Sampling Larval Fish in the Littoral Zone of Western Lake Erie

Sampling techniques for larval fish were evaluated in the littoral zone (1- to 6-m deep) of western Lake Erie in 1975 and 1976. Catch rates were compared using slow-speed, 1-m-diameter plankton nets in daytime and nighttime oblique and stratified tows above bottom and in daytime epibenthic tows with an aluminum sled. Sampling efficiency also was compared using nets of 363-, 571-, 760-, and 1,000-μm mesh towed from 1 to 5 min. The most abundant larvae captured were clupeids (Alosa pseudoharengus and Dorosoma cepedianum), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), and white bass (Morone chrysops) Larvae did not consistently occur in one stratum over another in water above bottom, but concentrated near bottom during the day. Oblique, nighttime tows above bottom caught at least 20 times the larvae caught in daylight tows above bottom. Post-yolk-sac larvae were most efficiently captured in nighttime oblique or stratified tows, while yolk-sac larvae were more efficiently captured by epibenthic, daytime tows. The 363-μm-mesh net retained more yolk-sac larvae than nets of larger mesh sizes and was at least as effective as the larger nets at capturing post-yolk-sac larvae. Nets with 571-μm mesh towed for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min had similar catch rates so mesh plugging was not a problem under conditions sampled. Filtering rates of 363- and 760-μm mesh were similar to the filtering rate of 571-μm mesh when towed for 3 min. Precision (number of larvae caught per minute) and number of species caught were similar in tows more than 1-min long up to 5 min.     

Ichthyoplankton Assemblages of Coastal West-Central Lake Erie and Associated Habitat Characteristics

Early life stage survival often determines fish cohort strength and that survival is affected by habitat conditions. The structure and dynamics of ichthyoplankton assemblages can tell us much about biodiversity and fish population dynamics, but are poorly understood in nearshore areas of the Great Lakes, where most spawning and nursery habitats exist. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected with a neuston net in waters 2–13 m deep weekly or biweekly from mid-April through August, during 3 years (2000–2002) as part of a study of fish assemblages in west-central Lake Erie. A suite of abiotic variables was simultaneously measured to characterize habitat. Cluster and ordination analyses revealed several distinct ichthyoplankton assemblages that changed seasonally. A lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) dominated assemblage appeared first in April. In May, assemblages were dominated by several percid species. Summer assemblages were overwhelmingly dominated by emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), with large gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) components. This seasonal trend in species assemblages was also associated with increasing temperature and water clarity. Water depth and drift processes may also play a role in structuring these assemblages. The most common and widely distributed assemblages were not associated with substratum type, which we characterized as either hard or soft. The timing of hatch and larval growth separated the major groups in time and may have adaptive significance for the members of each major assemblage. The quality and locations (with reference to lake circulation) of spawning and nursery grounds may determine larval success and affect year class strength.     

Fish Assemblages and Environmental Variables Associated with Gobiids in Nearshore Areas of the Lower Great Lakes

We investigated which fish species and environmental variables were associated with the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus) in nearshore Canadian waters of the Huron-Erie corridor of the lower Great Lakes. We measured a suite of environmental variables and used triplicate beach seine samples to collect fishes in summer 2006. Thirty sites were sampled in the day and a subset (n = 14) at night. Of 1,955 individuals caught in daytime samples, round goby (21.0 %), spottail shiner (17.3%) and emerald shiner (14.2%) were most abundant. Of 1,521 individuals collected at night, the most abundant species were round goby (42.3%) and emerald shiner (24.1%). Tubenose gobies represented 1% and 1.7% of all individuals caught in the day and night, respectively. Rarefaction analysis showed that overall species richness was greater in the day than night. Significantly more emerald shiner (P = 0.017), rock bass (P = 0.046) and round goby (P = 0.035) were caught at night than in the day; more logperch were caught in the day than at night (P = 0.042). Round gobies were positively associated with water temperatures up to 24°, but there was no relationship between round goby abundance and warmer temperatures. There were too few tubenose goby captured to determine their statistical association with environmental factors; however, tubenose gobies were found only where round gobies were collected. Round goby and tubenose goby were associated with yellow perch and rock bass. The benthic round goby was the most abundant species, whereas other abundant species were pelagic, schooling fishes that occupied a habitat distinct from round goby.     

On hypoxia and fish kills along the north shore of Lake Erie

Hypoxia is a common feature in the offshore central basin of Lake Erie. In the late summer of 2012, a strong wind-induced upwelling event transported oxygen depleted water to the nearshore zones of northern Lake Erie. Wind speed, duration and direction relative to the shoreline of individual wind events determined the extent of nearshore zone affected by the hypoxic waters. The upwelling event resulted in adverse water quality along some stretches of the northern shoreline of Lake Erie with persistent anoxia, which was mainly responsible for the mortality of fish.     

Monitoring Cladophora Growth Conditions and the Effect of Phosphorus Additions at a Shoreline Site in Northeastern Lake Erie

A study to measure environmental conditions, Cladophora standing crop, internal nutrient levels, and the effect of the addition of phosphorus to Cladophora growth at a single location on the north shore in the eastern basin of Lake Erie is described. In 1979, the mean standing crop for depths 0.5–3 m was 431 gDW/m² as measured at the time of maximum standing crop in early July. Thereafter, the alga was sloughed and carried ashore causing a rapid decline in standing crop. These events coincided with the attainment of lake temperatures exceeding 20° C. Total phosphorus concentrations averaged about 18 μg P/L while soluble reactive phosphorus levels remained near the limit of detection. Stoichiometric ratios of nitrate nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus approximated 150:1, suggestive of phosphorus limited conditions. Internal phosphorus and nitrogen levels averaged about 0.06% and 1.80%, respectively. In 1980, phosphorus (0.34 kg/day) was discharged at the 0.5 m depth commencing July 19. No response was noted until the water temperature dropped below 20° C in September when a rapid regrowth occurred, apparently in response to the nutrient addition. It is concluded that Cladophora grows in response to available phosphorus in the eastern basin of Lake Erie and that limitation of this nutrient may be expected to reduce Cladophora growth.     

基于多元统计分析的滆湖水质时空变化特征及原因解析

为探究滆湖水环境质量的时空变化特征,在全湖布设20个采样点,开展逐月监测并分析水环境时空变化现状,对滆湖水体进行营养状态评价,通过多元统计分析的手段识别水质时空变化特征。结果表明:春季DO、Chl-a、TN较高,DO最高月均值为11.90 mg/L,Chl-a最高月均值为50.46 mg/m³,TN最高月均值为3.41 mg/L;夏季藻密度、TP较高,藻密度最高月均值为5 462.3万个/L,TP最高月均值为0.29 mg/L;春冬季的SD较高,春冬季SD均值为31.1 cm;春夏季的pH、EC较高,春夏季pH均值为8.063,春夏季EC均值为358.9μS/cm;北部湖区SD、水温、DO、TN、TP高于其他两个湖区,中心湖区的pH、Chl-a和EC高,南部湖区的藻密度高。滆湖水体综合营养状态指数为中营养状态与水环境因子有显著相关性。将滆湖9个水质指标数据,可概括为3个主成分,聚类分析将20个样点按时间尺度上分为2组;按空间尺度上分为2组。DO、水温、TP是导致月份差异的主要指标,SD、DO、EC是导致空间差异的主要指标。通过对水质时空变化的进行客观全面的分析更有...     

Growth,Reproduction, Mortality,Distribution, and Biomass of Freshwater Drum in Lake Erie

Predominant age-groups in the Lake Erie freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens population were 3, 4, and 5 as determined from gill net, trap net, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl samples. Age and growth calculations indicated that females grew faster than males. However, the length-weight relation did not differ between sexes and was described by the equation: log W = ?5.4383 + 3.1987 log L. Some males became sexually mature at age 2 and all were mature by age 6. Females matured 1 year later than males. Three sizes of eggs were present in ovaries; the average total number was 127,000 per female for 20 females over a length range of 270 to 478 mm. Seasonal analysis of the ovary-body weight ratio indicated that spawning extended from June to August. A total annual mortality rate of 49% for drum aged 4 through 11 was derived from catch-curve analysis. Freshwater drum were widely distributed throughout Lake Erie in 1977–1979, the greatest concentration being in the western basin. They moved into warm, shallow water (less than 10 m deep) during summer, and returned to deeper water in late fall. Summer biomass estimates for the western basin, based on systematic surveys with bottom trawls, were 9,545 t in 1977 and 2,333 t in 1978.     

长江中下游河道崩岸机理中的河床边界条件

描述了长江中下游河床边界条件对于河道平面变形的影响,介绍了河岸抗冲性分类的研究成果,分析了河岸二元结构对于崩岸影响的2个特点：一是崩岸段河岸断面形态与近岸水流集中冲刷河床相关联;二是根据粘性土层的抗冲性揭示了崩岸过程从量变到质变的间歇性质。     

A Bayesian assessment of the PCB temporal trends in Lake Erie fish communities

The temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Erie fish were evaluated using 30 years of fish contaminant data (1977–2007). The first step of our statistical analysis was based on simple exponential decay models parameterized with Bayesian inference techniques to assess the declining rates in four intensively sampled fish species, i.e., walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and white bass (Morone chrysops). Because the exponential model postulates monotonic decrease of the PCB levels, we included first- or second-order random error terms in our statistical formulations to accommodate non-monotonic patterns in the dataset studied. Generally, our results suggest that the PCBs have been decreasing over the last 30 years with relatively weak rates that vary among the different fish species examined. Yet, our analysis with the exponential decay model also identified an increasing trend in the PCB concentrations of walleye skinless–boneless filet data, which is manifested after the mid-90s. In the second step, we used dynamic linear modeling (DLM) analysis to account for the fact that the fish length covaries with the PCB concentrations and that different sized fish may have been sampled over time. Our DLM analysis suggests that the previously reported trend of the walleye filet data is actually an artifact associated with the bias of the fish sampling practices followed. The coho salmon and rainbow trout PCB concentrations have been decreasing steadily during the study period but the associated rates were relatively weak. Finally, the PCB trends in white bass appear to have been stabilized over that last decade, although the robustness of this result remains to be confirmed due to the temporal inconsistencies of the information used. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of explicitly accounting for the different covariates (e.g., length, age, lipid content) that can potentially hamper the detection of the actual temporal trends of fish contaminants.     

The Sustainable Utilization of Lake Resources in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

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Fish and Macroinvertebrate Communities in Tributary Streams of Eastern Lake Erie with and without Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus, Pallas 1814)

Round gobies have had significant impacts on benthic fish and invertebrate communities in nearshore habitats of the Great Lakes. As round gobies have become more abundant in lake habitats, there has been an expansion of their populations into tributary streams and rivers. We compared stream invertebrate and fish communities in New York tributaries to Lake Erie with round gobies present and absent. Four of six benthic invertebrate metrics differed between streams with and without round gobies. Streams with round gobies present had reduced Shannon diversity, EPT richness, and EPT/chironomid ratios, and increased macroinvertebrate density relative to streams without round gobies, but there was no difference in non-Diptera density, or total taxa richness. None of the four fish metrics examined differed between streams with and without round gobies. However, darters occurred in all streams lacking round gobies, but did not occur in any streams with round gobies. Comparisons with historical fish and macroinvertebrate distributional data support our suspicion of goby-induced community changes. In these New York streams, round gobies seem to have had significant impacts on invertebrate communities via their consumptive behavior, whereas the impacts on fish communities are less evident. If round gobies continue to expand their distribution inland, the resultant alterations in macroinvertebrate communities may impact the suitability of tributary streams as spawning and nursery habitat for several sport fish species and for energy dynamics in tributary streams.     

长江中下游地区湖泊资源可持续利用

Based on geographical and hydrological characteristics of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, this paper analyzes the factors rest ricting the sustainable utilization of lake resources, including the conflict am ong agriculture water conservancy, and fishery, lake water pollution and eutroph ication, lake siltation and swamping. The countermeasures and suggestions, such a s improving the strategic status of lake harnessing, strengthening integrated ma nagement of lakes and their watershed, strengthening researches on lake environm ent and lake resources, are proposed to practice the sustainable utilization of lake resources.     

Microplastic pollutants in the coastal dunes of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario

Microplastic particles, often studied as aquatic pollutants, have been recovered from coastal dunes along the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie in New York and Pennsylvania. Surface and shallow sub-surface sand samples were collected from coastal dunes in 1 m² areas from 5 locations along Lake Erie: Sunset Bay, Dunkirk Harbor, Point Gratiot, and Canadaway Creek in New York and Presque Isle State Park Beach #11 in Pennsylvania. Samples were also collected from coastal dunes on Lake Ontario at Sandy Island Beach State Park, NY. Abundances, shapes, sizes, textures, and degradation of microplastics were characterized. Twenty-one of 26 samples yielded a variety of microplastics: pellets, fragments, and fibers. Larger microplastics (5.0–1.0 mm) were dominated by spheroidal and disk-shaped pellets with fewer fragments. Smaller microplastics (≤1.0 mm) were predominantly fibers and small fragments. Some microplastic particles exhibited evidence of degradation and weathering as a consequence of transport and exposure to the elements. The presence of microplastics in coastal dunes is attributable to aeolian transport from the adjacent beach.     

鄱阳湖流域水分盈亏时空变化特征分析

根据1960~2014年鄱阳湖流域13个气象站点的气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和相关分析法,研究鄱阳湖流域水分盈亏量时空分布变化趋势及其与气象因子的关系。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖流域近55 a来水分盈亏量多年平均盈余为565.88 mm,空间上呈由西北向东北和由西南向东北逐渐递增的趋势;水分盈亏量年内分布呈秋季亏缺,其他季节盈余,水分盈余量表现为春季夏季冬季秋季;在研究时段内流域各地水分盈余量均呈增加趋势,但各季节水分盈余量变化存在一定的差异性,其中春季和秋季呈减少趋势,但趋势不明显,而夏季和冬季均呈显著的增加趋势(p0.05)。鄱阳湖流域水分盈亏量与降雨、日照时数和日最高气温关系密切,流域年水分盈余量的增加是由于夏季和冬季降水量的增加、日照数和风速的减少。     

Diversity and distribution of free-living and particle-associated bacterioplankton in Sandusky Bay and adjacent waters of Lake Erie Western Basin

Studies on the bacterial communities in Lake Erie have been largely focused on cyanobacteria. To characterize the community structure of the other bacteria, we examined the 16S rRNA gene content of free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) bacterioplankton populations in Sandusky Bay (SD) and adjacent waters in the Western Basin (WB) of Lake Erie. A comprehensive survey of nutrients and other limnological variables was also performed in parallel. A total of 18,569 of 16S rRNA V6 pyrotag sequences were recovered, which were affiliated with 64 unique bacterial orders within 14 phyla. FL bacteria were composed differently from PA ones and contained significantly more Actinomycetales. In addition, FL bacteria were taxonomically more diverse. Despite the distinct environmental conditions, compositional variation was insignificant between bacteria in the SD and WB samples.     

黄河下游河道工程管理

工程管理是防汛工作的基础，黄河下游取得了人民治黄５０年来的岁岁安澜是与工程管理的逐步加强分不开的，５０年来，黄河下游形成了较为完善的管理组织体系及一整套管理规范，规章制度和管理办法，在工程检查观测和维修养护方面，总结出了不少独具特色的管理经验，在全国水利管理行业具有一定的影响，在管理技术水平科学研究方面，结合管理工作实际，取得了不少能够直接应用于管理的科研成果，不断推动着管理技术水平的提高，在经营     

洞庭湖水位变化对水质影响分析

长江中下游江湖关系的剧烈演变引起了洞庭湖水位的相应变化,并带来了显著的生态环境效应。为了揭示洞庭湖水位变化与水质变化的内在联系和特征,根据洞庭湖区典型水文站1995年-2010年历史水位与水质观测资料,从年内季节和年际时间尺度上,对洞庭湖水位变动情况及其对水质的影响进行了分析。结果表明,所选的洞庭湖区的典型水文站15年来水位总体呈现下降的趋势;在年际变化上,水质指标TN、高锰酸盐指数随着水位的降低而升高;年内季节变化上,TN含量表现出枯水期>平水期>丰水期的特征,而TP含量表现出相反的特性,随着丰水期水位的升高而含量也相对升高。总体上,洞庭湖水位变化与水质状况表现出较强的相关性。     

基于ArcGIS的乌梁素海水质及富营养化评价

采用2009年乌梁素海观测数据,运用泛克里格插值法,分析了乌梁素海水质参数时空分布特征及叶绿素a与氮、磷浓度间的相关关系,在此基础上,利用ArcGIS软件的空间分析模块定量分析了乌梁素海水质现状和富营养化程度。结果表明:氮、磷营养盐具有明显的时空变异性,叶绿素a在空间上与氮、磷营养盐具有相似的分布特征,整体呈北高南低、西高东低、入口高出口低的趋势;叶绿素a与总氮、总磷存在显著相关关系;高中营养和富营养型水域面积为232km2,占湖泊总面积的82%;没有贫营养型水域,大部分水域处于富营养化状态,程度由北向南递减,入口附近富营养化程度最高。     

鄱阳湖水龄时空特征和影响因素分析

换水能力是表征湖泊水动力和污染物输移扩散的关键指标,鄱阳湖水文情势波动显著,换水能力时空特征和影响因素复杂。本文选取水龄描述鄱阳湖换水能力,建立鄱阳湖水龄模型,研究了鄱阳湖水龄的时空特征和影响因素,分析了水龄对鄱阳湖江湖关系演变的响应规律。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖水龄具有显著的时空异质性。夏季和秋季水龄明显大于冬季和春季,碟形湖和湖湾区域水龄明显大于主河道和滩地。(2)湖口水位和流域入流是影响鄱阳湖水龄的主要因素。湖口水位对鄱阳湖水龄的影响大于流域入流;湖口水位越高则鄱阳湖水龄越大,流域入流与之相反;鄱阳湖水龄年内显著波动的主要原因是湖口水位的年内显著变化。(3)2003年后,随着江湖关系的演变,鄱阳湖水龄有所减小,其中秋季减小最为明显。研究成果能为鄱阳湖水资源保护提供科学支撑,也可为其他大型湖泊换水能力研究提供参考。     

西藏近25 a湖泊变迁及其驱动力分析

作为全球气候变化敏感区,分析气候变暖与经济发展背景下西藏湖面动态变化,对揭示区域环境演变特征与规律具有重要意义。基于1990—2015年Landsat遥感影像获取湖泊水域边界信息,分析近25 a西藏湖泊的时空分布及变化特征,结合气候因素与人为因素变化特征分析湖泊变化的主要驱动力,及湖泊变迁对气候的响应。结果表明:近25 a,西藏新增湖泊261个,总面积从24 161.1 km²增加到了30 549.2 km²。时间上,流域内湖泊总面积1990—1995年严重萎缩,1996—2006年迅速扩张,2007—2013年湖泊扩张速度减缓,降雨量、气温、蒸散发的变化趋势较好地反映了湖泊由萎缩到扩张的变化原因。空间上,不同地区湖泊变迁存在明显的空间差异:西藏中部地区温度和蒸散发相对较低,降雨量较大,湖泊面积扩张迅速;西藏北部地区温度偏高,降雨量少,蒸散发大,但温度升高加速冰川冻土融化成为湖泊扩张的可能因素;喜马拉雅山脉温度较高,蒸发量远大于降雨量,导致湖泊萎缩。人类活动加剧了当地对湖泊等水资源的需求,湖泊却呈扩张趋势,说明西藏地区的湖泊变迁主要受到气候因素的驱动。