支架植入与药物治疗无症状性颈动脉重度狭窄的疗效评估

目的探讨支架植入与药物治疗无症状重度颈动脉狭窄的疗效。方法选取我院神经内科无症状性颈动脉重度狭窄患者60例,分为支架组28例和药物组32例,治疗后3个月、6个月比较2组患者狭窄血管相关性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发生率、美国国立卫生院卒中量表神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)。结果 (1)支架组3例术后出现颈动脉窦反射,2例出现高灌注综合征,2例出现脑血管痉挛;(2)药物组1例患者服药期间出现上消化道出血;(3)支架组在治疗后3个月、6个月无狭窄血管相关性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发生,药物组患者在治疗后3个月、治疗后6个月分别有6例、4例发生狭窄血管相关性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA);(4)支架组发病后6个月后NIHSS评分均明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于无症状性重度颈动脉狭窄,支架植入较药物治疗的并发症多,但在预防脑卒中方面更有优势。     

症状性椎基底动脉狭窄血管内支架成形术疗效观察

目的 探讨血管内支架治疗椎基底动脉狭窄的安全性、有效性及与药物治疗相比的优越性.方法 对我院2005-05-2010-05收治的27例椎基底动脉狭窄的患者行血管内支架植入术治疗(支架组),对同期32例椎基底动脉狭窄的患者采取单纯药物治疗(药物组),比较2组发病后3个月、6个月、12个月及1 a后卒中及TIA发生率、美国国立卫生院卒中量表神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS).结果 支架组:1例因径路差而手术终止;1例术中发生蛛网膜下腔出血,最终死于脑干梗死;5例术中出现一过性头晕、恶心、呕吐,支架释放后症状迅速改善;1例出现穿刺点血肿,局部压迫处理后血肿未再扩大.随访中,1例椎动脉开口部位支架于术后6个月再次TIA发作,复查造影证实为支架内再狭窄,单纯球囊扩张治疗症状缓解;1例椎动脉V4段支架于术后2 a再次出现眩晕、共济失调,造影证实为支架内再狭窄,球囊扩张后症状消失.1例手术失败者于术后18个月再次脑干梗死.药物组:发病后3个月、6个月、12个月、1 a后分别有5例、7例、6例及13例卒中复发,3例1 a后随访,死于脑干梗死.2组卒中、TIA复发率及神经功能评分比较,支架组均低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 血管内支架成形术治疗症状性椎基底动脉狭窄安全、有效,与内科药物治疗相比,能更好地预防卒中复发,值得临床推广应用.     

症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有同侧中动脉狭窄的介入治疗效果研究

目的   比较单纯颈动脉支架置入术治疗和联合颈动脉、大脑中动脉支架置入术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）患者短期终点事件发生率。 方法  回顾2010年1月～2013年12月采用血管内支架治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄伴有同侧大脑中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或TIA患者的临床资料。根据治疗情况将患者分为单纯颈动脉支架置入术治疗组和联合颈动脉、大脑中动脉支架置入术治疗组。比较两组术后90?d终点事件（包括同侧缺血性卒中复发、症状性脑出血及死亡风险）的发生率。 结果  共有21例患者纳入本研究,男性15例,女性6例,平均年龄（58.5±3.6）岁,其中16例患者进行了颈动脉支架治疗,5例患者进行了颈动脉联合中动脉支架治疗。颈动脉支架治疗组90?d终点事件发生3例（18.75%）,颈动脉联合中动脉支架治疗组发生1例终点事件（20%）,两组间差异无显著性（P=0.952）。两组发生的终点事件均为缺血性卒中复发,无症状性脑出血及死亡患者。 结论  对于伴有颈动脉及大脑中动脉狭窄的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,与单纯颈动脉支架治疗相比同时进行颈动脉及大脑中动脉支架治疗手术未减少术后90?d同侧缺血性卒中复发风险。     

多发颈动脉重度狭窄/闭塞患者的临床干预研究

目的评价血管内支架置入术和内科药物治疗双侧重度颈动脉狭窄/闭塞患者的疗效。方法一侧颈动脉闭塞,对侧颈动脉重度狭窄患者21例,随机分成两组：A组8例,接受颈动脉血管内支架置入治疗；B组13例,接受内科药物治疗。临床和超声波随访1年半。结果A组患者术前颈动脉狭窄程度为70％～98％,颈内动脉支架放置成功,术后狭窄程度小于10％,除1例偶发一次TIA外,其他患者未再出现TIA和卒中发作,颈动脉超声随访1年半,未见明显的管腔再狭窄（狭窄≥30％）。B组患者9例（9/13）再次卒中（5例发生脑梗死,其中2例死亡,4例反复TIA）,另4例（4/13）病情无变化,超声波检查发现7例（7/11）患者颈动脉内中膜增厚、动脉粥样斑块增多增大,管腔进一步狭窄。结论血管内支架置入术是治疗双侧颈动脉重度狭窄/闭塞安全有效的治疗手段,其短-中期疗效优于内科药物治疗。     

颈动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的 研究颈动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗方法。方法 选择短暂性脑缺血性发作(TIA)患者行全脑血管造影,了解血管病变部位和狭窄程度。颈动脉狭窄<50％者行颈动脉注射尿激酶治疗;颈动脉狭窄>50％者行颈动脉内膜剥脱手术或血管内支架置入治疗。结果 4年来58例TIA患者中,发现颈动脉狭窄16例,其中狭窄<50％者8例经尿激酶颈动脉注射治疗后,TIA终止;狭窄>70%者8例,其中1例动脉粥样硬化斑块性狭窄行颈动脉内膜剥脱术,5例动脉粥样硬化斑块性狭窄、1例多发性大动脉炎及1例颈动脉夹层动脉瘤均行自膨式支架置入治疗。7例患者8处病变共置入自膨式支架12枚,治疗效果良好,随访3～20个月无再狭窄发生。结论 颈动脉狭窄是TIA发作的重要原因,而颈动脉内膜剥脱术和支架置入是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效手段。     

双侧颈动脉重度狭窄/闭塞患者的临床干预研究

目的评价血管内支架置入术和内科药物治疗双侧重度颈动脉狭窄/闭塞病人的疗效.方法一侧颈动脉闭塞,对侧颈动脉重度狭窄病人21例,随机分成两组：A组8例,接受颈动脉血管内支架置入治疗;B组13例,接受内科药物治疗.临床和超声波随访1年半.结果A组患者术前颈动脉狭窄程度为70%～98%,颈内动脉支架放置成功,术后狭窄程度小于10%,除1例偶发一次一过性脑出血（TI）外,其他病人未再出现TIA和中风发作,颈动脉超声随访1年半,未见明显的管腔再狭窄（狭窄＜30%）.B组病人9例再次卒中（5例发生脑梗塞,其中2例死亡,4例反复TIA）,另4例病情无变化.超声波检查发现7例病人颈动脉内中膜增厚、动脉粥样斑块增多增大,管腔进一步狭窄.结论血管内支架置入术是治疗双侧颈动脉重度狭窄/闭塞安全有效的治疗手段,其短-中期疗效优于内科药物治疗.     

颈动脉内膜切除与支架置入治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效比较

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性.方法 195例症状性颈动脉狭窄(≥60％)患者,随机分为颈动脉内膜切除术组(CEA组,97例),颈动脉支架组(CAS组,98例).CEA组在全麻下行颈动脉内膜切除术,CAS组采用自膨式镍钛合金支架治疗.分别评价两组术中、术后7d、30 d和90 d内终点事件发生率(卒中/死亡)及治疗相关的并发症,术中、术后7d、术后30 d及90d行颈动脉超声,头颅CT/MRI、NIHSS评分.结果 CAS组术后7d内死亡1例,卒中2例,发生率3.1％.CEA组术后7d死亡1例,2例卒中,发生率为3.1％,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术中及术后7 d CEA组术后并发脑神经损伤较CAS组高(P＜0.05),卒中/死亡、急性颈动脉闭塞、高灌注综合征、局部血肿形成,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CAS组与CEA组神经功能缺失表现均明显改善,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后7d、30 d、90 d两组头颅CT/MRI差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CAS及CEA在治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄,预防卒中复发方面具有相似的近期效果,但其远期效果有待于进一步研究.     

颈动脉狭窄支架成形术的长期疗效

目的总结颅外颈动脉狭窄支架成形治疗的长期疗效,以分析其安全性及有效性。方法收集采用自膨胀支架进行血管成形治疗并进行1年以上长期随访的颈动脉狭窄患者168例的临床和影像学资料,分析再卒中率和再狭窄率。结果168例患者共行颈动脉支架成形术179次(其中11例为双侧颈动脉狭窄),支架置入均获得成功,血管狭窄程度从治疗前的平均(76.4±12.5)%降低到(11.2±7.8)%。术后临床随访(12-56个月,平均24.5个月),其中5例发生治疗侧的TIA或小卒中(2.6%),1例为非治疗侧的小卒中,1例非卒中死亡(0.6%)。12个月以上的DSA随访中无症状性再狭窄2例(1.2%),63例有明显内膜增生(<50%)。结论血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄是安全、可行的,长期随访结果显示能显著降低卒中发生率及残死率。     

滤器保护下血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨滤器保护下血管内支架植入术治疗颈动脉狭窄的安全性与可行性.方法 回顾性分析35例颈动脉狭窄病人的临床资料,均在路图指引下,于狭窄远端植入保护滤器,再沿同轴导丝植入扩张球囊及自膨式支架.其中行单纯支架植入术5例,余均行球囊扩张加支架植入术.结果 所有病人均成功地植入支架,约62.9％的滤器内发现斑块.术中发生急性脑栓塞2例,其中治愈1例,死亡 1例;术后1d发生脑梗死1例,经溶栓治疗后偏瘫症状好转.所有病人随访3～22个月,平均15个月;随访期间无短暂性脑缺血发作、脑梗死.DSA或颈动脉超声复查均未发现颈动脉狭窄.结论 滤器保护下血管内支架植入术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效方法,值得临床进一步推广.     

颈动脉血管成形和支架植入术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄

目的 探讨颈动脉血管成形和支架植入术(CAS)治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的安全性及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析199例颅外颈动脉狭窄病人的临床资料.病人均应用血管内支架成形术.其中应用脑保护装置108例,应用自膨胀支架197例.结果 血管狭窄程度由支架植入前的(74.5±13.9)％降至支架植入后的(10.3±7.8)％(P＜0.01),围手术期无大卒中及死亡发生,出现小卒中3例(1.5％).179例病人随访6～48个月,平均18.7个月,发生短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和脑卒中各2例,死亡2例.结论 CAS是颅外颈动脉狭窄的一种安全、有效的治疗手段.     

High rate of restenosis after carotid artery stenting in patients with high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold-standard procedure for the majority of patients with high-grade symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and also for specified high-grade asymptomatic stenoses; however, a proportion of patients are treated with carotid endovascular therapy. We aimed to document medium-term clinical and neurosonographical outcome after carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: 53 patients (mean age: 65 +/- 8 years) with high-grade (> or = 70 % by means of duplex sonography) carotid artery stenosis were enrolled into the study. Nineteen patients had asymptomatic, 34 patients had symptomatic stenoses. All patients had a pre-interventional CT, Doppler and duplex sonography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) prior to the procedural DSA. All patients were offered CEA as the gold-standard procedure and as an alternative to CAS. Both clinical and Duplex sonographical follow-up was obtained at day 1 and 7, month 1, month 3, month 6, month 12, and every subsequent 6 months after the procedure. Mean follow-up time was 22 +/- 1.6 months (+/- SEM). RESULTS: 2/53 patients suffered from stroke. A further 2 patients suffered from carotid artery occlusion shortly after CAS. The cumulative rate of restenosis during follow-up was 24.5 % (13/53). Four of these (7.5 %) were of high-grade and led to further interventional or surgical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of restenosis was found during follow-up after CAS. Our analysis of non-selected patients emphasizes that CEA remains the gold-standard procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. The frequently performed endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis outside the setting of a randomized controlled trial is not supported by our data.     

颈动脉狭窄经皮血管腔内成形术和支架植入治疗的临床及随访研究

目的：对颅外颈动脉狭窄（ECCAS）病人的临床特征和应用经皮血管成形术（PTA）加支架植入术（CAS）治疗的效果进行随访研究。方法：选择29例严重颈动脉狭窄病人（狭窄程度≥70％），记录每例临床特征，脑血管和冠状动脉造影结果，并做PTA＋CAS，术前和术后24h均进行NIHSS评分，术后6个月复查血管造影，所有病例临床随访年。同时选取121例冠状动脉造影证实为冠心病（CAD），而脑血管造影正常的患者作为对照组。结果：ECCAS患者的年龄，吸烟，冠状动脉损害程度与冠心病组比较差异无显著意义。有高血压病史，糖尿病史，周围血管病（PVD）史的患者明显多于冠心病组。PTA＋CAS手术成功率为96．6％，病死率为0，住院期卒中发生率为3．5％，术后2例出现癫痫；术后6个月随访血管造影血管造影再狭窄率为3．5％，术后1年临床随访无短暂性缺血发作（TIA）和脑梗死发病患者，结论：ECCAS与脑血管病，PVD和CAD有明显联系，PTA＋CAS是治疗ECCAS和预防座中较安全，有效的方法。     

颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗颈内动脉狭窄(附16例报告)

目的探讨颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术的手术适应证、操作要点和麻醉方法。方法回顾性分析2004年11月至2009年12月经颈动脉内膜斑块剥脱术治疗的16例颈内动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。16例患者均有临床症状,其中颈内动脉中度狭窄者2例,重度狭窄者14例。均采用经气管内插管全身麻醉,术中应用诱导性高血压,应用显微外科技术剥除颈动脉内膜斑块,所有病例均未应用术中转流术。结果术后均行多普勒超声检查,结果示颈动脉血流量较术前明显增加。12例反复发作一过性脑缺血的患者术后随访6个月均未再发作。1例糖尿病合并高血压有脑卒中史者死亡,其余患者随访6个月至2年脑缺血症状明显改善。结论颈内动脉内膜斑块剥脱术是颈动脉狭窄安全有效的治疗方法。     

Carotid artery stenting: results and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of carotid artery stenting (CAS) as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy in the treatment of for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis is investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients underwent CAS over 10-year period. Forty-nine vessels were treated. Stenosis quantification was done using North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial method. The mean follow-up period by clinical and Duplex examination ranged is 5.6 years. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 100%. There were four deaths (8.1%) and two (4.1%) minor strokes within thirty days of procedure. There was no major strokes. All patients with minor stroke achieved complete recovery at 1-month follow up. Two deaths occurred probably due to hyperperfusion syndrome (HS) and two due to cardiac arrest. CONCLUSION: CAS is an effective treatment modality of symptomatic carotid artery disease but should be carefully done in high-risk groups having severe medical ailments and those having severe bilateral stenosis of the carotid arteries.     

Single-staged sequential endovascular stenting in patients with in tandem carotid stenoses

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Simultaneous stenoses at the origin of the internal carotid artery and the carotid siphon, also known as 'in tandem stenoses', are not uncommon. However, the clinical importance of this condition is still a subject of controversy. Surgical and endovascular approaches have been proposed to manage symptomatic patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. METHODS: We present a series of eight patients with symptomatic in tandem carotid artery stenoses treated by sequential endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty. In all the cases, the intracranial stenosis was equal to, or greater, than the extracranial stenosis. RESULTS: Procedural success, defined as residual stenosis of less than 30% in extracranial and intracranial lesions, was obtained in all the cases. No patient sustained myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) during the procedure or hospital stay. During a mean clinical follow-up of 12 +/- 3.4 months (range: 7-20 months), there were no neurological events and on angiographic follow-up after 6 months, no patient presented in-stent de novo stenosis. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty appears to be a valid alternative for selected patients with symptomatic in tandem carotid stenoses that are refractory to medical treatment. In most of the cases, the characteristics of intracranial stenoses determine the feasibility of the procedure.     

颈动脉支架置入术对脑梗死患者脑血流动力学变化的随访观察及与临床预后的相关性分析

目的 随访观察颈动脉狭窄脑梗死患者支架置入术后的颅内血流动力学及脑血管反应性(cerebral vascular reactivity,CVR)的变化,比较介入治疗对颈动脉狭窄患者临床预后的影响。方法 选取本院收治的103例颈动脉狭窄的脑梗死患者,根据患者及家属的治疗意愿分为手术组50例和药物组53例; 手术组均接受颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)及药物的治疗,药物组仅接受药物治疗,记录2组的NIHSS评分变化、脑卒中和死亡事件; 所有手术患者均在术前、术后3 d、1、3、6、12个月进行CDFI和TCD检查,测量颈动脉狭窄局部管径、狭窄段收缩期峰值流速(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)及同侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的PSV、搏动指数(pulsatilityt index,PI)及CVR,比较手术前后的血流动力学变化。结果 2组NIHSS评分变化均呈下降趋势(P<0.05),术后3、6、12个月手术组NIHSS评分明显低于药物组(P<0.05); 术后颈动脉原狭窄处内径明显增宽,PSV及RI低于术前,患侧大脑中动脉PSV、PI及CVR 高于术前(P均<0.05); 手术组手术前后的CVR与美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分呈负相关(r=-0.84,-0.75,-0.66,-0.78,-0.61,P<0.05)。结论 CAS治疗后颈动脉狭窄患者颈部血管结构及血流动力学明显改善,可有效改善脑梗死患者的中远期预后,且术后CVR的改变可用于预测CAS治疗后的中远期疗效。     

多发颅外脑供血动脉狭窄血管内治疗策略的探讨

目的探讨多发颅外脑供血动脉狭窄血管内治疗的策略。方法根据影像结果及临床症状对脑供血情况进行综合评估,确定治疗策略:麻醉选择、治疗先后次序、分期治疗还是一次性治疗等;58例多发的颅外脑供血动脉狭窄患者(共85条血管)接受了血管内支架成形术,术后控制血压、抗凝和抗血小板治疗。结果血管内支架成形术后即刻血管造影显示58例患者85处血管狭窄部位恢复了血管直径;43例颈动脉支架植入术患者中31例应用了血栓保护伞;球囊前扩或后扩时出现脉搏、血压下降19例,给予对症处理缓解;发生栓塞事件3例;无高灌注综合征。随访12～36个月,无短暂性脑缺血发作。结论对多发颅外脑供血动脉狭窄的血管内治疗,术前综合评估非常重要,是手术安全性、有效性的保证。     

Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vertebrobasilar territory ischemia (VBI) leads to disabling neurological symptoms and poses a risk for stroke by an embolic or flow-related mechanism. We present our clinical experience in the endovascular treatment of patients with symptomatic VBI from severe atherosclerosis or dissection of the vertebral and subclavian arteries that was unresponsive to medical therapy. METHODS: Twenty-one patients (9 female, 12 male) with a mean age of 65.7 years (range 47 to 81 years) underwent treatment with percutaneous endovascular balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Sixteen patients (76.2%) had evidence of contralateral involvement, and 9 (42.8%) demonstrated severe anterior-circulation atherosclerosis. Nine patients had a previous infarct in the occipital lobe, cerebellum, or pons before treatment. Follow-up was available for all patients. RESULTS: Balloon angioplasty with intravascular stent placement was performed in 13 vertebral artery lesions (10 at the origin, 3 in the cervical segment) and in 8 subclavian lesions. The prestenting stenosis was 75% (50% to 100%) and was reduced to 4.5% (0% to 20%) after stenting. Six of the patients with proximal subclavian stenosis demonstrated angiographic evidence of subclavian steal, which resolved in all cases after treatment. All patients showed improvement in symptoms after the procedure except for 1 who developed a hemispheric stroke after thrombotic occlusion of an untreated cavernous carotid artery stenosis (rate of major stroke and mortality=4.8%). One patient (4.8%) had a periprocedural transient ischemic attack (TIA), and none had minor stroke. At long-term follow-up (mean=20.7+/-3.6 months) of the surviving 20 patients, 12 (57.1%) remained symptom-free, 4 (19%) had at most 1 TIA over a 3-month period, 2 (9.5%) had at most 1 TIA per month, and 2 (9.5%) had persistent symptoms. There were no clinically evident infarcts during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment using balloon angioplasty with intravascular stent placement for symptomatic stenotic lesions resulting in VBI that is unresponsive to medical therapy appears to be of benefit in this high-risk subset of patients with poor collateral flow.