模拟氮沉降对温带不同森林类型土壤氮矿化速率的影响

通过室内模拟不同氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N、NH4+-N+NO3--N)沉降实验,研究不同氮形态沉降对温带不同森林类型(椴树红松混交林、白桦天然次生林、红松人工林和落叶松人工林)土壤氮矿化速率的影响。结果表明:在整个培养期间,与对照相比,经过氮沉降土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率都呈现出增长趋势,而其增加的程度又取决于森林类型、土层、氮处理类型和处理时间。不同林型土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率受氮沉降影响不同,混交林对氮沉降的响应要弱于阔叶林,高于针叶人工纯林;土壤A层比土壤B层对氮沉降敏感;以铵态氮形态沉降时对铵态氮含量、净氨化速率影响较大,以硝态氮形态沉降时对硝态氮含量、净硝化速率影响较大,混合形态的氮沉降要比单种形态的氮沉降使土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率增加幅度更高;氮沉降时间越长,土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率及净矿化速率与对照差距越大,说明氮沉降对土壤的影响存在累加效应。     

沉水植物对不同层次沉积物及土壤中磷迁移的影响

利用相同区域湖泊沉积物及土壤培养黑藻,分析不同层次底质中各形态磷含量和间隙水中磷浓度的变化,揭示在沉水植物作用下淹水土壤和沉积物中不同层次磷的迁移规律。结果表明,本试验条件下,土壤各层次均比营养水平相当的沉积物中磷的迁移性大,黑藻能促进上层底质中无机磷向上覆水中迁移,通过根系作用促进根尖分布层底质中有机磷的迁移转化;黑藻对沉积物下层(根尖分布层)磷迁移转化的影响小于土壤,对上层底质中磷向上覆水中迁移的影响大于土壤;黑藻通过吸收作用及改变根区环境条件,影响底质间隙水中各形态磷的浓度,黑藻对沉积物间隙水中磷浓度的影响大于土壤。     

土壤有机质对有效磷及水提取磷含量的影响

为了解土壤有机质对有效磷与总磷、水提取磷与有效磷关系的影响,采用田间调查的方法,对洛阳市郊主要农田4种土壤耕作层土壤进行取样调查,并采用常规土壤测试方法,分别测定土样有机质、金磷、有效磷和水提取磷含量.根据有机质含量(高于或低于16.0 g·kg-1)把土样分成两组,对两组土样的总磷与有效磷、有效磷与水提取磷分别做相关关系分析.结果表明:与低有机质土样组相比,高有机质土样组有效磷与总磷相关方程的斜率较大,水提取磷与有效磷相关方程的斜率较小,这一趋势在以Olsen法和Mehlich-3法测定有效磷时均相同.表明在缺磷环境中,有机质增加条件下,虽然磷的生物有效性降低,但有助于在土壤溶液中维持相对较高的磷酸根浓度,这可能是由于磷的周转加快;随着土壤磷含量增加,有机质增加有助于更快提高磷的生物有效性,但土壤溶液中维持相对较低的磷酸根浓度,这可能有助于减轻农田磷的渗漏流失.     

土壤性质对砂土亚表层磷迁移的影响

The soil factors influencing the potential migration of dissolved and particulate phosphorus （P） from structurallyweak sandy subsoils were evaluated by means of soil column leaching experiments. Soil colloids were extracted from two types of soils to make the colloid-bound forms of P solution. Eight sandy soils with diverse properties were collected for packing soil columns. The effects of influent solutions varying in concentrations of colloids, P, and electrolyte, on the transport of P and quality of leachates were characterized. P migration in the soils was soil property-dependent. High soil electrical conductivity values retarded the mobility of colloids and transportability of colloid-associated P （particulate P）. Soil electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with colloids and reactive particulate P （RPP） concentrations in the leachates, whereas, the total reactive P （TRP） and dissolved reactive P （DRP） concentrations in the leachates were mainly controlled by the P adsorption capacity and the P levels in the subsoil. The reactive particulate P in the leachates was positively correlated with the colloidal concentration. Increased colloidal concentration in the influent could significantly increase the colloidal concentration in the leachates. Elevated P concentration in the influent had little effect on P recovery in the leachates, but it resulted in significant increases in the absolute P concentration in the leachates.     

水铁矿对磷的吸附及胶体态磷迁移能力预测

土壤中流失的磷进入水体容易引起富营养化污染。目前对于铁矿物胶体结合态磷在土壤孔隙介质中的稳定性和迁移能力的认识还存在不足。本研究采用吸附试验,考察水铁矿对磷的吸附特征以及pH、离子强度和胡敏酸对磷在液相、水铁矿胶体和水铁矿固体上分布的影响;通过DLVO理论,预测水铁矿胶体结合态磷的稳定性和迁移能力。结果表明,假二级动力学模型(R~2=0.964)更适合用于描述磷在水铁矿上的吸附过程,磷在水铁矿上的吸附受液膜扩散、内部扩散和化学吸附等过程控制。Freundlich模型(R2=0.970)对等温吸附的拟合效果好,说明水铁矿对磷的吸附为多层吸附过程。从Langmuir模型参数可知,水铁矿对磷的最大理论吸附量为22.55mg·g~(-1)。水铁矿对磷的吸附能力随pH的升高而降低,随离子强度的升高而升高。然而,低离子强度和高pH有利于反应体系中水铁矿胶体的释放。无论胡敏酸是否存在,在碱性且离子强度不高(1～10mmol·L~(-1))的条件下,有约5%～20%的磷会与水铁矿胶体结合,且这些磷-水铁矿胶体之间的静电斥力较大。根据DLVO理论计算可知,这些带负电荷的胶体之间稳定性较好,在土壤中有一定迁移能力。在实际农业活动中,磷肥的过量施用可能会使大量的磷酸根离子吸附在铁矿物上,促进土壤孔隙水中形成稳定的、带负电的铁矿物胶体,这种磷-铁矿物复合胶体的迁移很可能成为磷迁移的另一种形式。本研究结果可为胶体促进下磷淋失风险评估提供理论和数据支撑。     

施硅对土壤-水稻系统中磷迁移的影响

<正>磷是植物所必需的营养元素,但在土壤中磷易被土壤固定从而使磷肥的当季利用率只有10%~25%,因此人们力争寻找各种途径以提高磷的当季利用率[1-2]。由于磷、硅在化学性质和结构上具有相似性,因而许多学者展开了有关磷、硅交互作用的研究[3-4]。胡克伟等[5]研究发现施磷降低了土壤中硅的吸附量,并增加了土壤硅的解吸量及解吸     

酸沉降对地表生态系统的影响I.土壤中铝的活化与迁移

土壤中Al的活化与迁移是酸沉降对地表生态系统最突出的影响之一,也是土壤缓冲酸沉降的重要过程。因此土壤中Al的活化迁移过程成为研究和预测地表酸化及其生态效应的关键环节。然而由于土壤系统和Al形态的复杂性,目前的模式并不能充分与实验室和野外的数据相吻合。本文从Al的形态、释放机制和在土壤剖面中迁移过程等方面对近年来的研究工作进行综述和评价,并在此基础之上对今后的研究工作提出展望。     

干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植被调控模式对土壤氮、磷强度及库的影响

以调控30个月的4种典型调控模式以及未调控退耕纯林为研究对象,比较分析了不同调控模式下氮、磷供强度及库容特征。结果表明,相对于纯林模式,4种调控模式均可有效缓解缺氮少磷的土壤现状,提高或增加了固氮效率以及氮、磷储量,且表现出氮、磷元素聚表分布(0-10cm)的特征;表层土(0-10cm)中,刺槐+扁桃+紫花苜蓿模式的氨态氮含量(10.52±0.34g/kg)、硝态氮含量(11.69±1.06g/kg)显著高于其它模式,对植物生长极为有利,但对氮、磷的储存贡献较小;刺槐+新疆杨+早熟禾模式可显著提高固氮效率;刺槐+高山柳+早熟禾模式的土壤全氮含量显著高于其它模式(7.33±0.38g/kg),而刺槐+岷江柏+早熟禾对土壤氮、磷环境的改善相对于其他模式较差。综上认为,以新疆杨作为乔木、刺槐为高灌木、高山柳为伴生种、紫花苜蓿作为林下草种是适合于EDM土壤与气候环境的最佳模式之一。     

夏灌对内蒙古河套灌区土壤中磷元素迁移的影响

磷作为植物生长必需的元素之一,是引起水体富营养化的重要因素。通过对内蒙古河套灌区2008年夏灌前后农田灌、排水和地下水以及土壤中不同形态磷含量和土壤含水率的分析测定,借助SPSS13.0软件对监测结果进行统计分析,研究夏灌期间灌区土壤中磷元素的迁移规律及其影响因素。结果表明：夏灌后,土壤含水率仅表层有明显增加,且夏灌前后土壤含水率与土层深度显著相关（相关系数分别为0.751和0.770）,土壤中有效磷含量和土壤含水率显著相关（Sig.为0.009）;夏灌期间,不同土层深度处的磷元素含量差异显著,作物类型和种植方式对磷元素在土壤中的分布无显著影响;夏灌会造成土壤中磷元素向地下水迁移,且流失形态主要为可溶性磷。该文可为灌区科学合理的水肥管理以及控制磷流失提供依据。     

铬砷及其交互作用对其土壤-植物系统迁移的影响

通过黑麦盆栽试验,研究铬、砷及其交互作用对其土壤-植物系统迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)Cr单独处理中,随着Cr浓度的增大,土样中残余Cr含量随之增大,但残余Cr占外源Cr的比例降低,说明外源Cr会促进土壤中Cr向植物的迁移;(2)交互处理中,随着As水平的提高,同一Cr处理浓度的土壤中Cr残余量增大,即As的加入抑制了土壤中Cr向植物的迁移,且随着As浓度的增大,这种抑制作用越明显;(3)As单独处理中,随着As处理浓度的增大,土样中残余As量也逐渐增大,但土壤中残余的As量大于加入的外源As,植物体内吸收的As受外源As的影响较小;(4)交互处理中,同一As水平下,随着Cr浓度的增大,植物样中As含量变化比较平缓,而且不同As水平下植物体中As含量的变化趋势基本一致,即土壤中As向植物迁移受外源Cr的影响很小。     

Soil organic matter in soil physical fractions in adjacent semi-natural and cultivated stands in temperate Atlantic forests

Changes from natural tree species to rapidly growing exotic species as well as intensification of forestry operations with heavy machinery can lead to changes in the quantity and quality of organic matter inputs to soil and to disruption of soil physical structure. These two ecosystem properties are tightly linked to organic matter dynamics. Five adjacent forest stands were selected to study soil organic matter dynamics in soil physical fractions. On one hand, two semi-natural broadleaved forests (Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica) and an adult radiata pine plantation (40-year-old,) in order to study the effect of species change on these parameters, and on the other, a chronosequence of Pinus radiata plantations (40-year-old; 3-year-old; 16-year-old), to study the effect of mechanization during harvesting and intense site preparation. Samples of intact topsoil (0-5 cm) were collected and aggregate-size distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), total C and N, particulate organic matter (POM)-C, POM-N and microbial biomass-C were determined in each aggregate size fraction. Microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization were also assessed in each aggregate size fraction, during a 28 day incubation period.Losses of POM-C and POM-N in the bulk soil due to mechanical site preparation were high relative to total soil C and N, which suggests that POM is a sensitive parameter to the effect of mechanization. The ratio C-POM:SOM was significantly related to MWD (R² = 0.75, P < 0.001) reflecting that POM may play a key role in the topsoil aggregate formation in these stands. Semi-natural stands had a higher proportion of macroaggregates (0.25-2 mm) than the cultivated adult one. Megaaggregates (>2 mm) were the most abundant class in mature stands (82-92%), whereas macro- and microaggregates (<2 mm) were the most abundant ones in the intensely soil prepared P. radiata plantation (49%).Indicators for sustainable forest management related to soil organic matter should not only be assessed in terms of total C stocks but also with respect to sensitive organic matter and its degradability in different size classes.     

磷细菌在复垦土壤上生长规律及对磷解析特性的影响

为了解磷细菌在山西采煤塌陷复垦土壤上的应用效果,以采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养方法,设空白对照,探索了施有机肥(M)、磷细菌(B)、磷细菌+葡萄糖(BG)、磷细菌+尿素(BU)、磷细菌+葡萄糖+尿素(BGU)、磷细菌+葡萄糖+尿素+有机肥(BGUM)对磷细菌生长和土壤养分、磷吸附解吸的影响,其中磷细菌菌液浓度为1.2×108 CFU·m L?1,接种量为5 m L·盆?1。结果表明:在培养周期内各处理磷细菌数量呈先增加后减少的趋势,BGUM处理磷细菌数量远高于其他处理;培养的60 d内BGUM处理土壤磷细菌数量由最初的1.0×106 CFU·g?1降到3.3×104 CFU·g?1,60 d后,BGUM处理磷细菌数量分别是BGU、BG、BU、B处理的300倍、367倍、1 650倍、3 300倍。M、B和BGUM处理复垦土壤有效磷含量分别比CK处理增加172.27 mg·kg?1、3.00 mg·kg?1和188.9 mg·kg?1,施用有机肥或者接种磷细菌可以显著增加土壤有效磷含量,葡萄糖、尿素、有机肥与磷细菌配合施用对复垦土壤有效磷增加的效果更显著。随着外加磷源浓度的增加,各处理复垦土壤吸磷量和解吸磷量都呈现增加的趋势,Langmuir等温吸附方程是描述各处理等温吸附特征的最佳方法;与CK相比,BGUM处理土壤最大吸磷量降低幅度最大,减少119.05 mg·kg?1,吸附常数也显著降低,BGUM处理复垦土壤磷的平均解吸率为33.20%,显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。因此,在各处理中,BGUM处理土壤磷细菌数量最多,对复垦土壤有效磷的增加效果最显著,对土壤最大缓冲容量和平均解吸率影响最大。BGUM处理是磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用的最佳选择,即在复垦土壤上施用磷细菌时,应该与合适的碳源、氮源及有机肥共同配合施用。     

黄土区刺槐和油松水土保持林合理密度的研究

 以黄土区刺槐和油松水土保持林为研究对象,在对水分循环要素进行长期监测的基础上,以水分亏缺量为依据,利用径流林业的基本原理,结合林分调查结果,提出了利用胸径计算刺槐和油松林合理密度的公式。利用该密度参考值管理刺槐和油松水土保持林,可以保证林木正常生长所需水量,不会造成林地土壤干化。同时以刺槐和油松林地的土壤水分含量、最低含水量和难效水频率为指标,提出了黄土区适宜的刺槐和油松水土保持林的管理密度。     

旱地小麦休闲期覆盖施磷对土壤水库的调控作用

为探明休闲期覆盖配施磷肥对土壤水分运行规律、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响,在山西省闻喜县进行了休闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2、112.5 kg(P2O5)·hm-2、150 kg(P2O5)·hm-23个施磷量的田间试验。结果表明:与不覆盖相比,休闲期覆盖后,播种—孕穗期0~100 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,小麦播种期提高38~41 mm;增加施磷量,越冬—孕穗期土壤蓄水量提高,尤其拔节期40~100 cm土层。覆盖后,播种—拔节期土壤贮水减少量及其占整个生育期比例显著提高,拔节—开花期土壤贮水减少量增加;增加施磷量,拔节—开花期土壤贮水减少量及其比例显著提高,开花—成熟期80~100 cm土层贮水减少量显著提高。覆盖后增加施磷量,产量和水分利用效率显著提高,产量提高1 452 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率提高16%。覆盖配施磷肥条件下,拔节—开花期60~100 cm、开花—成熟期80~100 cm土层贮水减少量与产量呈极显著相关。因此认为,旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降雨,提高底墒,可实现伏雨春夏用;覆盖促进小麦生育前期和中期吸收土壤水分;增施磷肥有利于提高土壤水分,促进小麦生育后期深层吸水;旱地小麦休闲期覆盖配施磷肥150 kg·hm-2有利于蓄水保墒,达到增产、高效的目的。     

Plant biomass, soil water content and soil N:P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe: A regional scale study

Soil microorganisms are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors at the field plot scale. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community functional diversity at a larger spatial scale. Here we conducted a regional scale study to assess the driving forces governing soil microbial community functional diversity in a temperate steppe of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between soil microbial community properties and environmental variables. The results showed that the functional diversity of soil microbial communities was correlated with aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, soil water content and soil N: P ratio, suggesting that plant biomass, soil water availability and soil N availability were major determinants of soil microbial community functional diversity. Since plant biomass can indicate resource availability, which is mainly constrained by soil water availability and N availability in temperate steppes, we consider that soil microbial community functional diversity was mainly controlled by resource availability in temperate steppes at a regional scale.     

磷素添加对土壤水分一维垂直入渗特性的影响

为探究磷素（P）添加对土壤水分一维垂直入渗特性的影响,该研究开展了磷素随水添加土壤入渗试验（CK、P1、P2、P3、P4）和加磷培养土壤入渗试验（ICK、IP1、IP2、IP3、IP4）,各试验均设5个P梯度,依次为0、0.075、0.15、0.225、0.3 g/kg。研究结果表明：1）随水施磷在入渗过程中对土壤入渗特性无显著影响;2）土壤加磷培养90 d后,其水分入渗能力显著增强（P<0.05）,相较于对照ICK而言,处理IP1、IP2、IP3、IP4的累积入渗量分别增加了7.82%、8.85%、9.82%、11.21%,所对应的入渗时间减小幅度分别为7.77%、14.56%、22.33%、27.18%;累积入渗量与湿润锋运移速度均随磷梯度增大而增大,拟合的Kostiakov公式和湿润锋运移距离-时间公式中的入渗参数与磷浓度呈现出很好的线性关系;3）IP3、IP4处理中0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体数量占比显著高于未加磷素的对照ICK（P<0.05）,与ICK相比分别提高了35.9%、51.28%。综上,磷素添加到土壤中时间的长短与土壤结构的变化有直接联系,加磷培养增加了土壤中0.25～2 mm粒级大团聚体的数量占比,从而增强了土壤入渗能力。该研究将施磷与土壤入渗能力相结合,揭示磷素添加对土壤水分入渗能力的影响及其机制,为农业生产中磷肥的合理施用提供理论依据。     

Implications of iron solubilization on soil phosphorus release in seasonally flooded forests of the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela

The microbial reduction of Fe oxides is thought to contribute with the release of P in sedimentary environments. However, secondary reactions of the bioproduced Fe(II) with P in solution, can lead to a decrease in the soluble P concentration. In this study, we examined how the reduction of Fe(III) affects the soluble P concentration, when the soils of a seasonally flooded forest gradient are subjected to anaerobic conditions. Soil samples were collected during the dry season from two zones subjected to different flooding intensity: MAX and MIN zones that were inundated 8 and 2 months per year, respectively. When anaerobic conditions were applied to soils from both zones, a clear stimulatory effect on the Fe(III) reduction was observed. However, bioproduced Fe(II) underwent secondary chemical reactions, masking the extend of Fe(III) reduction of these soils. Iron was reduced mainly during the first 15 days of the anaerobic incubation and it was stimulated by a pulse of labile carbon. Iron dissolution did not lead to an increase of the soluble P content. However, in both zones P was high and positively correlated with Fe(II), implying that soil P mobilization was linked to Fe dissolution. In the MIN zone, soluble P concentration decreased, probably as a consequence of the secondary reactions of solubilized P with other non-redox sensitive soils elements. Fe solubilization also had an effect on the activity of acid phosphatase and consequently in the solubilization of P from the organic pool. In conclusion, the P cycle in these soils is strongly coupled to C and Fe cycles.     

Plant canopy effects on litter accumulation and soil microbial biomass in two temperate forests

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in canopy structure and litter composition affect soil characteristics and microbial activity in oak versus mixed fir-beech stands. Mean litter biomass was greater in mixed fir-beech stands (51.9t ha⁻¹) compared to oak stands (15.7t ha⁻¹). Canopy leaf area was also significantly larger in mixed stands (1.96m² m⁻²) than in oak stands (1.73m² m⁻²). Soil organic carbon (C _org) and moisture were greater in mixed fir-beech stands, probably as a result of increased cover. Soil microbial biomass carbon (C _mic), nitrogen (N _mic), and total soil nitrogen (N _tot) increased slightly in the mixed stand, although this difference was not significant. Overall, mixed stands showed a higher mean C _org/N _tot ratio (22.73) compared to oak stands (16.39), indicating relatively low rate of carbon mineralization. In addition, the percentage of organic C present as C _mic in the surface soil decreased from 3.17% in the oak stand to 2.26% in the mixed stand, suggesting that fir-beech litter may be less suitable as a microbial substrate than oak litter.     

砂姜黑土钙质结核剖面分布特征及其对土壤持水性的影响

钙质结核是砂姜黑土重要的成土特征,直接影响土壤结构和水分运移,但目前关于钙质结核对土壤持水性作用机制的研究主要集中在实验室尺度,而且报道较少.基于此,该研究在田间尺度上研究了钙质结核剖面垂直分布特征及其对土壤持水性的影响.结果表明:钙质结核主要分布在20 cm以下的土层,其含量和粒径均随土层深度的增加呈现增大趋势,>8...     

宁夏森林植被及土壤碳密度分布特征

根据宁夏回族自治区森林资源清查资料以及野外调查和室内分析的结果,对宁夏地区不同森林群落碳密度分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)天然林各植被层碳密度均值的大小顺序为:乔木层(57.66 Mg/hm2)细根(8.39 Mg/hm2)凋落物层(8.34 Mg/hm2)草本层(0.23 Mg/hm2)灌木层(0.20 Mg/hm2),乔木层生物量碳密度占植被层总碳密度的77.06%;2)土壤碳密度均值在170.15~354.29 Mg/hm2间变化,以罗山油松+山杨林最高,贺兰山青海云杉林最低,就土层垂直分布来讲,50~100 cm土层碳积累最多,占整个剖面土壤碳密度的40%左右;3)各天然林生态系统碳密度均值变化范围为221.63~444.77 Mg/hm2,在罗山油松+山杨林最大,六盘山华山松+少脉椴林最小;4)宁夏天然林生态系统土壤碳密度是生物量碳密度的4.09倍,由于土壤碳库稳定性高于地上植被碳库,土壤碳密度较高的针阔混交林和阔叶林具有巨大的固碳潜力。