去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液40例治疗体会

目的探讨重度颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的治疗方法和效果。方法对2005年1月至2010年12月40例去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果40例中,保守治疗28例,24例积液明显减少或消失;2例积液无明显变化,继续随访;2例积液增多,1例行钻孔引流术积液消失;1例钻孔引流后无效而行颞肌填塞术,积液仍无减少而改行积液腔一腹腔分流术积液消失。12例手术患者中,8例行钻孔引流术积液消失,3例钻孔引流术无效而行积液腔-腹腔分流术,1例直接行积液腔-腹腔分流术积液均消失。结论重度颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液多数经保守治疗有效,对于需手术患者行钻孔引流术和积液腔-腹腔分流术效果良好。     

39例去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的临床分析

<正>回顾总结2000年1月至2008年12月重度颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术术后病例213例,发现发生硬膜下积液39例,发生率18.3%。现对其形成原因和防治方面进行分析。     

去骨瓣减压术后引流方式对硬膜下积液的影响

目的 分析不同引流方式对去骨瓣减压术（DC）后硬膜下积液（SE）的影响。方法 回顾性分析本院自2019年11月至2022年11月收治的42例DC后SE患者的临床资料,按照引流方法的不同分为A组和B组,其中A组22例,B组20例。A组患者接受长时程持续引流（LCD）,B组患者反复多次腰椎穿刺引流结合腰大池持续引流。观察两组SE消失时间、SE复发情况、治疗前后格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）和日常生活能力量表评分（ADL）评分以及并发症发生情况。结果 A组有效率高于B组（P<0.05）。A组引流管留置时间和SE消失时间均短于B组（P<0.05）,两组复发率比较无差异（P>0.05）。治疗后各时间点,两组GOS、ADL评分均高于治疗前,且A组高于B组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 LCD治疗DC后SE能获得明显的减压效果,可有效促进SE消失,改善患者预后。     

颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后对侧硬膜下积液的治疗分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后对侧硬膜下积液的防治措施。方法回顾性分析30例大骨瓣减压术后出现对侧硬膜下积液的患者的临床资料。其中男22例,女8例。年龄25-75岁,平均48岁。结果 30例患者术后均予弹力绷带加压包扎1-2周,24例对侧硬膜下积液减少或消失,6例患者包扎期间硬膜下积液无明显减少,行颅骨钻孔引流术后硬膜下积液减少或消失。结论依据积液产生的原因,采用合理的防治措施,可尽量减少积液的发生及进展。通过简单的弹力绷带加压包扎可起到很好的效果,对于硬膜下积液进展者颅骨钻孔外引流术是首选手术方式且效果满意。     

大骨瓣减压术后并发硬膜下积液的治疗体会

目的探讨去大骨瓣减压术后并发硬膜下积液的治疗方法和效果。方法回顾分析20例大骨瓣减压术后并发硬膜下积液病例．对其发病机制、临床表现、治疗处理进行讨论。结论硬膜下积液大多愈后良好,在手术治疗的选择上,应用钻孔引流、腰大池置管引流、或两者兼用的治疗方法简易、安全、有效,更宜于基层医院神经外科的应用。结果本组9例手术治疗中,5例行钻孔外引流术,2例治愈,1例好转;2例积液复发;4例（包括复发2例）行钻孔引流＋腰大池池置管引流,2例治愈,2例好转;1例单独行腰大池池置管引流后治愈;1例演变为慢性硬膜下血肿行钻孔引流术治愈。     

Ommaya囊在治疗去大骨瓣减压术后对侧进展型硬膜下积液中的应用

<正>本院2004年3月至2009年9月发现14例去大骨瓣减压术后对侧出现进展型硬膜下积液,采用颞肌下Ommaya囊置入术,术后行反复穿刺抽吸或外引流术的方法,取得了良好的效果。现分析报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:男9例,女5例;年龄14～70岁,平均38.3岁。     

标准外伤去大骨瓣减压术治疗急性硬膜下血肿效果分析

目的观察对急性硬膜下血肿患者实施标准外伤去大骨瓣减压术的临床应用效果。方法随机将西平县人民医院2016-06-2019-06间收治的76例急性硬膜下血肿患者分为2组,各38例。对照组实施常规骨瓣开颅术,对观察组实施标准外伤去大骨瓣减压术。结果观察组患者术后的GCS评分高于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,术后第1、3、5天的颅内压低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对急性硬膜下血肿患者实施标准外伤去大骨瓣减压术,与常规骨瓣开颅术比较,可有效改善患者的GCS评分,并发症少,颅内压的控制更为理想。     

双侧标准大骨瓣减压术后的骨窗下积液23例报告

应用双侧额颞顶标准大骨瓣减压术治疗双侧急性颅内血肿或弥漫性脑舯胀，可以有效地清除血肿，解除脑疝、颅高压，降低病死率和伤残率。但常常并发双侧骨窗下积液，其中包括硬膜下积液及头皮下积液。本院自1995年1月至2006年12月，共为165例患者行双侧标准大骨瓣减压术，术后并发双侧骨窗下积液23例。分析报告如下。     

脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后继发脑外积水12例分析

<正>大骨瓣减压术是抢救脑疝患者的有效办法,随着大骨瓣减压术在脑外伤患者中的广泛应用,术后出现脑外积水的病人越来越多见,因其与硬膜下积液难以区分但治疗方法不一样而被临床医师所重视。笔者现对脑外伤去大骨瓣减压术后并发脑外积水12例病例分析如下。     

神经补片在去骨瓣减压术中的作用

目的探讨神经补片在去骨瓣减压术中的作用。方法回顾性研究,治疗组的78例患者在标准去骨瓣减压时使用神经补片修补硬脑膜,对照组的36例患者在标准去骨瓣减压时使用自体筋膜修补硬脑膜。术后对比两组患者的癫痫发生率;在二期的修补治疗中对比两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及硬脑膜破损率。结果治疗组和对照组的癫痫发生率分别为6.4%和22.2%,差异显著(χ2=6.095,P=0.014),在二期的颅骨缺损修补中,治疗组和对照组的手术时间分别为(121.9±18.6)min vs.(156.1±14.6)min,出血量分别为(108.1±42.3)ml vs.(181.9±46.5)ml,硬脑膜破损率为3.8%vs.25%;差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在标准去骨瓣减压时使用神经补片修补硬脑膜能降低患者术后的癫痫发生率,同时有利于患者二期进行的颅骨缺损修补手术,能减少修补手术中的出血量及手术时间,减少副损伤。     

Decompressive craniectomy or not: intraoperative experience in 41 patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Objective: To present our experience in using decompressive craniectomy (DC) among severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients during operation and to discuss its indication.Methods:From October 2008 ...     

Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: The relationship between surgical complications and the prediction of an unfavourable outcome

Object

To assess the impact that injury severity has on complications in patients who have had a decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study included all patients who underwent a decompressive craniectomy following severe TBI at the two major trauma hospitals in Western Australia from 2004 to 2012. All complications were recorded during this period. The clinical and radiological data of the patients on initial presentation were entered into a web-based model prognostic model, the CRASH (Corticosteroid Randomization After Significant Head injury) collaborators prediction model, to obtain the predicted risk of an unfavourable outcome which was used as a measure of injury severity.

Results

Complications after decompressive craniectomy for severe TBI were common. The predicted risk of unfavourable outcome was strongly associated with the development of neurological complications such as herniation of the brain outside the skull bone defects (median predicted risk of unfavourable outcome for herniation 72% vs. 57% without herniation, p = 0.001), subdural effusion (median predicted risk of unfavourable outcome 67% with an effusion vs. 57% for those without an effusion, p = 0.03), hydrocephalus requiring ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (median predicted risk of unfavourable outcome 86% for those with hydrocephalus vs. 59% for those without hydrocephalus, p = 0.001), but not infection (p = 0.251) or resorption of bone flap (p = 0.697) and seizures (0.987). We did not observe any associations between timing of cranioplasty and risk of infection or resorption of bone flap after cranioplasty.

Conclusions

Mechanical complications after decompressive craniectomy including herniation of the brain outside the skull bone defects, subdural effusion, and hydrocephalus requiring ventriculo-peritoneal shunt were more common in patients with a more severe form of TBI when quantified by the CRASH predicted risk of unfavourable outcome. The CRASH predicted risk of unfavourable outcome represents a useful baseline characteristic of patients in observational and interventional trials involving patients with severe TBI requiring decompressive craniectomy.     

Autologous Vascularized Dural Wrapping for Temporalis Muscle Preservation and Reconstruction After Decompressive Craniectomy: Report of Twenty-five Cases

Temporalis muscle reconstruction is a necessary step during frontotemporal cranioplasty ensuing decompressive craniectomy (DC). During this procedure, scarring between the temporalis muscle and the dural layer may lead to complicated muscle dissection, which carries an increased risk of dura and muscle damage. At time of DC, temporalis muscle wrapping by an autologous vascularized dural flap can later on facilitate dissection and rebuilding during the subsequent cranioplasty. In a span of 2 years, we performed 57 DCs for different etiologies. In 30 cases, the temporalis muscle was isolated by wrapping its inner surface using the autologous dura. At cranioplasty, the muscle could easily be dissected from the duraplasty. The inner surface was easily freed from the autologous dural envelope, and reconstruction achieved in an almost physiological position. Follow-up examinations were held at regular intervals to disclose signs of temporalis muscle depletion. Twenty-five patients survived to undergo cranioplasty. Muscle dissection could always be performed with no injury to the dural layer. No complications related to temporalis muscle wrapping were recorded. Face asymmetry developed in four cases but it was always with bone resorption. None of the patients with a good neurological recovery reported functional or aesthetic complaints. In our experience, temporalis muscle wrapping by vascularized autologous dura proved to be effective in preserving its bulk and reducing its adhesion to duraplasty, thereby improving muscle dissection and reconstruction during cranioplasty. Functional and aesthetic results were satisfying, except in cases of bone resorption.     

Decompressive craniectomy for medically refractory intracranial hypertension due to meningoencephalitis: report of three patients

Background  Meningoencephalitis may sometimes cause medically refractory intracranial hypertension and brain herniation. In such patients death is common. There are a limited number of reports on the use of decompressive craniectomy as a life saving measure in these circumstances with some good results. The aim of the study was to report experience in three further patients. Materials and methods  In a 15-month period, three patients affected by acute meningoencephalitis were surgically treated by decompressive craniectomy at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Polytechnic University of Ancona. In all patients common symptoms at presentation were headache, fever and neck rigidity, rapidly followed by the development of focal neurological deficits and coma. Intracranial pressure monitoring was always performed and correlated with serial CT scan examinations. Because of the development of severe intracranial hypertension refractory to conventional medical treatment, a decompressive hemicraniectomy was performed in two patients and a bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the third one. Bacterial meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in two patients, viral meningoencephalitis in the remaining one. Findings  One patient died 3 days after surgery. The remaining two completely recovered consciousness, with no residual focal neurological deficit. Conclusions  Surgery resulted in an immediate reduction of intracranial pressure in two of the three patients with severe meningoencephalitis. Decompressive craniectomy may be a useful option in the management of a patient with medically refractory intracranial hypertension caused by meningoencephalitis. Early intervention may enhance its benefits.     

Local Hypercoagulative Activity Precedes Hyperfibrinolytic Activity in the Subdural Space During Development of Chronic Subdural Haematoma from Subdural Effusion

Summary The involvement of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the development of chronic subdural haematoma (CSH) from subdural effusion was investigated. Subdural fluid and venous blood samples were obtained from 34 patients with CSH and 9 patients with subdural effusion, and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), prothrombin fragment F1+2 (F1+2), tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and D-dimer. CSH was classified into the layering type, believed to be active, and other types according to x-ray computed tomography. All markers in the blood of both patient groups were similar to the values of normal subjects. Levels of TAT and F1+2 were much higher in the subdural fluid than in the blood of patients with CSH (P<0.001, P<0.001) and with subdural effusion (P<0.05, P<0.05). The level of D-dimer in the subdural fluid was significantly higher than in the blood (P<60.001) in patients with CSH, but not in patients with subdural effusion. All markers in the subdural fluid of layering type CSH, except TFPI, were significantly higher than in the other types (P<0.05). Local hypercoagulative activity in the subdural space is present in subdural effusion and precedes hyperfibrinolytic activity in CSH. Thrombin generation as indicated by TAT and F1+2 might be involved in the development of CSH. Propagation of CSH may be modulated by the coagulation system including the extrinsic pathway and fibrinolysis.     

Decompressive craniectomy: surgical control of traumatic intracranial hypertension may improve outcome

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with post-traumatic intractable intracranial hypertension (ICH) in the absence of an evacuable intracerebral haemorrhage.

Methods

Retrospective study at LAC+USC Medical Centre including patients who underwent DC for post-traumatic malignant brain swelling or ICH without space occupying haemorrhage, during the period 01/2004 to 12/2008. The analysis included the effect of DC on intracranial pressure (ICP) and timing of DC on functional outcomes and survival.

Results

Of 106 patients who underwent DC, 43 patients met inclusion criteria. Of those, 34 were operated within the first 24 h from admission. DC decreased the ICP significantly from 37.8 ± 12.1 mmHg to 12.7 ± 8.2 mmHg in survivors and from 52.8 ± 13.0 to 32.0 ± 17.3 mmHg in non-survivors. Overall 25.6% died (11 of 43), and 32.5% (14 of 43) remained in vegetative state or were severely disabled. Favourable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 4 and 5) was observed in 41.9% (18 of 43). No tendency towards either increased or decreased incidence in favourable outcome was found relative to the time from admission to DC. Six of the 18 patients (33.3%) with favourable outcome were operated on within the first 6 h.

Conclusions

DC lowers ICP and raises CPP to high normal levels in survivors compared to non-survivors. The timing of DC showed no clear trend, for either good neurological outcome or death. Overall, the survival rate of 74.4% is promising and 41.9% had favourable neurological outcome.     

Decompressive craniectomy in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury with intractable elevated intracranial pressure

Background

Care of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) has placed emphasis on maximizing cerebral perfusion to prevent ischemia and reperfusion injury. A subset of patients with TBI will continue to have refractory intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation despite aggressive therapy including ventriculostomy, pentobarbital coma, hypertonic saline, and diuretics. Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a controversial treatment of severe TBI. It is our hypothesis that DC can enhance survival and minimize secondary brain injury in this patient subset.

Methods

Patients younger than 20 years treated at a level I regional trauma center between November 2001 and November 2004, who met inclusion criteria for the Brain Trauma Foundation TBI-trac clinical database were included. All patients with a mechanism of injury consistent with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 9 for at least 6 hours after resuscitation and who did not die in the emergency department are entered into a clinical database. Patients who arrived at the study hospital more than 24 hours after injury are excluded.

Results

There were 30 patients with TBI identified. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation was 8 with a range of 3 to 13. Six patients underwent DC for intractable elevated ICP. Of 6 patient's postoperative ICP, 5 were less than 20 mm Hg. One patient required a return to the operating room where further débridement of brain was performed. All patients who received a DC survived and were discharged to a TBI rehabilitation facility.

Conclusion

Although this is a small sample, DC should be considered in patients with TBI with refractory elevated ICP. Long-term follow-up of this patient population should consist of neuropsychiatric evaluation in conjunction with measurement of social function.     

Decompressive craniectomy in a case of intractable intracranial hypertension due to pneumococcal meningitis

Summary  A young woman suffering from S. pneumoniae meningitis developed intractable intracranial hypertension with a GCS of 3. Intracranial pressure (ICP) ranged above 30 mmHg despite maximal medical treatment and continuous CSF drainage. We performed a wide bilateral decompressive craniectomy (DC) with duraplasty and we observed an immediate and stable drop of her ICP. When discharged she was independent. DC has been rarely used to control ICP in encephalitis patients and recently only in one case of meningitis. This operation could be a valuable option when all other measures to decrease ICP have failed; when necessary, it should be performed according to some rules otherwise it could be harmful for the patient. Conclusive data on the impact of DC on the final outcome of such patients are not available yet. Correspondence: Alessandro Perin, Neurochirurgia, Ospedale Regionale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy.