Leg Muscle Metabolism in Trained and Untrained Men

The purpose of this study was to describe substrate changes in blood and muscles during submaximal exercise and to look at the relationship of these changes to some enzyme activities important in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. A group of six trained and six untrained men were exercised for 1 hour at 50% [Vdot]O₂ max; three from each group cycled and the rest ran on a treadmill. During the exercise, blood-free fatty acid (FFA) levels increased twofold, glycerol by 3.6 times, triglyceride (TG) by 11/100 ml, and glucose by a mean 11 mg/100 ml in the trained men. In the untrained subjects, however, FFA increased 1.8 fold, glycerols 1.6 fold, and TG by a mean 24/100 ml. Glucose fell in every subject by an average 5 mg%. Muscle glycogen depletion averaged 34 mmoles/kg in the untrained and 23 mmoles/kg in the trained group. The activities of succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH), malic acid dehydrogenase (MDH), and carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT) were greater by 177%, 93%, and 64%, respectively, in the trained group than in the untrained subjects. The results indicated that at the same percent [Vdot]O₂ max, the trained men seemed to “preferentially” use FFA as an energy source, possibly due to a well developed Krebs cycle and increased CPT activities. This preference would tend to inhibit the major rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, thus slowing even further the use of carbohydrates as an energy source. The differences in response to exercise were independent of fiber type and indicate that these catabolic responses were primarily due to aerobic training.     

应激条件下优秀射击、射箭运动员自主神经活动特点的研究

目的:通过对应激条件下20名优秀射击射箭运动员和40名普通大学生心率及心率变异性的分析,探讨优秀射击、射箭运动员自主神经活动的特点.方法:实验采用电脑游戏作为应激诱发材料,在被试操作的同时记录心率和心率变异性指标.结果:1)主动应激条件优秀的射击射箭运动员的焦虑体验显著低于普通大学生.2)两组被试在三个阶段的HRP主效应显著[F(2,116)=59.986,P<0.01],LF主效应显著[F(2,116)=9.731,P<0.01],HF主效应显著[F(2,116)=4.462,P<0.05],LFnu主效应显著[F(2,1163.821,P<0.05]HFnu主效应不显著.3)组间比较HF在不同阶段有显著主效应[F(1,58)=7.902,P<0.01].组别与阶段之间在LF[F(2,116)=4.884,P<0.05]和HF[F(2,116)=5.032,P<0.05]有显著交互作用.4)x2检验表明,预期阶段共同激活模式在两组被试中分布存在显著差异(x2=4.051,df=1,P=0.044);应对阶段共同激活模式在两组被试中分布存在显著差异(x2=5.714,df=1,P=0.017).结论:优秀的射击射箭运动员在交感神经和副交感神经兴奋的强度和时间跨度上高于普通大学生,尤其副交感神经的调节功能更加强大;无论在预期和应对阶段运动员都以共同激活模式为主,相较于普通大学生,他们心率增加的幅度更小,单位时间内增加的坡度更平缓,活动也更稳定.     

Efficacy of Skinfold Training Clinics: A Comparison between Clinic Trained and Experienced Testers

Abstract

In an attempt to differentiate more adequately between the terms motor ability and athletic participation in their relationship to some measurable aspects of personality, a group of 167 Pomona College junior and senior male students were classified both as to level of motor ability and participation in athletics and were administered the CPI. Utilizing a total test response derived from the sum of ranks of median scores, low and middle motor ability groups ranked higher in the main effects and within the nonathlete and intramural participation groups, but athletic participation did not appear to have any effect upon the measures studied. The pattern of results suggested an expectation hypothesis wherein higher ratings in the personality inventory might be achieved by groups of subjects who participated at a level which would be “expected” in relation to their motor ability.     

训练者和无训练者脂肪氧化动力学与最大脂肪氧化强度研究

目的:研究有训练者和无训练者递增负荷运动过程中脂肪氧化动力及最大脂肪氧化强度(FATmax),探讨长期训练对脂肪氧化动力学的影响.方法:训练和无训练健康女性各12名采用递增负荷模式完成跑台运动测试,测定每级负荷运动过程机体气体代谢指标,采用每级负荷后30 s气体代谢数据计算脂肪氧化率,通过3阶数多项式拟合曲线确定脂肪氧化动力曲线和FATmax.结果:运动强度和耐力训练对脂肪氧化率均有影响.随着运动强度的增加,脂肪氧化率呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势.训练者脂肪氧化率在60％～70％VO2max强度阶段呈现相对较高的水平(12.20～12.84 mg/min/kg),无训练者脂肪氧化率在50％～65％VO2max强度阶段脂肪氧化率呈现相对较高水平(6.36～6.67 mg/min/kg).相同强度运动训练者脂肪氧化率高于无训练者,有训练者最大脂肪氧化强度和最大脂肪氧化率(MFO)也均高于无训练者(63.95％±3.16％ vs 56.51％士2.50 ％VO2max,P＜0.001;13.04士1.82 vs 6.71士1.15 mg/min/kg,P＜0.001).跑台运动时,有训练者和无训练者诱导脂肪氧化率达最大脂肪氧化率的95％以上的强度分别为57.14％～69.86％'O2max和48.21％～65.41 ％VO2max强度范围.另外,最大脂肪氧化率、最大脂肪氧化强度、最大耗氧量之间存在一定正相关.结论:1)相同强度(％YO2max)运动,训练者脂肪氧化率高于无训练者,训练者最大脂肪氧化强度和最大脂肪氧化率也高于无训练者,长期耐力训练可增强机体脂肪动员和氧化利用能力.2)跑步运动时,无训练者强度在50％～65％VO2max范围,有训练者强度在60％～70％VO2max范围均可促使机体脂肪氧化率达最大脂肪氧化率的95％以上.3)最大脂肪氧化率和最大脂肪氧化强度与机体耗氧能力和利用氧的能力有一定关系.     

运动训练对心脏植物神经功能的影响

随着运动训练的进行，心脏植物神经功能也会产生一定反应和适应。应用心率变异性分析方法可有效评价人体心脏植物神经功能，通过对16名篮球专项运动员和16名普通大学生16名进行安静态心率变异性的时域和频域分析，观察长期运动对心脏植物神经功能的影响，掌握运动员的身体机能状况。结果发现，篮球运动员安静心率较低，心率变异性时域指标升高较为明显。频域结果显示，安静态交感神经活性有所增强，迷走神经紧张度有所减弱。HF（高频成分）／LF（低频成分）比值显著升高，表明篮球运动员心脏植物神经调节功能有所加强，平时训练负荷是较适宜的，未出现过度疲劳现象。     

对武术运动员高级神经活动强度和灵活性的研究

通过敲击和划消实验，对不同技术水平的武术运动员进行高级神经活动灵活性的实验及分析，结果表明，高级神经活动的能力对于武术运动员选材及提高运动成绩有重要的意义。     

体质弱势青少年体力活动环境的社会生态学研究

目的：应用社会生态学理论，研究我国体质弱势青少年的体力活动环境状况与发展机制。方法：对我国初中、高中和大学阶段的3 769名体质弱势学生（男生1 907人，女生1 862人）进行体力活动环境调查，采用验证性因子分析等方法建立体力活动环境的生态学模型，分析各环境维度的交互关系。结果：体质弱势青少年体力活动环境因素可概括为由5个二阶因子和8个一阶因子所组成的社会生态学模型；二阶因子间整体联动性不理想，"学校环境-人际环境"、"人际环境-个体因素"及"政策环境-学校环境"的路径系数较高，其余路径系数主要在0.7以下；二阶因子得分由高到低依次为学校环境、政策环境、个体因素、人际环境和社区环境。结论：体质弱势青少年体力活动环境机制可采用社会生态学模型加以解释，模型中近端因素对个体的影响高于远端因素，体力活动环境总体不佳，发展不均衡、不充分、不协调的问题较突出，学校环境和政策环境优于社区环境和人际环境。     

每周体育锻炼时间对青年男性心脏自主神经功能的影响

目的:探讨每周体育锻炼时间与青年男性心脏自主神经功能的关系,为每周体育锻炼时间推荐提供参考。方法:共选取青年男性142人为研究对象,其中不经常参加体育锻炼的21人为对照组(C组),经常参加体育锻炼的人,经问卷调查每周体育锻炼时间(t),根据时间将对象分为4组(G90-180、G180-300、G300-420、G420+)。运用Omegawave采集受试者的心率变异性(HRV)信息,采用时域和频域分析法评价心脏自主神经功能。结果:时域指标SDNN、RMSSD、SDSD、PNN50G180-300组均非常显著高于C组(P<0.01),且显著高于G90-180组(P<0.05);SDSD、PNN50G300-420组非常显著高于C组(P<0.01);SDNN、RMSSD G300-420组显著高于C组(P<0.05);SDNN、RMSSD、SDSD G420+组也均显著高于C组(P<0.05)。频域指标TP、HF、LF和VLF G180-300组非常显著高于C组(P<0.01),HF和VLF G420+组非常显著低于G180-300组(P<0.01),其余各指标组间差异无统计学意义。结论:经常参加体育锻炼可以改善青年男性心脏自主神经功能,表现为迷走和交感神经活性均提高,并呈现迷走神经占优的趋势。每周体育锻炼时间在90³00min时,青年男性心脏自主神经功能获益与体育锻炼时间呈正相关。     

Barriers to Physical Activity in Disadvantaged Population: A Qualitative Comparison between Roma and Non-Roma Women

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Despite the well-known health benefits of physical activity (PA), disadvantaged populations usually have lower PA levels than the rest of the population. Some intra- and interpersonal factors such as different types of barriers to PA may influence PA levels, particularly among disadvantaged adult women. The first aim of this qualitative study was to identify the barriers to PA perceived by disadvantaged adult women. The second aim was to analyse the differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women. Methods: Eleven disadvantaged adult women participated in the current study (M = 37.72; SD = 8.34), seven of whom belonged to the Roma population. Data were obtained from discussion groups as well as from one-to-one interviews, and these were analysed by NVivo Pro 11. Results: Three categories of perceived barriers to PA were identified: personal (i.e., economy, labour, physical limitations, illness, and psychological characteristics) social (i.e., culture, lack of social support, and family), and environmental. Family was identified as the main common and most frequent barrier to PA in disadvantaged adult women. Differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women were found. While Roma women perceived culture, physical limitations, and lack of social support barriers to PA, non-Roma women mainly perceived labour-related barriers to PA. Conclusions: Multilevel interventions addressing specific barriers to PA for disadvantaged adult women are required to overcome barriers to PA and, consequently, increase PA levels. Particular attention should be paid to specific barriers to PA among adult Roma and non-Roma women, respectively.     

女子中长跑运动员与乏训练者在不同负荷状态下STI变化特征的比较与评价

本研究通过对优秀耐力跑运动员与非运动员STI的变化进行比较,以观察女子中长跑运动员在安静状态下、三级递增负荷期间以及恢复期间STI诸多指标的变化特征、变化规律以及各指标变化之间的相互关系,分析变化产生的原因,并提出相应的评价标准。结果发现优秀运动员STI表现出:①STI各指标受HR影响较小;②LVET、EMT、MST、ICT及PEP在负荷过程中均有一临界值,且在最大负荷期间仍保持相对稳定;③在负荷状态下EML与Q-U/LVET比值保持相对稳定;④PEP/LVET比值随负荷递增不断递减;⑤STI各指标恢复速率高。     

论我国高校篮球后备人才培养机制

针对现阶段高校篮球展开多层次多角度的综合研究,客观审视我国篮球走体教结合之路的发展状况,以期总结其中的成功经验,从而为进一步深入改革和推动篮球人才培养模式提供有益的参考。     

身体活动客观测量方法的比较与选择

客观高效地测量身体活动是全球医学、公共卫生学、教育学和体育学领域面临的共同议题。身体活动客观测量法种类繁多、各具特色,给研究者的选择和使用造成了一定的困难。本文回顾与总结了国内外关于身体活动测量的相关研究,对其使用的测量方法的工作原理与适用情形等方面进行了总结与述评,为身体活动测量方法的选用提供理论参考,也为测量方法的未来发展提供建议。各类测量方法均存在局限性,选用时应根据研究目的和研究内容综合考虑;研究者理解测量原理对工具的选择和合理使用有较大帮助。多方法联合测量将会是今后身体活动研究的主流选择。     

A Clinical Study of Physically Awkward Educationally Subnormal Boys

Abstract

Observations were made of 10 severely awkward educationally subnormal (ESN) boys as they attempted to learn six physical skills. Each boy was provided six individual instruction sessions. Seven boys achieved some measure of success and three boys did not progress beyond their initial level of achievement. A number of performance difficulties were observed, most noticeable being slow and deliberate movements, total response without control of force and speed, inability to perform a prescribed rhythmical count, and inability to perform a task on one side of the body.     

我国与加拿大教练员培养体系的比较分析

教练员是运动训练的管理者和实施者,其业务能力和职业素质高低直接影响到运动员的培养质量,加拿大在教练员培养方面比较突出,对比分析我国与加拿大教练员培养体系,对完善我国教练员培养体系有很好的参考价值.研究得出:加拿大教练员的培养体系比较完善,特点突出;我国教练员来源途径单一,选拔形式不利于教练员资源的合理配置,教练员扮演的角色较多,教练员业务能力培养等方面都存在不足之处.     

中、美高校竞技体制的比较与思考

从中、美高校竞技体育制度、竞技体育的组织体系,以及制度本质的差异进行比较分析与讨论,结果表明:我国高校竞技体育人才的职业流向与美国高校的竞技体育人才职业流向相反,是导致我国高校竞技体育水平不高的主要因素。     

中美体育管理体制比较研究

中美体育管理体制在体育行政机构设置、体育组织与体育行政机构的关系、中央和地方的关系三个方面存在差异,在重视以法治体、推动体育工作开展、使本国体育在国际政治中发挥作用方面具有共性.两国政治文化、政治制度、经济社会发展水平的不同,是造成差异的主要原因,体育本身具有的作用和功能则是形成共性的关键.美国在建构体育管理体制方面的某些做法可为我国提供经验和借鉴.