难治性癫痫患者楔前叶功能连接的静息态功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-f MRI)探讨难治性癫痫患者楔前叶与全脑功能连接的改变及其意义。方法对23例难治性癫痫患者(癫痫组)及23名健康人(对照组)进行rs-f MRI检查,采集数据后采用功能连接的方法,分别计算以左侧楔前叶和右侧楔前叶为感兴趣区与全脑的功能连接,运用双样本t检验的统计学方法发现两组的显著性差异并进行分析。结果癫痫组左侧楔前叶与双侧顶下小叶、双侧岛叶、右侧缘上回、右侧额中回和双侧额下回的功能连接较对照组减弱(均P0.05);癫痫组左侧楔前叶与双侧海马旁回、双侧额上回、左侧后扣带回的功能连接较对照组增强(均P0.05)。癫痫组右侧楔前叶与左侧顶下小叶、右侧缘上回、右侧额中回、右侧额下回的功能连接较对照组减弱(均P0.05);癫痫组右侧楔前叶与双侧楔叶、左侧后扣带回的功能连接较对照组增强(均P0.05)。结论难治性癫痫患者静息状态下楔前叶与全脑的功能连接存在异常,"默认网络"功能的抑制可能是癫痫患者意识及认知等功能损害的重要原因。     

基于感兴趣区的广泛性焦虑障碍功能连接的研究

目的:探讨广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)在脑灰质体积改变的基础上是否存在功能连接(FC)异常及其与症状的相关性。方法:比较38例GAD患者(病例组)及30名性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的健康对照者(对照组)基于感兴趣区的全脑体素FC差异;分析种子区与全脑体素FC与汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分的相关性。结果:与对照组相比,病例组右侧眶部额下回脑区与右侧颞中回、右侧内侧额上回、左侧楔前叶、左侧角回及左侧额中回的FC减少,与左侧颞上回的FC增加(P0.001,AlphaSim校正);左侧颞中回与右侧舌回FC减少,与左侧楔前叶的FC增加(P0.001,AlphaSim校正)。右侧眶部额下回与全脑体素FC强度与HAMA评分无明显相关性(P0.001,AlphaSim校正);左侧颞中回与右侧缘上回、右侧顶下小叶及右侧额上回的FC与HAMA评分呈正相关(P均0.001,AlphaSim校正)。结论:GAD患者可能存在多重功能网络异常;颞中回同缘上回、顶下小叶及额上回的FC强度可能反映了GAD患者临床症状的内表型。     

偏头痛与静息态脑功能连接研究

目的本文研究采用静息态功能磁共振成像(rfMRI)技术描述偏头痛患者静息态脑功能连接改变,为探索偏头痛的发病机制提供影像学资料。方法收集16例偏头痛患者与16例健康对照,采集rfMRI成像,计算低频振幅,找出感兴趣区做功能连接进行统计分析。结果偏头痛患者左侧岛叶、左侧额下回低频振幅显著低于对照组,右侧视觉皮质低频振幅显著高于对照组;以左侧额下回、右侧枕中回为感兴趣区,发现左侧额下回与脑干之间的功能连接增强,与双侧枕叶之间的功能连接减弱;右侧枕中回与双侧楔前叶延伸至扣带回中部区域之间的功能连接增强,与双侧中央前回、双侧缘上回、双侧颞上回及双侧额下回之间的功能连接减弱。结论偏头痛患者无头痛发作时神经元活动强度改变,大脑功能连接异常,这导致大脑整合信息过程改变,并与偏头痛发病相关。     

单相和双相抑郁障碍患者前扣带回功能连接特征差异观察北大核心CSCD

目的比较单、双相抑郁障碍前扣带回功能连接的差异,探讨前扣带回功能连接与抑郁症状严重程度的关系。方法利用fMRI技术,对符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的30例单相抑郁障碍(unipolar depression)患者(单相抑郁组)、30例双相抑郁障碍(bipolar depression)患者(双相抑郁组)及年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的32名对照者(对照组)进行静息态fMRI扫描,以前扣带回为感兴趣区进行功能连接分析,比较组间差异,并对功能连接强度与抑郁症状的严重程度之间的关联进行Pearson相关分析。结果(1)与对照组相比,单相抑郁组左侧前扣带回与左侧三角部额下回(t=3.48)、左侧顶下缘角回(t=3.15)之间的功能连接增强,右侧前扣带回与左侧三角部额下回(t=3.52)之间的功能连接增强;(2)与对照组相比,双相抑郁组左侧前扣带回与右侧颞中回(t=-4.00)之间的功能连接减低,右侧前扣带回与左侧中央后回(t=-3.46)、右侧颞上回(t=-2.86)、右侧颞中回(t=-3.40)之间的功能连接减低;(3)与双相抑郁组相比,单相抑郁组左侧前扣带回与左侧三角部额下回(t=3.58)、右侧三角部额下回(t=4.06)、右侧颞中回(t=3.25)、左侧顶下缘角回(t=3.27)、右侧顶下缘角回(t=3.99)之间的功能连接增强;右侧前扣带回与左侧三角部额下回(t=3.13)、左侧顶下缘角回(t=3.42)、右侧顶下缘角回(t=3.78)之间的功能连接增强(均采用Alphasim校正,P<0.001);(4)Pearson相关分析显示,以上差异脑区功能连接强度与HAMD17总分均无相关性(-0.20.05)。结论静息态下单相抑郁患者前扣带回功能连接增强,双相抑郁患者前扣带回功能连接减弱;单、双相抑郁障碍差异脑区功能连接强度与临床症状无相关性。     

震颤为主型帕金森病与特发性震颤患者脑灌注对比分析

目的 探讨震颤为主型帕金森病与特发性震颤患者的脑灌注差异。方法 纳入2016年10月至2018年12月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的25例震颤为主型帕金森病患者和23例特发性震颤患者,并招募性别、年龄相匹配的39例对照者,采用三维伪连续动脉自旋标记(3D-pCASL)测定脑血流量。结果 3组受试者双侧额中回、尾状核、小脑后叶,左侧额上回、海马旁回、枕叶舌回、枕下回、楔前叶,右侧眶部额中回、楔叶、枕上回、枕中回脑血流量存在差异(均P <0.05,AlphaSim校正)。帕金森病组左侧额上回(t=4.891,P <0.05)、左侧额中回(t=4.993,P <0.05)、左侧枕下回(t=4.403,P <0.05)脑血流量低于对照组,右侧眶部额中回脑血流量高于对照组(t=4.162,P <0.05);以及左侧(t=5.471,P <0.05)和右侧(t=4.798,P <0.05)额中回、左侧枕叶舌回(t=4.972,P <0.05)、左侧顶下回(t=4.532,P <0.05)、左侧尾状核(t=5.001,P <0.05)、右侧小脑...     

老年抑郁症脑功能及结构的研究

目的静态功能磁共振分析老年抑郁症脑功能及结构的变化。方法以我院收治的52例老年抑郁症患者作为观察组,另外选择52例在我院接受健康体检的正常老年人作为对照组,所有研究对象的入院时间是2018年2月至2019年5月,所有研究对象均接受静态功能磁共振扫描,比较两组被试的差别。结果观察组的抑郁量表评分为(12.76±4.17分),高于对照组的(1.18±0.44分),观察组的智力精神状态检查量表评分为(26.9±2.58分)和对照组的(29.1±2.05分)无明显差异;观察组受试者在中央旁小叶、中左侧梭状回、中央后回、颞上回、顶下小叶和楔前叶以及额上回、右侧枕中回和顶下叶的Reho明显低于对照组(P0.05),观察组的楔叶、左侧颞下回、颞下回、额下回、梭状回、楔前叶和右侧内侧扣带回的灰质体积(GMV)水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论老年抑郁患者存在脑功能和结构的异常,但异常部位并不完全重叠。     

嗅觉刺激偏头痛患者的脑功能磁共振成像初步研究

目的观察偏头痛患者在嗅觉刺激下的脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)变化, 分析其嗅觉相关脑网络特征。方法收集2021 年 1 月至 2022 年 1 月在川北医学院附属医院神经内科门诊确诊的27例偏头痛患者, 同期招募20名健康成年人作为对照组。收集所有受试者的人口学和临床特征资料。对所有受试者在嗅觉任务刺激下行同步fMRI扫描, 使用SPM12、Matlab2019b软件进行磁共振图像数据处理, 并结合SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。结果对照组激活脑区包括左侧小脑、左侧颞下回、左侧梭状回、右侧额中回、右侧中央前回、脑岛、右侧中央沟盖、缘上回、右侧豆状壳核、中扣带回、中央旁小叶、顶上回(P<0.05)。偏头痛组激活脑区包括左侧小脑、右侧梭状回、右侧颞下回、右侧中央前回、右侧中央后回(P<0.05)。两组相比, 偏头痛组在右侧岛叶、右侧额中回眶部、左侧额下回眶部、右侧背外侧额上回、右侧颞上回、右侧枕上回、内侧和旁扣带脑回、右侧顶上回的激活强度弱于对照组(P<0.05)。结论偏头痛患者有多个脑区参与嗅觉处理, 存在特殊性的嗅觉相关脑网络。     

基于功能连接的复发缓解型多发性硬化患者默认网络静息态功能磁共振成像

目的 采用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)基于种子点相关性分析技术对复发缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者默认网络的功能连接改变进行研究.方法 使用3.0T磁共振采集RRMS组和健康对照组(各27例)rs-fMRI数据.数据经预处理后,选择后扣带回(-5,-49,40)为种子点,采用基于种子点相关性分析技术进行功能连接分析,分别在默认网络内和默认网络外脑区比较两组功能连接的差异.分析差异脑区与临床参数如临床扩展残疾量表、同步听觉连续加法测验评分(PASAT)、脑实质分数、T2可见病灶数和病程的相关性.结果 基于种子点相关性分析技术构建的RRMS患者默认网络包含脑区主要有前额叶皮质腹侧、双侧顶下叶、后扣带回及楔前叶等脑区.在默认网络内比较,RRMS患者较健康对照组右侧额上回功能连接下降;右侧小脑后叶、右侧小脑脚、右侧颞中回、右侧额中回、左侧楔前叶及扣带回、右侧角回、右侧扣带回功能连接增高.RRMS患者组默认网络内差异脑区中,右侧颞中回功能连接系数(0.387±0.216)与PASAT呈负相关(r=-0.590,P =0.001);患者右侧额上回功能连接系数(0.039±0.293)与病程之间呈负相关(r=-0.390,P=0.041).在默认网络外比较,RRMS组后扣带回功能连接下降脑区有右侧额上回、左侧枕中回、左侧中央前回;功能连接增高脑区有右侧小脑前叶(含齿状核)、右侧额叶白质区.RRMS组后扣带回与左侧中央前回、右侧小脑前叶功能连接系数(-0.924±0.253和0.217±0.208)分别与病程之间存在正相关(r =0.650,P=0.000;r =0.436,P=0.023).结论 RRMS患者默认网络内和默认网络外均出现后扣带回静息态功能连接的异常改变,表明患者存在功能下降和代偿的复杂过程.RRMS患者存在有限功能重构或重组,以维持默认网络的功能稳定.     

~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢特点的研究

目的探讨~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍(iRBD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变和iRBD脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程间的相关性。方法纳入多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的iRBD患者20例(iRBD组)和年龄、性别匹配的健康对照者19例(对照组)。两组均行~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像。基于自动解剖标记模板将大脑划分为90个左右对称的脑区,计算各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值。对iRBD组和对照组各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值进行独立样本t检验;并对iRBD组脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程行Pearson相关分析。结果 (1)与对照组比较,iRBD组的双侧背外侧额上回、双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、双侧海马、双侧海马旁回、双侧杏仁核、左侧眶部额下回、左侧岛叶、左侧内侧与旁扣带脑回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧苍白球的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均增高(P0.05);双侧距状裂周围皮质、双侧楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕上回、双侧枕中回、双侧枕下回、双侧角回、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、右侧颞横回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均降低(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果,iRBD组双侧杏仁核、双侧颞上回、右侧楔叶、右侧枕上回、右侧颞横回、左侧海马、左侧颞中回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈正相关(P0.05);而双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧眶部额下回、左侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧背外侧额上回、右侧海马旁回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 iRBD患者脑内存在疾病相关的葡萄糖代谢水平改变,有助于客观评估iRBD病情的变化。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童静息态的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童静息态脑功能磁共振成像的特点.方法 对15名正常学龄期儿童(对照组)和14例ADHD儿童(ADHD组)进行静息态功能磁共振成像(fMRI)扫描,采用局部一致性(ReHo)作为测最指标.结果 ADHD组在双侧顶下小叶(Z=3.73,Z=3.34)、双侧楔叶(Z=3.42,Z=3.86)、左侧额中回(Z=3.24)、左侧颢中同(Z=3.24)、左侧楔前叶(Z=3.45)及右侧岛叶(Z=3.09)、右侧小脑(Z=3.42)等区域的ReHo值低于对照组,而双侧额下回(Z=3.19,Z=2.93)的ReHo值高于对照组.结论与对照组比较,静息态下ADHD患者与执行控制功能、注意认知功能及默认网络功能等相关区域存在异常.     

帕金森病伴冻结步态患者的静息态磁共振研究

目的 探讨帕金森病患者冻结步态与静息态脑功能成像之间的关系。方法 2021年9月-2022年9月于襄阳市第一人民医院就诊的28例伴有冻结步态的帕金森病患者以及32例不伴有冻结步态的帕金森病患者接受了全脑结构像和静息状态下的功能磁共振扫描,计算并比较2组全脑百分率振幅(Percent amplitude of fluctuation,PerAF)的差异,同时探寻2组被试者间差异脑区与大脑其他区域功能连接性(Functional connectivity,FC)的不同。结果 在静息状态下与非冻结组比较,冻结组双侧额中回的PerAF信号显著减低,同时冻结组快速动眼期(Rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠行为异常筛查量表得分分别与左侧额中回(r=0.436,P=0.020)和右侧额中回(r=0.453,P=0.015)的显著区域的PerAF信号均呈正相关。此外,右侧脑干与双侧额中回之间的功能连接性增加,且右侧脑干区域与脚桥核部分重合;同时左侧额上回与额中回之间的功能连接性显著增加,且两者之间的FC信号与新冻结步态问卷得分呈显著的负相关(r=-0.510,P=0.006)。结论 冻...     

Increased Cerebellar Functional Connectivity With the Default-Mode Network in Unaffected Siblings of Schizophrenia Patients at Rest

The default-mode network (DMN) is vital in the neurobiology of schizophrenia, and the cerebellum participates in the high-order cognitive network such as the DMN. However, the specific contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN abnormalities remains unclear in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Forty-six unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 46 healthy controls were recruited for a resting-state scan. The images were analyzed using the functional connectivity (FC) method. The siblings showed significantly increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), as well as between the lobule IX and the bilateral MPFC (orbital part) and right superior MPFC compared with the controls. No significantly decreased FC was observed in the siblings relative to the controls. The analyses were replicated in 49 first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, and the results showed that the siblings and the patients shared increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior MPFC, as well as between the lobule IX and the left MPFC (orbital part) compared with the controls. These findings suggest that increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities emerge earlier than illness onset, which highlight the contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN alterations in unaffected siblings. The shared increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities between the patients and the siblings may be used as candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia.Key words: unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients, schizophrenia, cerebellum, functional connectivity, default-mode network     

Macroscale neurovascular coupling and functional integration in end-stage renal disease patients with cognitive impairment: A multimodal MRI study

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with vascular and neuronal dysfunction, causing neurovascular coupling (NVC) dysfunction, but how NVC dysfunction acts on the mechanism of cognitive impairment in ESRD patients from local to remote is still poorly understood. We recruited 48 ESRD patients and 35 demographically matched healthy controls to scan resting-state functional MRI and arterial spin labeling, then investigated the four types of NVC between amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF, regional homogeneity, degree centrality, and cerebral blood perfusion (CBF), and associated functional networks. Our results indicated that ESRD patients showed NVC dysfunction in global gray matter and multiple brain regions due to the mismatch between CBF and neural activity, and associated disrupted functional connectivity (FC) within sensorimotor network (SMN), visual network (VN), default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and disrupted FC between them with limbic network (LN), while increased FC between SMN and DMN. Anemia may affect the NVC of middle occipital gyrus and precuneus, and increased pulse pressure may result in disrupted FC with SMN. The NVC dysfunction of the right precuneus, middle frontal gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus and the FC between the right angular gyrus and the right anterior cingulate gyrus may reflect cognitive impairment in ESRD patients. Our study confirmed that ESRD patients may exist NVC dysfunction and disrupted functional integration in SMN, VN, DMN, SN and LN, serving as one of the mechanisms of cognitive impairment. Anemia and increased pulse pressure may be related risk factors.     

失独伴慢性创伤后应激障碍患者脑基于体素形态学及功能连接分析

目的:探讨失独伴慢性创伤后应激障碍（posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD）患者脑灰质体积和功能连接改变及其与PTSD症状的关系。方法:2017年10月至2019年5月共纳入19例伴慢性PTSD失独者（伴PTSD组）、28例不伴PTSD失独者（不伴PTSD组）及27例健康对照者（对照组）...     

Increased Cognition Connectivity Network in Major Depression Disorder: A fMRI Study

ObjectiveEvidence of the brain network involved in cognitive dysfunction has been inconsistent for major depressive disorder (MDD), especially during early stage of MDD. This study seeks to examine abnormal cognition connectivity network (CCN) in MDD within the whole brain.MethodsSixteen patients with MDD and 16 health controls were scanned during resting-state using 3.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All patients were first episode without any history of antidepressant treatment. Both the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were used as individual seeds to identify CCN by the seed-target correlation analysis. Two sample t test was used to calculate between-group differences in CCN using fisher z-transformed correlation maps.ResultsThe CCN was constructed by bilateral seed DLPFC in two groups separately. Depressed subjects exhibited significantly increased functional connectivity (FC) by left DLPFC in one cluster, overlapping middle frontal gyrus, BA7, BA43, precuneus, BA6, BA40, superior temporal gyrus, BA22, inferior parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, BA4 and cingulate gyrus in left cerebrum. Health controls did not show any cluster with significantly greater FC compared to depressed subjects in left DLPFC network. There was no significant difference of FC in right DLPFC network between depressed subjects and the health controls.ConclusionThere are differences in CCN during early stage of MDD, as identified by increased FCs among part of frontal gyrus, parietal cortex, cingulate cortex, and BA43, BA22, BA4 with left DLPFC. These brain areas might be involved in the underlying mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in MDD.     

Abnormal functional connectivity in patients with vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

The functional connectivity (FC) method was used to investigate the changes in the resting state of patients with vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia (VCIND). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images (fMRIs) were acquired from 16 patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) who fulfilled the criteria for VCIND, as well as 18 age- and sex-matched subjects with SIVD with no cognitive impairment (control group). Posterior cingulate cortex connectivity was gathered by investigating synchronic low-frequency fMRI signal fluctuations with a temporal correlation method. Compared with the control group, the patients showed FC decrease in the left middle temporal gyrus, the left anterior cingulate/left middle frontal gyrus, the right caudate, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the left medial frontal gyrus/paracentral lobule. There were also some regions that showed increased connectivity. These regions included the right inferior temporal gyrus, the left middle temporal gyrus, the left precentral gyrus, and the left superior parietal lobule. Our findings revealed the change in resting-state patterns of neuronal activity in patients with VCIND. This change may be caused by subcortical white matter lesions that destroyed direct and indirect fiber tract connectivity across the cerebral white matter and influenced the cortical FC and hypoperfusion resulted from small vascular disease. The results of the increased connectivity may be evoked by the compensatory recruitment and plasticity mechanism. Our findings suggest that the simplicity and noninvasiveness of this method makes it a potential tool to help thoroughly understand the pathogenesis of VCIND.     

Brain default-mode network abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy: a resting-state functional MRI study

Many neuroimaging investigations focus on hepatic encephalopathy (HE); however, few investigate default-mode network (DMN) in the patients with HE and its underlying physiological relevance using resting-state fMRI. In this study, independent component analysis was used to retrieve components representing the DMN of patients with HE (n = 14) and healthy volunteers (n = 14). Four patients were excluded because of head motion (n = 3) and the artifact from the artificial tooth (n = 1). Comparison results between the two groups revealed significantly reduced functional connectivity in the right middle frontal gyrus and left posterior cingulate cortex in the HE patients. A statistical t-map from the comparison of venous blood ammonia levels and the z-scores of the DMN obtained from independent component analysis was computed in the HE group, which showed negative correlation with the changes in left angular gyrus. In conclusions, resting-state fMRI can be used to examine DMN changes in HE patients. Reduced functional connectivity in the right middle frontal gyrus and left posterior cingulate cortex consisting of the DMN and negative correlation between the functional connectivity changes in left AG and the venous blood ammonia levels support the notion of damages in functional organization of the central nervous system in HE patients.     

Resting‐state functional MRI: Functional connectivity analysis of the visual cortex in primary open‐angle glaucoma patients

Purpose: To analyze functional connectivity (FC) of the visual cortex using resting‐state functional MRI in human primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐two patients with known POAG and 22 age‐matched controls were included in this IRB‐approved study. Subjects were evaluated by 3 T MR using resting‐state blood oxygenation level dependent and three‐dimensional brain volume imaging (3D‐BRAVO) MRI. Data processing was performed with standard software. FC maps were generated from Brodmann areas (BA) 17/18/19/7 in a voxel‐wise fashion. Region of interest analysis was used to specifically examine FC among each pair of BA17/18/19/7. Results: Voxel‐wise analyses demonstrated decreased FC in the POAG group between the primary visual cortex (BA17) and the right inferior temporal, left fusiform, left middle occipital, right superior occipital, left postcentral, right precentral gyri, and anterior lobe of the left cerebellum. Increased FC was found between BA17 and the left cerebellum, right middle cerebellar peduncle, right middle frontal gyrus, and extra‐nuclear gyrus (P < 0.05). In terms of the higher visual cortices (BA18/19), positive FC was disappeared with the cerebellar vermis, right middle temporal, and right superior temporal gyri (P < 0.05). Negative FC was disappeared between BA18/19 and the right insular gyrus (P < 0.05). Region of interest analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences in FC between the POAG patients relative to the controls (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Changes in FC of the visual cortex are found in patients with POAG. These include alterations in connectivity between the visual cortex and associative visual areas along with disrupted connectivity between the primary and higher visual areas. Hum Brain Mapp 34:2455–2463, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.