External validation of disease-free survival at 2 or 3 years as a surrogate and new primary endpoint for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Purpose

To perform the first external validation of a recently identified association between disease-free survival at two years (DFS2) or three years (DFS3) and overall survival at five years (OS5) in patients after radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).

Methods and Methods

Records of 2483 patients who underwent RC for UCB at eight European centers between 1989 and 2008 were reviewed. The cohort included 1738 patients with pT2-4a tumors and negative soft tissue surgical margins (STSM) according to the selection criteria of the previous study (study group (SG)). In addition, 745 patients with positive STSM or other tumor stages (pT0-T1, pT4b) that were excluded from the previous study (excluded patient group (EPG)) were evaluated. Kappa statistic was used to measure the agreement between DFS2 or DFS3 and OS5.

Results

The overall agreement between DFS2 and OS5 was 86.5% (EPG: 88.7%) and 90.1% (EPG: 92.1%) between DFS3 and OS5. The kappa values for comparison of DFS2 or DFS3 with OS5 were 0.73 (SE: 0.016) and 0.80 (SE: 0.014) respectively for the SG, and 0.67 (SE: 0.033) and 0.78 (SE: 0.027) for the EPG (all p-values <0.001).

Conclusions

We externally validated a correlation between DFS2 or DFS3 and OS5 for patients with pT2-4a UCB with negative STSM that underwent RC. Furthermore, this correlation was found in patients with other tumor stages regardless of STSM status. These findings indicate DFS2 and DFS3 as valid surrogate markers for survival outcome with RC.     

全逆行根治性膀胱切除治疗男性膀胱癌的临床应用及110例病例报告

背景与目的：膀胱癌根治手术难度大,围手术期并发症多,且学习曲线长。本研究介绍了全逆行根治性膀胱切除并腹腔重建这一新的系统手术方式,并探讨其临床价值。方法：2012年4月—2013年4月,共有110例男性膀胱癌患者于复旦大学附属肿瘤医院泌尿外科接受该手术治疗,中位年龄64(35~83)岁;整理术前临床资料,分析手术相关参数、并发症、病理特征、远期并发症及复发转移情况。结果：术中清扫淋巴结个数为12(8~16)个;65例保留双侧神经血管束,31例保留单侧;手术耗时4.4(2.2~6.0)h,中位腹腔脏器暴露时间为43.0(5.0~75.0)min,中位出血量140.0(50.0~600.0)mL,4例患者输血;中位盆腹腔引流时间为10.0(6.0~15.0)d,中位术后通气时间为2.5(1.0~12.0)d,中位术后住院时间为17.0(10.0~39.0)d;术后并发症CDC分级为2级即需要药物干预的19例,CDC分级为3级以上的8例;术后轻到中度肠道梗阻5例,对症支持治疗,中位时间2(1~4)周后恢复进食;无围手术期死亡病例。病理诊断结果显示,中位随访9(3~15)个月,无CDC分级3级以上并发症,无复发转移。结论：全逆行根治性膀胱切除手术入路解剖清晰,全程腹腔脏器暴露时间短,肠道与手术野相互干扰少,这一系统手术有效加快患者肠道恢复,降低术后并发症,特别是减少肠道梗阻的发生及严重程度的作用,值得进一步的研究和推广。     

Pregnancy following vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: a report of two cases

Pregnancy following squamous cell carcinoma of the vulvar is rare. Its rarity is reflected by a paucity of cases reported in the literature. We report two cases of pregnancy following diagnosis and treatment for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, and review eleven prior reported cases. In successfully treated vulvar cancer subsequent pregnancy is not shown to increase the risk of disease recurrence, and there appears to be no deleterious effects during the antenatal period. It is possible, when considering prior reports, that prior vulvectomy may increase the likelihood of delivery by caesarean section, though modifications in the surgical management of vulvar carcinoma may have decreased this risk.     

36例下咽后壁鳞状细胞癌的临床分析

背景与目的:下咽后壁鳞状细胞癌临床少见。本研究旨在探讨下咽后壁鳞状细胞癌的治疗方式及下咽部的一期修复与功能恢复方法。方法:回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科与放射治疗科1967年6月～2000年1月收治的36例下咽后壁鳞状细胞癌(1997年UICC分期:I期4例;II期4例;Ⅲ期9例;Ⅳ期19例)的临床资料,其中男性24例,女性12例。采用综合治疗(手术加放射)20例,根治性放疗10例,单纯手术3例,根治性放疗后挽救手术3例(2例颈部、1例颈部与下咽)。一期修复所用组织有胃、空肠、结肠、胸大肌、前臂皮瓣、残喉、胃网膜、颈阔肌皮瓣、斜方肌皮瓣等器官与皮瓣。结果:综合治疗、根治性放疗的5年生存率分别为40%(8/20)、30%(3/10)。单纯手术3例3年内2例死亡,1例失随。挽救手术3例均3年内死亡。对原发灶24例手术治疗患者中留喉下咽后壁局部切除4例(16.7%);一期修复20例(83.3%),其中利用胃、空肠器官修复11例(55%),其它修复9例(45%)。一期修复手术无围手术期死亡,并发症发生率为15%(3/20),修复有效率为85%(17/20),平均进食时间为2～3周。修复患者中局部复发3例。结论:综合治疗在下咽后壁鳞状细胞癌中疗效肯定,治疗的重点为下咽吞咽功能的恢复。手术一期重建下咽部,恢复患者吞咽功能,不增加患者预后的风险。胃、空肠代下咽是重要的修复手段。部分患者可选择局部切除,保留喉功能。     

108例扁桃体鳞癌治疗效果的回顾性分析

背景与目的:扁桃体鳞癌的治疗,是选择根治性放疗加外科挽救手术,还是计划性术前放疗加手术,目前尚无一致观点。在Ⅲ～Ⅳ期扁桃体鳞癌患者中,仅以肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移来判断预后显然不足。为此,本研究旨在总结我院扁桃体鳞癌的治疗效果,并探讨上述两种治疗方法的适应证及影响预后的因素。方法:回顾性总结1984年～2000年我院收治的108例扁桃体鳞癌患者的临床资料,其中根治性放疗加外科挽救手术83例(A组),计划性术前放疗加手术25例(B组)。总结两组的治疗效果及口腔功能损害情况,分析肿瘤的放疗反应与生存率的关系。结果:联合根治术导致不同程度的口腔功能损害,其发生率在A组为24.1%(20/83),在B组达88.0%(22/25)。A组患者的5年生存率为59.3%,B组为55.4%(P=0.706)。放疗后转移淋巴结消失及手术标本有重度放疗反应者,A、B两组的5年生存率分别为73.0%和76.9%(P>0.05)。结论:根治性放疗加挽救性手术使部分扁桃体鳞癌患者避免了联合根治术,在一定程度上保留了口腔功能。放疗后淋巴结的消失情况及组织放疗反应程度可以作为晚期扁桃体鳞癌的预后参考指标。     

33例原发食管小细胞癌的临床分析

背景与目的:食管是小细胞癌肺外发病最常见的部位,但其标准的治疗方法目前尚未确立.本研究拟探讨原发食管小细胞癌的临床特征、治疗及预后,尤其是化疗对患者生存的影响.方法:收集1985年1月至2005年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的33例原发食管小细胞癌的临床资料,回顾性分析其临床特点和治疗方式对患者生存的影响.采用Kaplan-Meier及log-rank法分析临床特征和治疗方法对原发食管小细胞癌预后的影响.结果:全组中位生存时间为11.3个月,1年、3年、5年生存率分别为45.1%、16.6%、3.5%.单因素生存分析显示,临床分期是影响预后的最主要因素.单用局部治疗(手术或放疗)的中位生存时间为6-3个月,1年、2年、3年生存率分别为31.1%、23.5%、8.2%;局部治疗联合化疗的中位生存时间为15.4个月,1年、2年、3年生存率分别为69.3%、34.6%、28.7%.结论:对早期原发食管小细胞癌,手术辅以化疗可改善患者生存.     

The recurrence and survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a report of 275 cases

Oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC） is a common malignant tumor of the head and neck, and recurrence is an important prognostic factor in patients with OSCC. We explored the factors associated with recurrence of OSCC and analyzed the survival of patients after recurrence. Clinicopathologic and follow-up data of 275 patients with OSCC treated by surgery in the Cancer Institute and Hospital of Tianjin Medical University between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. Recurrence factors were analyzed with Chi- square or Fisher＇s exact test and multivariate analysis. The prognosis of patients after recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The recurrence rate was 32.7%. The recurrence time ranged from 2 to 96 months, with a median of 14 months. Univariate analysis showed that T stage, degree of differentiation, pN stage, flap application, resection margin, and lymphovascular invasion were factors of recurrence （P 〈 0.05）. Multivariate analysis showed that T stage, degree of differentiation, and pN stage were independent factors of recurrence （P 〈 0.001）. The differences in gender, age, tumor site, region of lymph node metastasis, and perineural invasion between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups were not significant （P 〉 0.05）. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests showed that the 2- and 5-year survival rates were significantly lower in the recurrence group than in non-recurrence group （67.6% vs. 88.0%, 31.8% vs. 79.9%, P 〈 0.001）. Therefore, to improve prognosis, we recommend extended local excision, flap, radical neck dissection, and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients more likely to undergo recurrence.     

24例胸腺鳞癌的临床分析

目的 总结胸腺鳞癌（TSCC）的临床病理特点、诊治情况并初步分析预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析北京胸科医院2006年1月至2013年4月收治疗的24例TSCC患者，其中接受手术治疗15例（10例术后联合放化疗，3例术后化疗，1例术后放疗，1例未行术后辅助治疗），9例姑息性放化疗，分析TSCC患者的临床病例资料，收集随访资料并采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。结果 全组随访1.0～139.0个月，中位随访时间53.2个月。至随访截止日期死亡15例，总生存期（OS）为2.5～139.0个月，中位OS为68.1个月；1、3、5年生存率分别为70.8％、54.2％和41.7％，单因素分析显示Masaoka分期（P=0.018）、是否手术切除（P=0.016）及手术方式（P=0.017）是影响患者OS的因素，术后放疗并未延长患者OS（P=0.401）。 结论  TSCC的临床表现缺乏特异性，手术是其主要治疗手段，Masaoka分期和手术等因素对患者预后有影响，根治术预后明显优于姑息性手术。术后放疗并未能使患者取得生存获益，临床应结合患者体能状态、肿瘤切除完整性等因素来制定术后治疗方案。     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bilharzial and non-bilharzial urinary bladder: a review of etiological features, natural history, and management

Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, though uncommon in Europe and the United States, is the most common variety of bladder tumor in countries where urinary bilharziasis prevails. A great controversy still exists regarding its natural history and management. Here, we review the literature of bilharzial and nonbilharzial squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, focusing on large series. Our aim was to gather most of the published data about this disease entity, report it in a systematic comparative review, and attempt to identify the adverse features and variables behind its dismal outcome. The conclusions are that squamous cell carcinoma, whether bilharzial or nonbilharzial, has distinctive clinicopathological features, different from those of the transitional cell variety. These tumors usually present in advanced (muscle-invasive) stages. Pelvic nodal metastases are not common, and the incidence of distant metastases is less than that reported with transitional cell carcinoma. Local treatment, including cystectomy and adjunctive radiotherapy, is the most acceptable way of treating such tumors.     

33例乳头状肾细胞癌的临床病理及免疫组织化学研究

目的　观察乳头状肾细胞癌 (PRCC)的形态特点 ,并对其诊断和鉴别诊断要点、预后及组织发生进行探讨。方法　对 33例直径 >1.0cm、乳头结构占 5 0 %以上的PRCC进行研究。每一例均采用光镜观察 ,利用组织芯片行免疫组化染色 ,检测EMA、CK7、CD10、Vim和 34βE12 ,并进行随访观察。结果　 5 16例肾上皮性肿瘤中检出PRCC 33例 (6 .4 % )。镜检可见典型的乳头及梁状、管状、微小结、假复层等不明显的乳头形式 ;间质内的泡沫细胞、沙砾体及肿瘤细胞吞噬含铁血黄素亦是其独特之处。 33例中 ,嗜碱型 10例 ,细胞呈立方形 ,胞浆少 ,淡染 ,Fuhrman分级 9例为低级别 ;嗜酸型 2 2例 ,细胞呈高柱状 ,胞浆丰富 ,嗜酸性 ,Fuhrman分级 19例为高级别 ;余 1例为透明细胞型。 10例嗜碱型仅远曲小管标志EMA或CK7为 (+) ,近曲小管标志CD10均为 (- ) ,7例Vim为 (+) ;2 2例嗜酸型中 ,9例EMA或CK7为 (+) ,10例CD10为 (+) ,6例Vim为 (+) ;33例 34βE12均为 (- )。2 4例获随访 ,3年生存率 6 4 .3% (9/ 14 ) ,5年生存率 5 0 .0 % (7/ 14 )。结论　乳头状肾细胞癌为独立类型的恶性肿瘤 ,具有独特的病理形态特点 ,其临床预后较嫌色细胞癌差。     

Prediction of outcome in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder following radical cystectomy using artificial neural networks

Aim

The outcome of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) after radical cystectomy (RC) shows remarkable variability. We evaluated the ability of artificial neural networks (ANN) to perform risk stratification in UCB patients based on common parameters available at the time of RC.

Methods

Data from 2111 UCB patients that underwent RC in eight centers were analysed; the median follow-up was 30 months (IQR: 12–60). Age, gender, tumour stage and grade (TURB/RC), carcinoma in situ (TURB/RC), lymph node status, and lymphovascular invasion were used as input data for the ANN. Endpoints were tumour recurrence, cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and all-cause death (ACD). Additionally, the predictive accuracies (PA) of the ANNs were compared with the PA of Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

The recurrence-, CSM-, and ACD- rates after 5 years were 36%, 33%, and 46%, respectively. The best ANN had 74%, 76% and 69% accuracy for tumour recurrence, CSM and ACD, respectively. Lymph node status was one of the most important factors for the network's decision. The PA of the ANNs for recurrence, CSM and ACD were improved by 1.6% (p = 0.247), 4.7% (p < 0.001) and 3.5% (p = 0.007), respectively, in comparison to the Cox models.

Conclusions

ANN predicted tumour recurrence, CSM, and ACD in UCB patients after RC with reasonable accuracy. In this study, ANN significantly outperformed the Cox models regarding prediction of CSM and ACD using the same patients and variables. ANNs are a promising approach for individual risk stratification and may optimize individual treatment planning.     

伴胸腺样成分的甲状腺癌八例报告

研究伴有胸腺样成甲状腺癌的组织发生,形态学和生物学牧场生,以区别于一般鳞状细胞。方法分析患者的临床资料,包括主要体征,手术记录及生存时间,并复习全部病理切片。结果伴有ＣＡＳＴＬＥ的甲状腺癌不同于鳞癌,不仅有典型的鳞状分化特点,亦伴有胸腺分化特征,如哈氏小体,淋巴上皮样结构和间质淋巴组织增生。     

Long term outcome after resection of liver metastases from squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) liver metastases still remains a difficult challenge and the effectiveness of resection for SCC liver metastases is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze long-term outcomes of surgically treated patients with SCC liver metastases.

Conditional survival for non-metastatic muscle-invasive adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder after radical cystectomy

PurposeTo test the effect of conditional survival on 36-months’ cancer-specific mortality (CSM)-free survival in non-metastatic muscle-invasive adenocarcinoma of the bladder (ACB).Materials and methodsWithin the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2000–2018), ACB patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) were identified. Multivariable competing risks regression (CRR) analyses assessed the independent predictor status of organ-confined (OC, T₂N₀M₀) vs non-organ-confined stage (NOC, T_3-4N₀M₀ or T_anyN_1-3M₀) on CSM. Conditional 36-months’ CSM-free survival estimates were computed based on event-free intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after RC, according to stage.ResultsOf 475 ACB patients, 132 (28%) harbored OC vs 343 (72%) harbored NOC stage. In multivariable CRR models, NOC vs OC stage independently predicted lower CSM (hazard ratio 3.55; 95% CI 2.66, 5.83; p < 0.001). Conversely, neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy were independently associated with CSM. In OC stage, 36-months’ CSM-free survival rate was 84% at baseline. Provided event-free intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, conditional 36-months’ CSM-free survival estimates were 84, 87, 87, 89 and 89%. In NOC stage, 36-months’ CSM-free survival rate was 47% at baseline. Provided event-free intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, conditional 36-months’ CSM-free survival estimates were 51, 62, 69, 78 and 85%.ConclusionsConditional survival estimates provide better insight into survival of patients with longer event-free follow-up. In consequence, conditional survival estimates might be highly valuable for individual patient counselling.     

Prognostic Significance of Androgen Receptor Expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The androgen receptor (AR) is increasingly considered as a potential biomarker for breast cancer. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of AR expression in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains controversial. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we investigated AR expression and its impact on survival outcome. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and references of articles were searched to identify relevant studies that investigated the association between AR expression and prognosis in patients diagnosed with TNBC and were published between 1946 and May 2019. The hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval (CI) of disease-free survival, overall survival, distant disease-free survival, and recurrence-free survival were weighted and pooled by using the fixed-effect or random-effect model based on the heterogeneity of included studies. A total of 27 studies including 4914 patients with TNBC were included. AR was expressed in 27.96% (1315/4703) of patients with TNBC. In addition, AR expression in TNBC was not associated with disease-free survival (HR, 0.923; 95% CI, 0.671-1.271; P = .634), overall survival (HR, 0.910; 95% CI, 0.678-1.222; P = .531), distant disease-free survival (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.08; P = .489), or recurrence-free survival (HR, 0.957; 95% CI, 0.462-1.982; P = .906) in TNBC, regardless of confounding factors and heterogeneity that existed among included studies. In patients with TNBC, AR expression is not associated with prognosis.     

Radical cystectomy for pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder not amenable to TURBT: Long-term results

PurposeThis study sought to identify factors associated with survival of pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder (UCB) after radical cystectomy (RC).MethodsThis study consists of 114 pT1 UCB [primary 83, recurrent 31, none were amenable to transurethral resection (TUR)] treated by radical cystectomy. Survival analysis using Cox regression tests were performed to identify factors associated with survival of pT1 UCB after RC.ResultsPelvic lymph node (LN) status, age and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are associated with survival of pT1 UCB after RC; recurrent pT1 UCB of high grade origin (HGO) tends to have poorer CSS than primary pT1 UCB or recurrent pT1 UCB of low grade origin (LGO) (5-year and 10-year CSS rates was 75% and 73% for primary cases; 77% and 77% for recurrent pT1 UCB of LGO; and 56% and 37% for recurrent pT1 UCB of HGO, p = 0.078).ConclusionsLN status, age and LVI were significantly associated with survival of pT1 UCB after RC. Recurrent pT1 UCB of HGO should be managed with radical cystectomy in a timely fashion given that these cases tend to have poorer CSS than primary pT1 UCB after RC, even if they did not progress to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).     

Preservation of the internal genital organs during radical cystectomy in selected women with bladder cancer: A report on 15 cases with long term follow-up

Purpose

To prospectively present the technique, functional and oncological outcome of internal genitalia sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer in 15 selected women.

Patients and methods

Between January 1995 and December 2010, 305 women underwent orthotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy. Of these, 15 cases with a mean age of 42 years underwent genitalia sparing. Inclusion criteria included stage (T2b N0 Mo or less, as assessed preoperatively, unifocal tumors away from the trigone, sexually active young women and internal genitalia free of tumor. Cystectomy with preservation of the uterus, vagina and ovaries and Hautmann neobladder were performed. Oncological, functional, urodynamic and sexual outcome using Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were evaluated.

Results

Definitive histopathology showed advanced stage not recognized preoperatively in 2 patients, who developed local recurrence and bony metastasis after 3–4 months. A third patient developed bony metastasis after 15 months. No recurrence developed in the retained genital organs. The remaining 12 patients remained free of disease with a mean follow-up of 70 months. Among women eligible for functional evaluation, daytime and nighttime continence were achieved in 13/13 (100%) and 12/13 (92)%, respectively. Chronic urinary retention was not noted. The urodynamic parameters were comparable to those in other patients without genital preservation. Sexual function (FSFI) was better in these patients than in others without genital preservation.

Conclusions

Genital sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer is feasible in selected women. It provides a good functional outcome, better sexual function and the potential for fertility preservation. So far, the oncological outcome is favorable.     

The current status of perioperative chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a multiinstitutional retrospective study in Japan

Background We conducted a multiinstitutional analysis to clarify the clinical significance of perioperative chemotherapy, in invasive bladder cancers in Japan, and to identify the patient subpopulations who could benefit from perioperative chemotherapy.Methods A total of 913 consecutive patients aged less than 80 years who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer from 1990 to 2000 at 32 Japanese hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. Median follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 0.1 to 11.8 years).Results In total, 341 patients (37.3%) were treated with perioperative chemotherapy, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 174), adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 114), or a combination of both chemotherapies (n = 53). With cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, the MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) regimen was the one most frequently used for perioperative chemotherapy, but the average number of cycles was distinctly less than that in reported randomized trials. MEC (methotrexate, epirubicin, and cisplatin) chemotherapy had efficacy similar to that of the MVAC regimen. On analysis of patients stratified by stage, the overall survival of patients with adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly better than that of those without adjuvant chemotherapy, in patients with pT2b, pN0 or pT3, pN0 (P = 0.016 or 0.020, respectively), but adjuvant chemotherapy had no, or the opposite, effect on patients with pT2a, pN0, pT4, pN0, or pTany, pN+. On the other hand, neoadjuvant chemotherapy provided a statistically significant survival benefit only for patients with clinical T3N0 (P = 0.015). Of note, in the high-risk subgroup, the overall survival rate for patients with complete response (CR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was significantly better than that of patients with partial response (PR) or no change (NC)/progressive disease (PD) (P = 0.043).Conclusion In Japan, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy has been the main modality adopted perioperatively for high-risk patients with radical cystectomy. This studys clinical results indicated that perioperative chemotherapy may improve survival in patients with T3N0 or pT2b/pT3, pN0 bladder cancer.     

膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌与鳞癌混合性癌1例并文献复习

目的:通过对1例膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌与鳞癌的混合性癌患者病例的分析,探讨该病的临床特点、病理学特点、临床诊断、治疗方法及预后。方法:回顾性分析遵义医学院附属医院泌尿外科2017年10月收治的1例术后病理组织学诊断为膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌与鳞癌混合性癌患者的临床资料并进行国内外文献复习。结果:49岁男患,因“发现肉眼血尿2月余”入院,全麻下行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切+回肠新膀胱+扩大淋巴结清扫术,术后经病理组织学确诊为膀胱混合性癌（小细胞神经内分泌癌+角化型鳞癌）。结论:膀胱小细胞癌(包括其与移行细胞癌、腺癌和鳞癌等复合癌)临床表现主要以肉眼血尿为主,呈现高度的恶性生物学行为,具有发现晚、进展快、转移早、恶性程度高、预后差等特点,需尽早完善病理学诊断,明确肿瘤的临床分期以达到早期治疗与有效改善其预后的目的。     

Comorbidity relationship to outcome of radical cystectomy in Chinese: a single institution study with the ACE-27 comorbidity index

To determine the relationship between comorbidity and outcome after radical cystectomy in Chinese patients by using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation (ACE)-27 index. Two-hundred-and-forty-six patients treated with radical cystectomy at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, China between 2000 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Medical records were reviewed for age, gender, delayed time of radical cystectomy, urinary diversion type, pelvic lymphadenectomy status, TNM stage, and pathological grade. Comorbidity information was assessed by the ACE-27 index. The outcome measurement was overall survival. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine the association between comorbidity and outcome. The study population consisted of 215 (87.40%) males and 31 (12.60%) females with a mean age of 62±11 years. Median duration of follow-up was 47±31 months. A total of 151 (61.38%) patents died during follow-up. Of those, 118 (47.97%) had at least one comorbidity. According to the ACE-27 scores, 128 (52.03%) patients had no comorbidity, 79 (32.11%) had mild, 33 (13.41%) had moderate, and 6 (2.45%) had severe comorbidities. Multivariate analysis indicated that moderate (p=0.002) and severe (p<0.001) comorbidity was significantly associated with decreased overall survival. In addition, age ≥70 years (p=0.002), delayed time of radical cystectomy >12 weeks (p=0.044), pelvic lymphadenectomy status (p=0.014), and TNM stage >T3 (p<0.001) were determined to be independent risk factors of overall survival. Increasing severity of comorbidity statistically correlated with decreased overall survival after radical cystectomy.