浅谈大学生职场心理健康教育

近年来,大学毕业生就业问题得到了全社会的关注。大学生在求职和工作中常会出现一些心理问题,表现出或过于自信,或过于自卑,或不成熟。究其原因,社会、学校、家长等方面的因素都影响着他们的职场心理健康。对此,社会、学校、家长要给予足够的重视。社会要承担起应有的责任;学校要把学生心理教育落到实处,家长做孩子的良师益友,共同构筑大学生职场心理健康防线。     

事业与婚姻

事业,婚姻;鱼,熊掌,能否兼得?职场中的人,一个人有一个人对婚姻的看法。娶什么样的女人,嫁给什么样的男人,都是各说各的理。剪不断,理还乱,看看国外的人们怎么说!     

政绩与成本

树立正确的政绩观是当代共产党人应有的品质要求之一，科学认识什么是真正的政绩是树立科学的政绩观的前提条件之一。文章认为，政绩是施政成效减去施政成本之后的“利润”，不重视施政成本而追求的政绩容易产生种种虚假的政绩和腐败现象。因此，我们组织部门在考察领导干部的政绩时，不能单看表面的政绩，还要看施政成本。     

基础教育阶段应大力开展职业生涯教育

本文从当前我国职业生涯教育的现状分析出发,对基础教育阶段开展职业生涯教育的意义和途径做了阐述,旨在在基础教育阶段开展职业生涯教育的重要性,以引起大家的共同思考。     

Careers guidance through relationships

Summary The present situation of high unemployment raises serious questions about the purpose and value of careers guidance. Uncertainties about carrers guidance have, however, always existed. There have been doubts as to whether it is effective, what its purpose is, whether it is of any value in situations where choice is limited, and how it should see its function in relation to that of parents. These continuing uncertainties have been emphasised by the increase in youth unemployment.One way for those involved in careers guidance to respond to this situation is by re-examining the importance of personal relationships with young people. Real personal relationships are not only a prerequisite of good guidance, but an important part of the guidance activity itself. The three main tasks of vocational guidance — helping young people to understand themselves, helping them to make decisions wisely, and helping them to understand the world of occupations and opportunities — all require such relationships if they are to be done adequately. Furthermore, by making and maintaining real relationships the guidance worker may be engaging in vocational guidance in a real sense even when he is not consciously or directly performing these tasks. This form of guidance is risky for the counsellor because it is invisible and leads to no identifiable outcomes. It is also very difficult to implement in our large impersonal institutions. But an attempt to establish genuine relationships may provide both an appropriate response to the present situation of high unemployment and also an effective means of vocational guidance in all circumstances.Previously did research into apprenticeships and apprentice training. Published report: Getting a Trade, 1978 (Hodder & Stoughton).The views expressed in this paper are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Scottish Council for Research in Education.Senior Research Officer, Scottish Council for Research in Education, Edinburgh. Currently completing a six-year longitudinal study of young people moving through the later stages of school and out of it, with special emphasis on curricular and vocational guidance and job opportunities. Published reports of the project: Choices and Chances, 1979 and Routes and Results, 1981 (Hodder and Stoughton).     

Careers Education in a Primary School

It is frequently argued that work relating to key areas of pupils' personal and social education starts too late, that it takes place after crucial attitudes, perceptions and understandings have already been developed by pupils. Generally the problem is that work does not start until the secondary stage. This paper describes an evaluation of careers work undertaken with Year 4 pupils in a primary school. In this school, a yearly careers week was held when structured activities were organized around talks about their work given by parents. The researcher found that 5 months after the careers work, the Year 4 pupils remembered much of significance. These findings are then related to a number of theories of career development which support such work early in pupils' careers. The paper concludes by outlining the benefits that careers work in the primary school offers.     

Counselling for New Careers

Flemish post-secondary students(N = 2,880) were profiled for favouring orrejecting three new work arrangements. Threestepwise discriminant function analyses wereperformed to separate the groups that were forand against telehomework, agency work, andfreelance work. Predictors were demographicvariables (anticipated graduation year,academic area), attributes (willingness toengage in new careers, proactive personalityand work values), and expectations aboutemployers. The classification results werecross-validated. Findings indicated thattomorrow's workforce wanted to meet therequirements of new careers (mobility, lifelongretooling, work-family balance). Four groups ofwork values differentiated thosefavouring/rejecting telehomework, agency work,and freelance work. Anticipated graduationyear, academic area and proactive personality,characterised further respondents for andagainst agency work and freelance work.Expectations about employers did not split thegroups with respect to their preference for thethree new work arrangements. Implications forcontemporary and future roles for careercounsellors were discussed.     

Plotting Careers in Aged Care: Perspectives of Medical,Nursing, Allied Health Students and New Graduates

The research reported in this article explored the impact of the undergraduate placement experience on medical, nursing, and allied health students' perceptions of careers in aged care. Data were collected from undergraduate students (48) and graduates (26) via individual (46) and group (7) interviews; data were thematically analyzed. Participants' placement experiences prompted them to characterize aged care simultaneously as “dirty work” and “rewarding work”. Participants perceived that working full-time as a newly-graduated health professional with the aged or in aged care settings would be an unattractive career. Instead, participants considered working in aged care either as a “mid career” or “blended career” option.     

Careers guidance services in a changing Europe

Current initiatives designed to develop stronger international co-operation between guidance services within the European Community are outlined. The implications of extending the Community to cover other European countries are discussed. The issue is raised of whether a common European approach to guidance is likely to emerge, and whether it is likely to differ from American approaches. Adapted and updated version of a paper presented at the International Conference of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance held at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, on 9–13 September 1991.     

Careers guidance at a distance

How can careers guidance, which in conventional institutions relies so much on personal contacts and the ability to browse through up‐to‐date information files, be adequately provided for distance students? Here, Martin Cawthome, Senior Counsellor in the Open University's West Midlands region and until recently chair of the Open University's Careers Information Research and Counselling Group, considers this question. Having outlined the stages involved in careers guidance, he reviews the use of printed materials, the telephone and computers, and looks forward to the possible improvements which computer systems may allow in the future.     

Transitions in Leisure Careers and Their Parallels in Work Careers: The Effect of Constraints on Choice and Action

Careers are increasingly characterized by multiple jobs and employers, and thus the issue of transitions between career components and through career stages is of greater importance than in the past. Transitions have also been extensively studied in the context of serious leisure. This paper uses findings from the literature on serious leisure and leisure constraints to develop propositions about the role of transitions in work careers and the effects that constraints have on transitions.     

Using Visual Methods in Careers Education and Guidance

This article describes how visual methods, particularly photography, can be used in the context of careers education and guidance. It begins by acknowledging that this context is undergoing rapid change given the policy agendas of lifelong learning and social inclusion. However, although these policy agendas continue to emphasize the importance of self-knowledge in managing career development, this represents an area of continuing difficulty in terms of curriculum design and delivery. In recognizing this dilemma the article suggests that visual methods can provide careers educators, guidance practitioners, and their clients with the means to engage ‘self’ in the processes of career learning and planning.     

Careers in dairy: adolescents perceptions and attitudes

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This paper examines the attitudes and perceptions of Irish adolescents towards potential careers in dairy farming within the context of generational renewal for a dynamic agri-food sector.

Design/methodology/approach: The lens of occupational choice theory was used to present a framework within which potential careers are considered. A questionnaire-survey was undertaken with 490 Irish adolescents (15–18 yrs).

Findings: While parents have the greatest influence on the career choices of adolescents, there was a positive correlation between studying agricultural science in school and considering an agricultural related career. Adolescent's attitudes towards careers in dairy farming were subject to perceptions about gender, farm ownership, potential income and work-life balance. There was a high degree of openness to gaining work experience on dairy farms.

Practical implications: With an increased interest in agricultural science in second level schools in Ireland, the findings point to opportunities to influence awareness and attitudes of adolescents and their parents about career possibilities in dairy farming and to encourage both familial and non-familiar generational renewal.

Theoretical implications: The paper contributes an understanding of career choices and aspirations in adolescence to add to the growing body of literature on generational renewal in farming.

Originality/value: This paper focuses specifically on dairy farming, providing more detailed information about adolescents’ perceptions of dairy farming careers. The study highlights the positive relationship between studying agricultural science in school and subsequent interest in agricultural related careers. The results indicate that generation renewal in agriculture can be enhanced by giving increased attention to agriculture in school curricula.     

Curricular Considerations for Supporting Careers in Computer Graphics

This paper examines the needs of students who, in the past, may have chosen to major in computer science or some other aspect of information technology as a way of achieving the goal of finding a job in the computer graphics field. The growth in computer graphics has lead to increased job opportunities in the industry. However, these jobs require fluency in both art and computing that an individual course or even a sequence of several courses cannot provide. In the past, there has been discussion of curricula for isolated graphics courses as part of a BS/CS degree, but industry demands more preparation than what one or two courses can deliver. This paper surveys and compares the two extant Bachelor of Science degrees in Computer Graphics with the intent of encouraging dialog on the possibility of a four-year curriculum supporting this discipline.     

Careers guidance in a developing country: Malaysia

Formal careers guidance services are a product of economic and social development. In relatively primitive societies, allocation to adult roles is determined largely by the family, caste or class into which one is born. As the society becomes more complex, these systems start to break down, and careers guidance services are needed to lubricate—and, perhaps, catalyse (Daws, 1977)—increasing levels of social and occupational mobility. How then is the role of careers guidance evolving in those Third World countries that are trying so to accelerate the pace of economic and social development that they will be able to catch up with the living standards attained by the Western world? How far are they being influenced by the approaches to careers guidance that have evolved in such countries as the USA and Britain? How applicable are these approaches to cultures that in many ways are very different? An opportunity to examine these questions in the context of one developing country—Malaysia—was afforded by a visit carried out in February-March 1977. This article outlines some impressions of the careers guidance system that seems to be emerging there.     

Using Visual Methods in Careers Education and Guidance

This article describes how visual methods, particularly photography, can be used in the context of careers education and guidance. It begins by acknowledging that this context is undergoing rapid change given the policy agendas of lifelong learning and social inclusion. However, although these policy agendas continue to emphasize the importance of self-knowledge in managing career development, this represents an area of continuing difficulty in terms of curriculum design and delivery. In recognizing this dilemma the article suggests that visual methods can provide careers educators, guidance practitioners, and their clients with the means to engage 'self' in the processes of career learning and planning.