aquifer. The performance evaluation results establish the potential applicability of the proposed methodology for optimal design of the dynamic monitoring network for detection and monitoring of pollutant plumes in contaminated aquifers.     

地下水位对垃圾填埋场衬垫性能的影响

为研究地下水位上升时垃圾填埋场衬垫的性能,针对我国规范中规定的各种衬垫系统,对地下水进入填埋区的水量和透过衬垫底部的无机污染物累积量进行数值计算。研究表明,衬垫渗透系数是控制地下水进入填埋区水量的主要因素,GM+GCL复合衬垫的效果最好,进入填埋区的水量最少;但是从衬垫底部污染物累积量来看,GM+GCL复合衬垫的效果最差,在地下水位升高时对地下水污染的威胁最大。得出GM+改性CCL复合衬垫对地下水变化的适应性最强的结论。     

Efficient Identification of Unknown Groundwater Pollution Sources Using Linked Simulation-Optimization Incorporating Monitoring Location Impact Factor and Frequency Factor

This study aims to improve the accuracy of groundwater pollution source identification using concentration measurements from a heuristically designed optimal monitoring network. The designed network is constrained by the maximum number of permissible monitoring locations. The designed monitoring network improves the results of source identification by choosing monitoring locations that reduces the possibility of missing a pollution source, at the same time decreasing the degree of non uniqueness in the set of possible aquifer responses to subjected geo-chemical stresses. The proposed methodology combines the capability of Genetic Programming (GP), and linked simulation-optimization for recreating the flux history of the unknown conservative pollutant sources with limited number of spatiotemporal pollution concentration measurements. The GP models are trained using large number of simulated realizations of the pollutant plumes for varying input flux scenarios. A selected subset of GP models are used to compute the impact factor and frequency factor of pollutant source fluxes, at candidate monitoring locations, which in turn is used to find the best monitoring locations. The potential application of the developed methodology is demonstrated by evaluating its performance for an illustrative study area. These performance evaluation results show the efficiency in source identification when concentration measurements from the designed monitoring network are utilized.     

陈家冲垃圾填埋场地下水环境健康风险评价

垃圾填埋是目前国内处理城市生活垃圾的主要方式,由垃圾渗滤液引发地下水环境污染已成为当前主要的水环境问题之一。选择武汉市陈家冲垃圾填埋场为研究对象,通过对该区周边地下水布孔取样和监测,分析了垃圾填埋场对其周围地下水环境的影响。结果表明:研究区地下水的主要污染因子为Pb、Cd和Fe,且各污染物的浓度与采样深度、井距呈负相关关系。垃圾填埋场产生污染的影响范围主要在距离800m以内、深度小于5.5m的地下水。为进一步了解该区地下水对人体健康危害的风险程度,对研究区地下水进行了水环境健康风险评价,结果显示:研究区各采样井地下水的总风险值在2.71×10~(-4)/a~7.12×10~(-3)/a,均超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10~(-5)/a,主要风险因子为基因毒物质Cd和Cr(VI)以及躯体毒物质硝态氮;其中,Cd和硝态氮所致的健康风险值超标率100%,而Cr(VI)的健康风险值超标率为50%,对暴露人群存在健康危害风险。此外,对男性和女性健康风险值的研究显示,研究区地下水环境中污染物的男性健康危害风险值普遍高于女性。     

Assessment of groundwater contamination in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste landfill (Zagreb,Croatia)

The environmental impact of the main landfill of the city of Zagreb (Croatia), which contains about 5 million tons of waste, on the adjacent groundwater was studied. The waste is disposed of directly onto the highly permeable alluvial sediments, only few’ kilometres upstream of a large protected groundwater zone. Systematic monitoring was performed in the framework of a major project aimed to assess strategies for rcmediation of the landfill. Results obtained in 6 sampling campaigns during 1995-96 were used to determine the redox zones in the leachate plume and to describe horizontal and vertical distributions of selected contaminants. A relatively narrow non-continuous iron-reducing zone was found along the edge of the landfill in the prevailing directions of the groundwater flow. Even after a distance of 1200 m the redox conditions in the aquifer still remained anaerobic (nitrate-reducing), while a permanently aerobic zone was present only upstream from the landfill. The horizontal distribution of the contaminants was highly dependant on the hydrological regime, but the preferential direction of spreading was toward the protected groundwater zone. Moreover, it was shown that this aquifer section is polluted not only in the surface layer but across its whole vertical profile (as deep as 60 m).     

基于GMS的云南德厚水库下游废弃砒霜厂地下水溶质运移模拟

地下水溶质运移模拟是找出污染物迁移规律、确定污染范围及污染物浓度分布的重要手段,可以为合理开发地下水资源、优化设计地下水开采方案及地下水污染修复提供定量依据。在分析德厚水库咪哩河流域裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上,运用GMS软件建立地下水流场模型和溶质运移模型,对裂隙岩溶水的流场和污染物进行了数值研究,判断出了污染源分布及污染羽扩展范围,分析了砒霜厂污染物运移对水库建设的影响。     

博兴县南部区域浅层地下水污染风险分析

博兴县南部区域现有许多中小型排污企业,其污染物的排放致使部分地区浅层地下水受到污染,直接威胁着人民正常生产和生活。为了研究该区未来污染物的分布状况,选取Cl-为典型污染离子,借助GMS软件对研究区进行地下水溶质运移模拟和预测。结果表明:2020年地下水污染主要集中在寨郝和兴福的中心区域,面积约为57 km2,Cl-最高浓度达460 mg/L,地下水污染风险很大;地下水污染风险最大的区域位于工业企业密集区,Cl-浓度居高不下且呈持续增高趋势。     

Planning for Regional Water System Sustainability Through Water Resources Security Assessment Under Uncertainties

A leader-follower relationship in multiple layers of decision makers under uncertainties is a critical challenge associated with water resources security (WRS). To address this problem, a credibility-based chance-constrained hierarchical programming model with WRS assessment is developed for regional water system sustainability planning. This model can deal with the sequential decision-making problem with different goals and preferences, and reflect uncertainties presented as fuzzy sets. The effectiveness of the developed model is demonstrated through a real-world water resources management system in Beijing, China. A leader-follower interactive solution algorithm based on satisfactory degree is utilized to improve computational efficiency. Results show the that: (a) surface water, groundwater, recycled water, and off water would account for 27.01, 27.44, 23.11, and 22.44% of the total water supplies, respectively; (b) the entire pollutant emissions and economic benefits would consequently decrease by 31.53 and 22.88% when the statue changes from quite safe to extremely far from safe; and (c) a high credibility level would correspond to low risks of insufficient water supply and overloaded pollutant emissions, which lowers economic benefits and pollutant emissions. By contrast, a low credibility level would decrease the limitations of constraints, which leads to high economic benefits and pollutant emissions, but system risk would be increased. These findings can aid different decision makers in identifying the desired strategies for regional water resources management under multiple uncertainties, and support the in-depth analysis of the interrelationships among water security, system efficiency, and credibility level.