白洋淀沉积物中溶解有机质荧光特性及其与铜的相互作用

在实验条件下通过三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定和质子核磁共振（1HNMR）,分析了白洋淀污染水体沉积物中溶解有机质（DOM）与Cu（Ⅱ）的相互作用。结果表明：DOM的结构以碳水化合物及多糖为主且具有明显的类蛋白（峰B）和类富里酸（峰A和峰C）荧光峰,类蛋白的荧光强度较强于可见类富里酸;3类荧光基团荧光强度由于Cu（Ⅱ）猝灭,呈明显不同程度的降低;并且DOM与Cu（Ⅱ）络合常数及1HNMR分析表明DOM中荧光基因与Cu（Ⅱ）络合或螯合能力较大,配位的配位基较多。     

多阶段生活垃圾接种堆肥水溶性有机物荧光特性表征研究

为提高堆肥效率,采取多阶段接种技术(MSIC)进行城市生活垃圾堆肥实验,并运用荧光分析技术,对不同堆肥阶段样品提取出的水溶性有机物(DOM)的变化进行跟踪分析。荧光同步光谱分析显示:堆肥过程中类蛋白峰发生红移,且在堆肥后期出现了类腐殖质峰,且类腐殖质荧光峰与类蛋白荧光峰荧光强度的比值I360/I280不断增大,T2处理增长幅度最大。发射光谱分析显示:254 nm激发波长下发射光谱中后1/4波段与前1/4波段的荧光强度积分面积之比A435~480/A300~345、465 nm激发波长下发射光谱中470~640 nm范围内荧光积分面积A470~640均不断增大,表明堆肥腐殖化程度不断增强,且T2处理在堆肥各阶段腐殖化程度均高于其他处理,T2处理物质结构最为复杂,腐殖化程度达到最高。三维荧光光谱显示:随着堆肥的进行,与蛋白质类物质有关的类蛋白峰荧光强度持续降低,而与腐殖质类物质产生的类富里酸荧光峰强度却不断增强;紫外区与可见区类富里酸峰荧光强度的比值r(A,C)随着堆肥的进行总体呈下降趋势;T2处理DOM中有机成分发生最为显著的变化,各阶段类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长明显发生红移,并且紫外、可见区域内类富里酸荧光强度明显高于其他处理,促进堆肥DOM中类富里酸物质数量的积累。结果表明:MSIC能够有效促进堆肥腐殖化进程,提高堆肥效率,是一种更加优良的堆肥技术。     

稻秸蚯蚓堆制后的物理、化学及微生物特性变化

利用水稻秸秆与畜禽粪便（牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪）等干重混合物（RCD、RPM、RCE）接种蚯蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行堆制,研究堆肥产物的物理、化学及微生物特性变化。结果表明,蚯蚓堆制30 d后,稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪堆肥产物MBC含量显著下降; 3种稻秸粪便混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,堆肥产物微生物代谢熵、脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加,尤以RCD的变化明显。稻秸牛粪、稻秸猪粪及稻秸鸡粪混合物经蚯蚓堆制后,总固形物平均重量损失分别增加6.45%、4.22%和3.82%; pH值均降低,其中RCD显著降低。蚯蚓堆制有助于提高堆肥产物全氮、全磷和全钾含量,同时使碳氮比降低。水稻秸秆混入部分畜禽粪便经蚯蚓堆制可减少堆肥时间并提高堆肥质量,混入的粪便以牛粪最好,猪粪次之,鸡粪最差。     

海泡石添加对猪粪堆肥腐熟和水溶性有机质的影响

为明确黏土矿物的投加对畜禽粪便堆肥腐熟和稳定化的影响,该研究以猪粪和杨木木屑为原料,探究添加海泡石对堆肥基本理化性质、不同成分有机质含量以及溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)结构的影响。结果表明,添加海泡石后堆体最高温度比对照有所下降且电导率上升9.69%,而C/N则降低2.81%,同时种子发芽指数提高11.96%,显示腐熟状况更好;DOM含量降低7.84%而胡敏酸占比提高9.71%,使得堆体有机质更加稳定。荧光光谱分析表明,添加海泡石堆体DOM的荧光谱图中,长波长的峰强在较短时间内出现了明显增加;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析显示,添加海泡石增加了堆体中高芳香性组分的占比。相关性分析结果表明,添加海泡石后,高芳香性组分与总有机碳之间相关性更为显著,说明海泡石在碳素分解的同时促进了其聚合,从而出现了胡敏酸与高芳香性荧光组分的增长。添加海泡石既能促进堆体腐熟,又可转化调控碳素进而提高堆体稳定性,有利于堆肥的后续农田施用。     

河北省集约化养殖场畜禽粪便中重金属含量及变化特征

通过对河北省全省区域典型集约化养殖场的主要畜禽粪便采样,分析测定畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Ni 8种重金属含量并进行数据分析,结果表明河北省集约化养殖场畜禽粪便中8种重金属的含量(中位值)均符合德国腐熟堆肥标准和中国有机肥料标准,但数据离散且呈偏态分布。按德国腐熟堆肥标准和中国有机肥(NY 525—2012)的标准,河北省畜禽粪便的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg和As超标率分别为41.73%、50.39%、31.50%、5.51%、0.79%、7.87%、4.63%和12.60%。鸡粪重金属超标率顺序为ZnCrCuNiAsCdPbHg,其中,Cu、Zn、Cr超标率分别为22.22%、40.74%和33.33%。猪粪重金属超标率顺序为CuZnCrAsNi和Cd,其中,Cu、Zn、Cr和As超标率分别为80.43%、78.26%、30.43%和21.74%,Pb和Hg不超标。牛粪重金属超标率顺序为CrHgZn,其他重金属均不超标。按施用量15 t·hm~(-2)推算出猪粪、鸡粪和牛粪的最严格土壤安全施用年限分别为26、79年和207年。因此,施用集约化畜禽粪便有机肥带来的环境风险需要引起足够的重视。     

吉林省畜禽粪便自然堆放条件下粪便/土壤体系中Cu、Zn的分布规律

本文通过对不同养殖场鸡、猪、牛粪便自然堆放条件下粪便和土壤样品的采集和实验室分析,研究了吉林省部分养殖场不同类型畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量,以及粪便自然堆放对土壤Cu、Zn含量的影响。结果表明,鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪中Cu的含量范围和均值分别为7.12～26.04mg·kg-（1风干样,下同）（均值18.24mg·kg-1）、87.99～463.7mg·kg-（1均值243.6mg·kg-1）、3.95～27.63mg·kg-（1均值12.28mg·kg-1）;Zn的含量范围和均值分别为179.2～340.8mg·kg-（1均值276.9mg·kg-1）、140.5～455.8mg·kg-（1均值381.8mg·kg-1）、150.5～292.3mg·kg-（1均值188.1mg·kg-1）。不同类型粪便中Cu、Zn含量均是猪粪〉鸡粪〉牛粪,但不论是哪种类型的畜禽粪便重金属含量均是Zn〉Cu。在自然堆放条件下,鸡粪和猪粪中的Cu可从粪便向底土迁移,迁移量随粪便中Cu含量的增加而增加,并主要积累在土壤表层,而牛粪在自然堆放过程中对底土的Cu含量影响不显著,粪底土Cu含量分布规律为猪粪底土〉鸡粪底土〉牛粪底土;鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪中的Zn也可向底土迁移,使粪底土Zn含量有不同程度的增加,但主要积累在粪底土的表层,且不同类型粪便底土Zn含量差异不明显。     

我国主要畜禽粪便养分含量及变化分析

取样并分析了我国20个省（市）主要畜禽粪便的养分含量。结果表明,畜禽粪便中养分含量变异很大,鸡粪和猪粪的氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）含量明显高于牛粪和羊粪,而钾素（K2O）含量相当。鸡粪中N、P2O5、K2O、Zn、Cu平均含量分别为2．08％、3．53％、2．38％、306．6mg·kg^-1和78．2mg·kg^-1;猪粪中分别为2．28％、3．97％、2．09％、663．3mg·kg^-1和488．1mg·kg^-1;牛粪中分别为1．56％、1．49％、1．96％、138．6mg·kg^-1和48．5mg·kg^-1;羊粪中分别为1．31％、1.03％、2．40％、88．9mg·kg^-1、23．5mg·kg^-1。按照德国腐熟堆肥的标准,鸡粪中Zn、Cu的超标率分别为27．1％和15．3％;猪粪中Zn、Cu的超标率分别为62．5％和70．0％;牛粪中Zn、Cu的超标率分别为3．8％和9．6％;羊粪中Zn、Cu不超标。与上世纪90年代相比,鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪中P2O5的平均含量分别增加65．7％、93,7％和52．0％;鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、羊粪K2O的平均含量分别增加138．7％、54．8％、71．9％、50．9％;鸡粪和猪粪中Zn的平均含量分别增加92．1％和383．5％,猪粪含Cu量增加近12倍。畜禽粪便的电导率（EC）值主要集中在50～150mS·cm^-1,pH主要集中在7．0—8．0。这一研究为畜禽粪便的安全合理施用提供了参考。     

蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类胡敏酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类胡敏酸,采用元素组成、红外光谱及差热分析研究了其结构特征。元素分析结果表明,蜉金龟堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(NaHLA)的芳香性低于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而碳水化合物及氮元素含量增加。蜉金龟堆肥氢氧化钠浸提物——类胡敏酸(PAHLA)的碳水化合物和氮元素含量也高于新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥,而自然堆肥PAHLA的芳香性略低于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥。红外光谱分析结果表明,与自然堆肥NaHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA中羧酸脂类化合物、酮类化合物、脂肪族化合物及碳水化合物有所增加。与新鲜牛粪PAHLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥PAHLA的碳水化合物、脂肪族化合物、酚类化合物及纤维素酯类减少,同时蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA的酰胺化合物在蜉金龟消化过程中被其吸收。差热分析结果表明,自然堆肥NaHLA的热稳定性高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥,而蜉金龟堆肥NaHLA的脂族化合物、外围官能团和分子内部芳香结构含量较高,分子结构较复杂。蜉金龟堆肥PAHLA存在两个放热峰,而新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥的中温放热峰消失。综上,蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥采用两种提取液浸提出类胡敏酸的结构特征存在差异性。     

典型河源区畜禽粪便农田施用的环境承载力研究

畜禽粪便作为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,对农田土壤质量及河源区水质安全存在严重威胁.本研究选取东辽河源区东辽县畜禽粪便为研究对象,通过分析其重金属与典型抗生素与产生特征,阐明了畜禽粪便农田施用的环境承载力及应对措施.结果表明:畜禽粪便中重金属Cu、Zn含量最高,四环素类抗生素中金霉素残留最高,猪粪中含量高于鸡粪和牛粪....     

采用EEM-FRI方法研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟及纤维素降解影响

为了优化堆肥工艺,提高堆肥产品质量,研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟度和纤维素降解的影响.该研究以牛粪为原料,小麦秸秆为辅料,以不添加黑曲霉为对照,分别添加1％、2％和3％的黑曲霉进行好氧堆肥,研究了黑曲霉不同添加量对腐熟度指标、养分含量、腐殖质组成以及纤维素组分的影响,并采用激发发射荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分(Excitati...     

长期不同施肥土壤对可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

  【目的】  分析长期不同施肥农田土壤对可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度与结构的吸附差异特征,以及吸附能力与土壤性质、DOC结构的相关关系,为农田土壤固碳潜力及合理施肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  供试土壤选自长期定位试验中棕壤和红壤两种土壤的不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、单施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化学氮磷钾肥(NPKM) 4个施肥处理。供试DOC标准溶液由新鲜猪粪提取,提取液DOC浓度为2400 mg/L。以该提取液配置系列DOC浓度溶液,运用Langmuir等温吸附方程拟合土壤对新鲜猪粪来源DOC的吸附浓度变化,采用三维荧光光谱技术分析吸附前后DOC结构及各区域成分相对体积荧光强度变化,分析影响DOC吸附的主要因素。  【结果】  红壤与棕壤对DOC的最大吸附量分别为12.81和10.82 g/kg,两种土壤均表现为NPKM处理的吸附能力高于NPK、CK。新鲜猪粪提取的DOC主要为类酪氨酸蛋白(区域Ⅰ)、类色氨酸蛋白(区域Ⅱ)和溶解性微生物代谢产物(区域Ⅳ)。土壤对这类DOC吸附较多的成分是类酪氨酸和类色氨酸。通过平行因子分析法得出,土壤对新鲜猪粪中的DOC吸附存在2个荧光组分,分子量较高的类蛋白物质(类酪氨酸和类色氨酸)与可溶性微生物代谢产物(C1组分),分子量较小聚合程度较低的类酪氨酸蛋白物质与可溶性微生物代谢产物(C2组分)。不同施肥处理对C1和C2组分的吸附能力差异显著,对C1组分的吸附能力为M≈NPKM>NPK>CK,对C2组分的吸附能力为NPK>M≈NPKM>CK。土壤对DOC的最大吸附量Q_max与土壤中游离态铁(Fe_d)、络合态铁(Fe_p)、土壤有机质(SOM)呈极显著正相关性,与DOC腐殖化指数HIX和C1组分含量呈极显著正相关性 (P<0.01),与荧光指数FI呈极显著负相关性 (P<0.01)。  【结论】  从新鲜猪粪提取的DOC结构简单,类酪氨酸蛋白、类色氨酸蛋白和溶解性微生物代谢产物含量较多,腐殖化程度较低。土壤对DOC的吸附过程会受到DOC结构特征和土壤理化性质的影响。土壤有机质(SOM)、Fe_d和Fe_p含量越高,吸附DOC的能力越强。长期施有机肥土壤对DOC中的类腐殖酸等高聚合度的芳香性大分子物质的吸附比例相对较高,而长期单施化肥土壤对分子量较小、聚合程度较低的类酪氨酸蛋白物质吸附量较高。     

Characterization of fresh and decomposed dissolved organic matter using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and multiway analysis

Fresh and decomposed dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from 13 plant biomass and animal manure sources was characterized using multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The PARAFAC analysis modeled seven fluorescence components: tryptophan-like, tyrosine-like, and five humic substance-like components. For most of the plant-derived DOM solutions, decomposition significantly affected the concentration of three humic substance-like-associated components, increasing two and decreasing one. The effect of decomposition upon DOM derived from animal manures was dependent on the manure source. For a majority of the DOM extracts, the ratio of fluorescence intensity to absorptivity at 254 nm increased following decomposition, indicating that fluorescing DOM compounds were generally more resistant to biodegradation than nonfluorescing UV-absorbing compounds. Molar absorptivity, humification index (HIX), and apparent molecular weight (MWAP) increased by 38.0, 38.8, and 370%, respectively, following decomposition. Spearman correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between the humic substance-like components and the DOM MWAP, absorptivity, and HIX. The results of this study support the use of multidimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAFAC as a method to monitor the decomposition of carbon-rich soil amendments such as crop residues, green manures, and animal manures.     

风干预处理对堆肥腐熟度及臭气排放量的影响

该研究以风干猪粪堆肥为处理,以新鲜猪粪堆肥为对照,在秸秆调理相同C/N基础上,对两个处理腐熟度和臭气排放进行比较分析。从温度、p H值、电导率和发芽率来看,利用新鲜猪粪和风干猪粪堆肥所得的产品均能达到腐熟和无害化标准;在硫化氢、羰基硫、二硫化碳、甲硫醚、乙硫醚、二甲二硫、甲硫醇和乙硫醇几种含硫臭气中,甲硫醚和二甲二硫占96%以上;风干猪粪堆肥比新鲜猪粪堆肥少排放71.09%的氨气,66.11%的甲硫醚和9.66%的二甲二硫。在不考虑风干环节存在的问题条件下,与新鲜猪粪堆肥相比,风干猪粪堆肥堆肥时间短,在堆肥品质提高的基础上,堆肥产品产量增加60%。通过降低水分和体积风干猪粪运输成本降低1/3,且对环境影响小,是远距离资源化处理畜禽粪便的较好途径。     

Compost Maturity Assessment Using Calorimetry,Spectroscopy and Chemical Analysis

This work is aimed at characterizing compost maturity and, organic matter transformation during this process, by the use of nondestructive spectroscopic and thermal techniques, together with some chemical analysis. Composting was conducted in a laboratory over a period of one year using the organic fraction of domestic wastes, fresh farmyard manure, spent coffee and sawdust as the raw materials. Samples were retired after different periods of composting and were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as by routine chemical parameters including temperature, pH, C/N, ash content and humic-like substances content. Results showed that in case of domestic wastes, spent coffee and farmyard manure, the C/N ratios, ash and humic acid content showed a typical high rate of change during the first 197 days of composting and tended to stabilize thereafter, probably as a result of the maturity of the produced composts. In contrast, sawdust underwent only a very limited transformation even after one year of composting. Thermoanalytical and spectroscopic data confirms these finding and gives useful and complementary information with respect to the structure, the heterogeneity and the relative stability of the compost products. In particular, as the decomposition proceeded, there was an increase in aromatic to aliphatic structure ratio and a decrease in the importance of peptide structures of composts. Besides, both the spectroscopic and the thermal behavior of compost samples, retired beyond 197 days of composting, tended to be regular, less dependent on the raw material and close to that characterizing mature composts, with the exception of sawdust samples. We concluded that the spectroscopic and thermal techniques used are complementary to one another and to chemical tests and could be a powerful and fast approach for the study of compost maturity.     

Influence of Different Nitrogen Sources on Composting Of Miscanthus in Open and Closed Systems

Composting of Miscanthus straw was compared in two different, insulated systems, one constructed from four open boxes and one of four closed reactor vessels. Composting of Miscanthus supplemented with either ammonium sulfate, urea, liquid pig manure or brown sap from grass was studied. Hygienization of composts was evaluated by integrations of heat developments. Mixtures of Miscanthus and ammonium sulfate or liquid pig manure lead to high heat development in beginning of composting period while composting of mixtures of Miscanthus and brown sap or urea progressed later in composting period. The period of high microbial activity during composting may therefore be extended using mixtures of manure and brown sap or ammonium sulfate and urea as nitrogen source.     

Application rate and composting method affect the immediate and residual manure fertilizer value in a maize–rice–rice–maize cropping sequence on a degraded soil in northern Vietnam

A field experiment was carried out in northern Vietnam to investigate the effects of adding different additives [rice (Oriza sativa L.) straw only, or rice straw with added lime, superphosphate (SSP), urea or a mixture of selected microorganism species] on nitrogen (N) losses and nutrient concentrations in manure composts. The composts and fresh manure were applied to a three-crop per year sequence (maize–rice–rice) on a degraded soil (Plinthic Acrisol/Plinthaquult) to investigate the effects of manure type on crop yield, N uptake and fertilizer value. Total N losses during composting with SSP were 20% of initial total N, while with other additives they were 30–35%. With SSP as a compost additive, 65–85% of the initial ammonium-N (NH₄-N) in the manure remained in the compost compared with 25% for microorganisms and 30% for lime. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of fresh manure was lower than that of composted manure when applied to maize (Zea mays L.), but higher when applied to rice (Oriza sativa L.). The NUE of compost with SSP was generally higher than that of compost with straw only and lime. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of manure types for maize decreased in the order: manure composted with SSP?>?manure composted with straw only and fresh manure?>?manure composted with lime. For rice, the corresponding order was: fresh manure?>?manure composted with SSP/microorganisms/urea?>?manure composted with lime/with straw alone. The MFE was higher when 5 tons manure ha^?1 were applied than when 10 tons manure ha^?1 were applied throughout the crop sequence. The residual effect of composted manures (determined in a fourth crop, with no manure applied) was generally 50% higher than that of fresh manure after one year of manure and compost application. Thus, addition of SSP during composting improved the field fertilizer value of composted pig manure the most.     

Control of Composting Odor Using Biofiltration

While composting transforms manure wastes into useful fertilizer, it also produces odors during the decomposition process. Biofiltration is a desirable method to control composting odor. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of using compost as a biofilter. A mixture of cattle manure and fresh compost was composted in a bin equipped with a suction-type blower. The exhaust gas was filtered through the biofilter of fresh compost. The composting temperature affected the ammonia emission. When the composting temperature was relatively high, the highest ammonia emission appeared in two experiments. The biofiltering properties were investigated according to flow rates and filter depths for two different types of fresh composts (experiment I and II). At the flow rate of 30 L/min, ammonia removal rate was 80.5% for biofilter A(detention time 56.5 s) and 99.9% for biofilter B (detention time 113 s). At the flow rate of 50 L/min, the ammonia removal rate was 82.5% for biofilter A (detention time 33.9 s) and 97.4% for biofilter B (detention time 67.8). The fresh compost could be used as a biofilter medium for odor control during composting process. The moisture content(MC) of the biofilter material increased by absorbing moisture from the exhaust gas, while the pH was decreased due to the degradation of nitrogenous compounds. As the moisture in the exhaust gas increased the MC of the biofilter, there was no need to spray water to the biofilter medium to control moisture content. While the total nitrogen(T-N) of the biofilter increased by absorbing ammonia, the total carbon (T-C) remained unchanged resulting in decrease of the C/N ratio.