无反射造波数值波浪水槽

本文应用ＶＯＦ方法建立了二维数值波浪水槽模型。基于线性造波机理论在水槽左端设置了可吸收式造波机数值边界条件。即造波板的运动除了产生行进波外，同时还产生一个抵消反射波的局部波动。水槽右端除了通常的可滑移与无滑移直墙边界条件外，依据线性辐射条件建立了开边界条件。通过水槽右端为直墙时的全反射情形，比较了可吸收造波机与普通造波机的速度变化与波面变化。文中在Ｈ０／ｄ＝０．１￣０．３，ｄ／Ｌ＝０．１２４￣０．     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF NONLINEAR WAVE TRANSFORMATION AROUND WAVE-PERMEABLE STRUCTURE

1.INTRODUCTION Thedevelopmentofbreakwaterdesignmeth odologyoftenrequireaconditionofpermittingfor protectionofecosystem,itisalsoanalternativeto massivegravitybreakwatersinreductionofwave transmissioninshallowwater.Thetheoreticalso lutionsofwavepermeablebreakwatersdiversified indifferentexpressionsoftheenergydamping term,duetolaminarandturbulentflowintheper meablestructures.Theporositysolution[1]isbased onatrialmethod,andanumberofauthorssolve theproblembydifferentnumericalapproach[27].Inpre…     

基于SPH-ALE方法的波浪水槽数值模拟

为了精确模拟波浪传播,基于光滑粒子流体动力学及任意拉格朗日欧拉(SPH-ALE)方法建立二维数值波浪水槽,在原SPH方法中引入近似黎曼求解器替代人工黏性项,采用排斥力边界条件防止流体粒子穿透固边界,海绵层内采用指数型衰减函数来消除水槽末端的波浪反射,并对规则波的传播进行数值模拟。结果表明:与采用人工黏性项的原SPH方法相比,SPH-ALE方法能够无衰减地模拟波浪传播,并可有效减小固边界附近的粒子压力振荡。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLITARY WAVE RUN-UP AND OVER-TOPPING USING BOUSSINESQ-TYPE MODEL

In this article,the use of a high-order Boussinesq-type model and sets of laboratory experiments in a large scale flume of breaking solitary waves climbing up slopes with two inclinations are presented to study the shoreline behavior of breaking and non-breaking solitary waves on plane slopes.The scale effect on run-up height is briefly discussed.The model simulation capability is well validated against the available laboratory data and present experiments.Then,serial numerical tests are conducted to study the shoreline motion correlated with the effects of beach slope and wave nonlinearity for breaking and non-breaking waves.The empirical formula proposed by Hsiao et al.for predicting the maximum run-up height of a breaking solitary wave on plane slopes with a wide range of slope inclinations is confirmed to be cautious.Furthermore,solitary waves impacting and overtopping an impermeable sloping seawall at various water depths are investigated.Laboratory data of run-up height,shoreline motion,free surface elevation and overtopping discharge are presented.Comparisons of run-up,run-down,shoreline trajectory and wave overtopping discharge are made.A fairly good agreement is seen between numerical results and experimental data.It elucidates that the present depth-integrated model can be used as an efficient tool for predicting a wide spectrum of coastal problems.     

改进的非线性波传播数值模型的验证和应用

基于吸收入射边界上反射波的方法,并通过将统一边界条件表达式推广到适应不规则波的情况,改进了非线性波传播的数值模型.将利用模型的线性版本(略去非线性项)所计算得到的台阶地形上波浪的反射和透射系数与相应的解析解进行了定量比较.在斜坡地形上数值模拟了不规则波的传播,并将数值结果和物理模型实验值进行了比较.在下游边界分别为开边界和全反射边界的等水深的水槽内数值模拟了不规则波的传播变形,讨论了非线性作用的影响.在侧边界和下游边界均为全反射的固壁边界、二维的等水深水域内,数值模拟了波浪斜向入射时所产生的波浪变形.计算结果表明,对上述各种算例,改进后的非线性波传播数值模型均能进行有效地数值模拟.     

Design formulas of transmission coefficients for permeable breakwaters

New empirical formulas of the transmission coefficient for permeable breakwaters were suggested based on available experimental data regarding the low-crest structure(LCS), including the permeable rubble mound breakwater and pile-type breakwater. The rationality of the present formulas was verified by their comparison with existing empirical and analytical formulas. Numerical flume results were obtained by solving the modified Boussinessq-type wave equations(MBEs), and a new expression relating the friction coefficient α to the relative submerged depth t sR H was also derived. Comparative analysis shows that the results of the present formulas agree with the numerical flume results as well as available experimental data, and the present formulas are superior to the existing empirical and analytical expressions in estimating the transmission coefficient. The present formulas can provide references for estimation of the transmission coefficient in engineering practice.     

非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波在岸滩上的爬高

为探究海岸刚性植被对海啸波的削弱效应,通过物理模型试验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与不同坡度岸滩上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用问题。物理模型试验在波浪槽中进行,测试了不同的入射波波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度对孤立波爬高的影响,并运用物理模型试验数据校核改进后的Boussinesq方程,得到植被的拖曳力系数。结果表明:拖曳力系数随植被密度的增大而增大,随坡度增大而减小;植被后的无量纲透射波高和无量纲岸滩爬高随着无量纲的入射波高的增大而减小,随着植被密度的增大而减小;当岸滩坡度增大时,无量纲透射波高增大而无量纲爬高并无显著差异。最后根据回归分析得出了岸滩爬高与相对入射波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度的幂函数型经验关系式。     

珊瑚岛礁护岸对礁坪上极端波浪传播特性的影响

极端波浪要素是珊瑚岛礁护岸工程设计的重要参数。利用大比尺波浪水槽,采用1: 15的模型比尺开展试验,从波浪形态、增水、波速、波谱等方面研究了珊瑚岛礁护岸对礁坪上极端波浪传播特性的影响规律。护岸工程产生了明显的阻水效应:对于波浪形态,反射波的影响使得波浪在礁缘破碎更为剧烈; 显著增加了礁坪增水,最大增水值是自然地形下的4倍,影响在波周期较短时更为显著; 减小了波速约20%~35%,其影响随波周期的减小而增强; 对于波谱,护岸的存在使得波浪的非线性相互作用更加复杂,降低了波浪在礁缘处的主频能量,但同时增大了礁坪上的主频及高频能量; 护岸距礁缘距离对堤前水位具有重要影响,随该距离的增加,堤前时均水位先增加后降低。     

Wave force on composite bucket foundation of an offshore wind turbine

A new analytical expression for calculating the wave force on a composite bucket foundation is obtained. Based on the diffraction theory, the analytical solution of the wave pressure and the wave force on the composite bucket foundation is accurately derived by assigning reasonable boundary conditions. Experiments for the wave pressure on the bucket foundation with a scale of 1:60 under different wave conditions in the wave flume are designed and conducted. The analytical results agree well with the experimental data, and the theoretical approach can accurately predict the wave force on the large-scale structures. The wave pressure distribution on the composite bucket foundation is presented and the influence of the wave height, the water depth and the wave period on the wave force on the composite bucket foundation is investigated. This study provides a quite accurate method to calculate the wave force on a composite bucket foundation, which gives a good framework for future studies of the wave force on other large-scale structures with complex boundaries.     

数字波浪槽在防波堤预设计中的应用

传统的以物理模型进行的防波堤断面实验被以计算机进行的数字波浪槽代替,边界造波为Bretschneider/Mit-suyasu波浪谱,防波堤断面根据海港水文规范(简称“规范”)设计。以改进的Boussinesq波浪方程,通过引入波浪反射项以数值模拟实现了波浪在水槽中传播的全过程。通过数值水槽获得了波浪在本文防波堤断面前0.45的反射系数,将数值模拟的结果和规范中的反射系数进行了对比得出,数字波浪水槽有满意的精度以及在规范中使用了一定的安全系数,表明数字波浪槽在防波堤的预设计中有重要作用。     

波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙密实起动试验

通过室内水槽试验，描述了波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙的起动现象。在规则波作用下，天然沙和轻质模型沙的起动试验资料表明，天然沙的干重度随淤积历时的增长而增大，且起动时的波高和起动流速随泥沙干重度的增大而增加。电木粉的干重度对起动时的波高和起动流速影响很小。     

浮式植物体消浪效果的试验研究

通过大量水槽试验,研究植物消浪装置消浪效率与植物密度、植物带相对宽度、波陡之间的关系,分析植物高度大于波高的前提下影响浮式植物规则波作用下消浪效率的因素。结果表明,浮式植物消浪装置具有良好的消浪效果,在植物带高度大于波高的前提下,植物带密度和相对宽度是影响消浪效果的最重要因素。     

Experimental Validation of a Linearized Kinematic Wave Equation for Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting Design

A series of laboratory experiments was carried out on a sandy loam soil, for testing the predictive ability of a linearized analytical solution of the kinematic wave equation used for runoff estimation in micro-catchment water harvesting design. The experimental set-up comprised an inclined flume containing the soil sample and a rainfall simulator. The flume represented the Contributing Area (CA) of a micro-catchment. By applying various rainfall intensities, the runoff from the flume was recorded for a variety of conditions, including the initial soil water content and the slope of the flume. Comparison between experimental and predicted runoff hydrographs showed satisfactory agreement.     

大尺度柱状结构物波流荷载研究

大型深水工程往往面临水深、浪大以及流急等复杂自然条件,将受到巨大的水平波流力,在工程设计中需准确考虑波流力的大小.通过在波流水槽进行圆柱、方柱和矩形柱波流力系列试验,进行大尺度柱状结构物波流荷载研究,同时建立数学模型,应用边界元法求解大尺度柱体上的波浪荷载,编写了Fortran程序计算波浪力,运用柱体绕流理论计算水流力.对比分析试验结果和数值计算结果提出了波流力工程计算方法:对于深水大尺度柱状结构物波流力可由波浪力线性迭加水流力再乘以1.04得到,计算中波浪要素采用水流影响下的要素,水流力采用柱体绕流求得.按此方法计算波流力,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比,两者误差较小,满足工程设计的精度要求.     

Comparison between wave generation methods for numerical simulation of bimodal seas

This paper describes an investigation of the generation of desired sea states in a numerical wave model. Bimodal sea states containing energetic swell components can be coastal hazards along coastlines exposed to large oceanic fetches. Investigating the effects of long-period bimodal seas requires large computational domains and increased running time to ensure the development of the desired sea state. Long computational runs can cause mass stability issues due to the Stokes drift and wave reflection, which in turn affect results through the variation of the water level. A numerical wave flume, NEWRANS, was used to investigate two wave generation methods: the wave paddle method, allowing for a smaller domain; and the internal mass source function method, providing an open boundary allowing reflected waves to leave the domain.The two wave generation methods were validated against experimental data by comparing the wave generation accuracy and the variance of mass in the model during simulations. Results show that the wave paddle method not only accurately generates the desired sea state but also provides a more stable simulation, in which mass fluctuation has less of an effect on the water depth during the long-duration simulations. As a result, it is suggested that the wave paddle method with active wave absorption is preferable to the internal wave maker option when investigating intermediate-depth long-period bimodal seas for long-duration simulations.     

Numerical simulation of the internal wave propagation in continuously densitystratified ocean

A numerical model is proposed to simulate the internal wave propagation in a continuously density-stratified ocean, and in the model, the momentum equations are derived from the Euler equations on the basis of the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations, including the continuity equation and the momentum equations, are discretized with the finite volume method. The advection terms are treated with the total variation diminishing （TVD） scheme, and the SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the discretized governing equations. After the modeling test, the suitable TVD scheme is selected. The SIMPLE algorithm is modified to simplify the calculation process, and it is easily made to adapt to the TVD scheme. The Sommerfeld＇s radiation condition combined with a sponge layer is adopted at the outflow boundary. In the water flume with a constant water depth, the numerical results are compared to the analytical solutions with a good agreement. The numerical simulations are carried out for a wave flume with a submerged dike, and the model results are analyzed in detail. The results show that the present numerical model can effectively simulate the propagation of the internal wave.     

WAVE INTERACTION WITH PERFORATED CAISSON BREAKWATERS

The reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the total horizontal forces acting on them were experimentally and numerically analyzed and discussed when wave propagates normally. To consider the viscosity effect of fluid and nonlinear action of waves on structures, the VOF (Volume Of Fluid) method combined with the k-ε turbulence model was used to simulate the interaction between waves and structures. Governing equations were solved with the finite difference method. Through 2D experimental study in the wave flume, the empirical relationship between the reflection coefficient of perforated caissons and the main affecting factors were obtained from the experimental data using the least square method. Also the correlation between the ratio of the total horizontal force acting on perforated caisson and the force acting on solid caisson and the main affecting factors were regressed from the experimental data.     

黏性波浪场与半潜平台相互作用的数值模拟

以N-S方程为控制方程,采用动量源方法,结合追踪自由面的VOF方法,基于FLUENT求解器,建立了同时具有造波和消波功能的数值波浪水槽.利用该数值水槽对黏性波浪场与半潜平台的相互作用问题进行了数值模拟,获得了黏性波浪场作用下半潜平台水动力载荷及其立柱表面波浪爬高的时历特性.研究表明,利用所建立的数值波浪水槽来研究黏性波浪场与深海平台非线性相互作用是一条有效的途径.     

A PRACTICAL MODEL FOR THE DECAY OF RANDOM WAVES ON MUDDY BEACHES

A practical model has been developed for the propagation and decay of random waves on muddy beaches. In the model, an irregular wave train is characterized by its root-mean-squared wave height, mean wave frequency and mean wave direction. It is also assumed that the wave spectrum is narrow-banded in terms of both frequency and direction. Transformation of root-mean-squared wave height is derived from the conservation of energy flux for individual wave components. Energy dissipation is considered due to both wave breaking and the dynamics response of muddy seabed. The model is applied to waves on the muddy beach at Hangzhou Bay, and the numerical results obtained are shown to be acceptably accurate as comparing with available field data.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGE-MENT,RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON A SEAWALL

A sequence of laboratory experiments using solitary waves was performed to model the effect of leading form of three types of tsunamis(a bore,an impinging wave and an overtopping wave)on a seawall on a sloping beach.The wave evolution process,impinging pressure along the seawall surface,total overtopping discharge behind the seawall and the maximum run-up height on the rear slope were measured and compared.Laboratory data were employed to re-examine relevant empirical formulae in the literature.The effect of the presence of the seawall in reducing maximum run-up height using the present setup was briefly discussed.The present data can be used for calibrating numerical and mathematical models.