神经诱发电位对肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的诊断意义

目的:探讨神经诱发电位对肝硬化亚临床脑病的诊断价值。方法:用神经诱友电位仪检测29例失代偿期肝硬化患者视觉诱发电位(VEP)与脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的变化。结果:29例肝硬化患者中,VEP异常12例(41.4％),BAEP异常14例(48.3％),总异常率为65.5％。结论:诱发电位检查对于肝硬化亚临床肝性脑病是一种客观而又敏感的方法。     

探讨心理测验和脑诱发电位检测亚临床型肝脑的价值

为评价心理测验和脑诱发电位检查诊断亚临床型肝性脑病（ＳＨＥ）的价值。对３６例肝炎肝硬化患者进行心理测验和三种脑诱发电位（ＥＰ）检查,并追路过１年观察临床肝性脑病（ＨＥ）出现情况。结果心理测验异常１６例（４２％）,ＥＰ８总异常为１８例（５０％）。心理测验和／或诱发电位异常２８例（７７％）,两者均异常者为１１例（３１％）。追踪观察１年的３４例患者中,２６例心理测验和／或脑诱发电位异常者出现临床肝性脑病     

探讨心理测验和脑诱发电位检测亚临床型肝性脑病的价值

目的评价心理测验和脑诱发电位检查诊断亚临床型肝性脑病（ＳＨＥ）的价值。方法对３６例肝炎肝硬化患者进行心理测验和三种脑诱发电位（ＥＰ）检查,并追踪１年观察临床肝性脑病（ＨＥ）出现情况。结果心理测验异常１６例（４４％）,其中言语智商异常１２例（３３％）,操作智商异常１４例（３８％）,三种ＥＰ总异常为１８例（５０％）,其中听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）异常１２例（３３％）、视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）异常３例（８％）、体感觉诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）异常６例（１６％）,心理测验和／或诱发电位异常２８例（７７％）,两者均异常者为１１例（３１％）,追踪观察１年的３４例患者中,２６例心理测验和／或脑诱发电位异常者出现临床肝性脑病１９例（７３％）,无心理测验和／或脑诱发电位检查异常８例中,出现临床肝性脑病２例（２５％）（Ｐ＜００５）。结论同时进行心理测验和脑诱发电位检查可提高ＳＨＥ检出率,检测ＳＨＥ对预测肝性脑病的发生有临床价值。     

事件相关电位P300和简易智能精神状态检查在轻微型肝性脑病检测中的价值

目的:评价事件相关电位P_(300)和智能精神状态检查(MMSE)诊断轻微型肝性脑病(MHE)的价值.方法:30例肝炎后肝硬化患者进行事件相关电位P_(300)和脑诱发电位检查及MMSE检测,并观察1 a后临床肝性脑病(HE)的出现情况.结果:事件相关电位P_(300)异常21例(70.0%),体感诱发电位(SEP)异常11例(36.7%),MMSE得分<27(提示有认知功能障碍)13例(43.3%),事件相关电位P_(300)和/或MMSE异常22例(73.3%),两者均异常10例(33.3%),追踪观察1 a的23位患者中,17例事件相关电位P_(300)和/或MMSE异常患者出现临床肝性脑病12例,两者均无异常的6例患者中,出现临床肝性脑病1例,两者比较有显著性差异(70.6% vs 16.7%,P<0.05).结论:事件相关电位P_(300)和MMSE可作为判断肝硬化失代偿期是否发生轻微型肝性脑病的一种敏感又可靠的方法.     

检测脑干听觉诱发电位诊断亚临床肝性脑病的临床研究

亚临床肝性脑病(subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, SHE)无肝性脑病症状和体征,但有脑电活动和智力测定的异常。为探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEPs)对SHE诊断价值,我们检测40例肝硬化患者,同时进行数字连接试验(NCT)、脑电图(EEG)和血氨浓度测定,结果报道如下。     

肝性脑病的脑干听觉诱发电位58检测分析

为探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)对肝性脑病的诊断意义，2000年3月至2004年4月，我们对58例临床诊断肝性脑患者进行了BAEP检查。现将结果报告如下。     

脑干听觉诱发电位联合数字连接试验对亚临床型肝性脑病的诊断价值

目的探讨脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）联合数字连接试验（NCT）对亚临床型肝性脑病的诊断价值。方法检测88例肝硬化患者脑干听觉诱发电位的变化及数字连接试验所用时间。结果BAEP异常38例（43．18％），数字连接试验异常29例（32．95％），总异常率为67例（76．14％）。结论脑干听觉诱发电位联合数字连接试验对亚临床型肝性脑病的诊断具有一定的价值。     

乳果糖治疗亚临床肝性脑病的疗效观察

在临床上，部分慢性肝病患者虽无肝性脑病的症状和体征，但其神经系统电生理检查和心理(智力)测试结果存在异常，这种现象越来越引起人们的重视，从而提出了亚临床肝性脑病(subclinical hepatic encephalopathy，SHE)的概念。本研究通过测定肝硬化患者的静脉血氨浓度、数字连接试验和脑电诱发电位来观察SHE的临床表现，并评价乳果糖治疗SHE的疗效，以提高临床医师对SHE的诊治水平。     

神经诱发电位在亚临床型肝性脑病诊断及其疗效评价中的意义

本文检测了35例不同临床分级的肝硬变患者的视觉诱发电位(VEP)、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)和体表感觉诱发电位(SEP)的变化,结果发现.三种方法的异常检出率分别为42.9％、37.1％和45.1％,总异常率为74.3％。Child B级者异常率为46.2％,Child C级者为86.4％。12例诱发电位异常者经综合治疗1～3个月后,有10例(83％)诱发电位转为正常或明显改善。提示诱发电位检查对于诊断亚临床型肝性脑病是一客观而又较敏感的方法,且有助于病情判断及疗效评估。     

肝硬化失代偿期与事件相关电位P300及脑干听觉诱发电位相关性探讨

探讨事件相关电位P300及脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）检测对肝硬化失代偿期患者并亚临床肝性脑病（SHE）的诊断定量指标的价值。对31例肝硬化失代偿期患者进行检测,事件相关电位异常22列（71%）,主要表现为P300的潜优期（IP）延长;BAEP12例异常（39%）,主要表现为I-V波的峰间期（IPL）延长,两项检测均异常有10例（32%）。事件相关电位P300潜伏期的延长和BAEP的一项异常,可作为一项判断肝硬化失代偿期是否发生亚临床肝性脑开门见山的定量指标。     

Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy

OBJECTIVES: In patients with compensated liver cirrhosis the clinical repercussions of detecting subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) are unclear. We present a long-term follow-up study in cirrhotic patients to examine the relationship between SHE and subsequent episodes of overt hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS: A total of 63 cirrhotic patients were studied by Number Connection Test and auditory evoked potentials. We determined glutamine, ammonia, zinc, glutamate, urea, and ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids, and Child-Pugh classification. RESULTS: Of 63 patients, 34 (53%) exhibited SHE. Nineteen out of 63 (30%) developed overt hepatic encephalopathy during follow-up. Hepatic encephalopathy in follow-up was related to alcoholic etiology, ammonia, glutamine, zinc, ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids, liver function, presence of esophageal varices, and detection of SHE (84% of patients who exhibited hepatic encephalopathy in follow-up showed SHE). In Cox-regression, glutamine levels, SHE, esophageal varices, and Child-Pugh class were the independent variables related to hepatic encephalopathy in follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: SHE (defined on the basis of number connection test or auditory evoked potentials alteration) could predict a subsequent episode of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Lower glutamine levels, presence of esophageal varices, and liver dysfunction were also related to the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy.     

Electrophysiological and neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and prediction of overt encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) features in 30-84% of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Its clinical significance with regards to progression to overt encephalopathy has however, not been established. AIMS: The present study was conducted (i) to compare the diagnostic usefulness of neuropsychological tests with that of electrophysiological (EP) tests in detection of SHE, and (ii) to examine the natural course of SHE. METHODS: Seventy-five-nonencephalopathic cirrhotics (11 females, 64 males; mean (+/- SD) age 43.6 (+/- 11.7) years; mean (+/- SD) education 11(+/- 3) years) were studied using a battery of tests for intelligence and memory, the number connection test (NCT), and EP tests viz. electroencephalogram (EEG) and auditory P300 event related potentials (P3ERP). All the patients were followed up for a period of 6 months to 2 years for development of overt encephalopathy. RESULTS: Thirty-five out of 75(47%) patients were diagnosed to have SHE based on at least one abnormal test result. The P3ERP latencies detected SHE in maximum number of patients (23%) followed by EEG (21%). Nearly 59% of patients with SHE progressed to overt encephalopathy within a mean duration of 4 months. Multivariate analysis showed that prior episode of encephalopathy (RR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.0-19.7), abnormality on EEG (RR = 7.5; 95% CI = 2.2-25.3), abnormal performance on psychometric battery of tests (RR = 35.2; 95% CI = 4.3-287.3), occurrence of gastrointestinal bleed (RR = 19.3; 95% CI = 4.1-88.9), occurrence of dehydration (RR = 10.7; 95% CI = 2.5-45.4) and infection (RR = 11.4; 95% CI = 2.0-64.4) had significantly higher risk for development of overt encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS: EP methods were more sensitive in detection of SHE. Amongst all the tests used, presence of only an abnormal EEG was significantly associated with development of overt encephalopathy along with the precipitating factors.     

晚期血吸虫病并发亚临床肝性脑病的初步研究

目的 了解晚期血吸虫病（晚血）患者亚临床肝性脑病（ＳＨＥ）发生率。方法 对３２例无临床肝性脑病并发症的晚血患者进行智力测验及诱发电位检测,并与正常人群比较,智力测验和（或）诱发电位异常者诊为ＳＨＥ。结果 ＳＨＥ发生率为２８．１％。结论 晚血并发ＳＨＥ较为普遍,加强诊治具有重要意义。     

Prevalence and natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) is unknown. The present study was conducted to study the prevalence and the natural history of SHE in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-five patients with cirrhosis of the liver were studied. A total of nine psychometric tests (trail making and Wechsler adult intelligence scale-performance (WAIS-P) tests) were administered. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was present if two or more psychometric tests were abnormal. Seventy-two patients (SHE 40, without SHE 32) also underwent serial psychometric testing on follow-up visits at 6-8 week intervals. RESULTS: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was present in 103 (62.4%) patients. The number and figure connection, block design and picture completion tests were the most useful in the detection of SHE. Severity of SHE, as assessed by the number of abnormal tests, was greater in patients with more severe liver disease. During follow up, SHE tended to persist or worsen in patients with poorer liver function. Although other clinical complications were similar in different groups, overt hepatic encephalopathy developed more commonly in those patients who had SHE at entry compared to those who did not (22.6 vs 5.6%, P = 0.044). Among the patients with SHE, the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy was more common in patients with Child's score of > 6 than with Child's score of 相似文献   

Somatosensory evoked potentials and number connection test in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy

To compare the diagnostic ability of somatosensory evoked potentials and the number connection test in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, 44 decompensated cirrhotic patients with no overt encephalopathy were admitted to the study and followed up for 6 months. Twenty-two patients developed overt encephalopathy during follow-up, and were retrospectively considered as patients with subclinical encephalopathy at entry. Of the 15 patients with abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials, 14 (93%) experienced at least one episode of hepatic encephalopathy in the following 6 months, while 16 (70%) of the 23 patients with abnormal number connection test did so. The data suggested that somatosensory evoked potential measurement was less sensitive, but more specific than number connection test in the detection of subclinical encephalopathy, although the differences were not statistically significant. Besides, the number connection test is much simpler, convenient and cheap, and it specificity could be improved if the learning effect and age, education and visual factors were carefully considered. We therefore recommend using the number connection test routinely in patients with decompensated liver diseases for the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, and reserving somatosensory evoked potential measurement as a complementary examination, when appropriate, or for assessment of overt hepatic encephalopathy.     

肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的诱发电位检测

目的 了解不同严重程度肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的发生率及其临床意义。方法 对３０例无临床肝性脑病的肝炎后肝硬化患者同时进行脑干听觉、视觉和短潜伏期体感诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ、ＶＥＰ、ＳＳＥＰ）检测。结果 三种脑诱发电位检测以ＢＡＥＰ异常率（４６．７％）高于ＶＥＰ和ＳＳＥＰ（均为３６．７％）;随着肝病程度加重,ＢＡＥＰ和ＳＳＥＰ异常率逐渐增高,分别为Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ Ａ级４１．７％和８．３％,Ｂ级４     

Auditory P300 event-related potentials and number connection test for evaluation of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a follow-up study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The P300 event-related potentials (P3ERP) have been recently advocated for detection of cognitive disturbances in early encephalopathy. However, no systematic follow-up study has been conducted to understand the clinical significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) detected by this or other methods. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the diagnostic usefulness of auditory P3ERP in the detection of SHE, to compare it with that of the number connection test (NCT), and to investigate the clinical outcome of patients with SHE in terms of progression to overt encephalopathy. METHODS: P300 event-related potential latencies were measured and the NCT time was recorded in 81 non-encephalopathic cirrhotic patients (Aged 43.8 +/- 11 years, 23 alcoholic and 58 non-alcoholics) attending the outpatient department at our tertiary care hospital (All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital). Cut-off values for abnormality in the tests were developed from age-, sex- and education-matched controls. Patients were followed up at regular intervals for the development of overt encephalopathy, and the identifiable precipitating factors were noted. The P3ERP latencies (363 +/- 34 msec vs 349 +/- 23 msec), as well as NCT time (54.6 +/- 30.6 s vs 39.5 +/- 15.8 s) were significantly prolonged (P< 0.01) in patients with liver cirrhosis when compared with the non-cirrhotic controls. RESULTS: The P3ERP defects were seen in 24.6% of cirrhotic patients, while NCT time was prolonged in 19.7% of the patients. Nearly 43% of the patients with SHE progressed to overt encephalopathy within a mean duration of 5 months, while only 3.9% of the non-SHE patients did so. Of the patients who developed overt encephalopathy, 64.2% had P3ERP latency prolongations while 35.7% had abnormal NCT. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that P3ERP and NCT are valid tools for the screening of SHE in cirrhotic patients as there is a greater likelihood of overt encephalopathy development in patients with an abnormality detected by these tests than in patients with no such abnormality.     

Comparative Evaluation of Visual, Somatosensory, and Auditory Evoked Potentials in the Detection of Subclinical Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Nanalcoholic Cirrhosis.

To objectively determine the incidence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) and the relative sensitivity of different evoked potentials for its detection, 22 nonalcoholic cirrhotics without clinically detectable neurological abnormality and an equal number of matched healthy controls were studied. Of the three evoked potentials, visual evoked potential (VEP) studied by the pattern shift reversal method was not found to be abnormal in any patient. Short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) was abnormal in one (4.5%) and brain stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in nine (41%) patients. There was little advantage of performing both BAEP and SSEP in a patient, since the two together were abnormal in 10 (45.5%) patients, with SSEP adding only one more patient. Interpeak latencies I-III, III-V, and I-V in BAEP test were found to be the most sensitive parameters for the detection of SHE. Our results argue in favor of BAEP as the single investigation of choice for the objective assessment of SHE in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.     

Prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis determined by psychometric tests

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) in patients with stable hepatic cirrhosis. METHODS: One hundred and seventy‐five consecutive cirrhotic patients (mean age 53 years, range 27?72 years) without overt clinical encephalopathy were screened for SHE using the number connection test (NCT) part A and symbol digit test (SDT). Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was defined as the presence of at least one abnormal psychometric test. The age‐corrected normal value was defined as the mean ± 2SD obtained from 356 subjects without liver disease and in normal mental condition. Illiterate patients and patients with concurrent use of alcohol or psychotropic drugs, and those with previous portosystemic shunt and were excluded. RESULTS: In different age subgroups, the NCT scores and SDT quotients for cirrhotic patients were significantly different compared with those for controls (P < 0.05?0.001). Fifty patients (28.6%) were found to be abnormal in both the NCT and SDT, 16 (9.1%) patients were abnormal only in the SDT and 34 patients (19.4%) only in the NCT. Taken together, SHE was diagnosed in 100 patients (57.1%) by using the two tests. The prevalence of SHE increased from 46.8% and 53.0% in Child?Pugh grades A and B, to 76.6% in Child?Pugh grade C (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the development of SHE and the etiology of cirrhosis, patient age and smoking habit. CONCLUSION: By using a combination of NCT and SDT, SHE was diagnosed in 57.1% of cirrhotic patients without overt clinical encephalopathy. The prevalence of SHE was significantly correlated with the severity of liver cirrhosis.