左乙拉西坦添加治疗成人癫痫部分性发作的效果观察

癫痫部分性发作是一种常见的癫痫发作类型,对人体的危害较大[1]。近年来,左乙拉西坦作为一种抗癫痫新药,主要用于癫痫患者部分性发作的加用治疗,在治疗成人癫痫部分性发作的过程中获得较好的效果。本研究选择104例成人癫痫部分性发作患者,探讨左乙拉西坦添加治疗成人癫痫部分性发作的临床效果,现报告如下。1资料和方法1.1一般资料从我院2011-05—2013-05收治的成人癫痫     

左乙拉西坦治疗成人癫痫的疗效及安全性分析

目的分析左乙拉西坦在成人癫痫患者中的疗效、耐受性及安全性。方法选取我院2013-02—2014-06收治的98例癫痫患者为研究对象,随机分为试验组(LEV治疗)和对照组(常规用药)各49例,疗程40d,观察疗效及不良反应。结果观察组有效率81.6%,对照组为61.2%,2组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组指标异常、厌食、嗜睡等不良反应差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。个别患者出现皮疹、白细胞下降症状并不是应用左乙拉西坦造成的。结论左乙拉西坦(LEV)作为一种新型药物,安全性较高,在癫痫治疗的初、中期患者耐受性好,单独使用其治疗效果也十分显著。     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗对难治性部分性癫痫患者生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价新型抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦（Lev）作为添加治疗对难治性部分性癫痫患者生活质量的影响。方法：43例确诊有癫痫部分性发作的成年患者随机分为两组：Lev治疗组与安慰剂组,Lev治疗16周后比较两组的有效率和不良反应,并用QOLIE-31量表对两组癫痫患者进行生活质量评定,所有患者在转入Lev开放性治疗6个月后再次进行QOLIE评估。结果：16周治疗期末Lev组癫痫部分性发作的治疗有效率明显高于安慰剂组,两组不良反应的发生率相当;Lev组生活质量明显高于安慰剂组,两组患者转入开放性治疗6个月后,生活质量均显著改善。结论：Lev作为添加用药治疗成人难治性部分性癫痫发作,显著减少发作频率、安全耐受性较好,能够提高癫痫患者的生活质量。     

卒中后癫痫发作的临床研究进展

卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫是常见的卒中并发症,给患者及其家属的身心健康带来巨大影响,但目前仍缺乏明确的预防和诊治指南。不同类型的卒中可引起不同类型的癫痫发作和癫痫,且其相应的危险因素亦不相同。脑出血是目前公认度较高的卒中后癫痫发作或卒中后癫痫的首要危险因素。鉴于相关的评估手段和干预策略尚处于研究阶段,因此针对主要危险因素的干预成为当前较为可行的应对选择。卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫的诊断和治疗同样面临着不少困难。目前,头颅磁共振成像(magnetm resonance imaging,MRI)动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)序列和新一代抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦已成为关注的焦点。本文对近年来有关卒中后癫痫发作和卒中后癫痫的危险因素及临床诊治的研究进展进行总结和讨论。     

左乙拉西坦治疗部分性癫痫发作121例的临床疗效及对脑电图的影响

目的探讨左乙拉西坦(LEV)治疗部分性癫痫患者的临床疗效及其对脑电图(EEG)的影响。方法选择LEV单药治疗的121例部分性癫痫患者,进行开放性自身对照随访研究,观察LEV治疗20w后的总有效率及对EEG波形的影响。以治疗前8w基线期平均每个月癫痫发作频率为标准,与给予LEV治疗后随访每个月癫痫发作频率比较,作为疗效评价标准,治疗前后疗效和脑电背景活动参数(α波、β波、θ波、δ波)比较采用χ~2检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 LEV治疗癫痫患者20w后无发作41例(33.9%),显效39例(32.2%),有效21例(17.4%),无效15例(12.4%),总有效率83.5%;不良反应发生率为18.3%,均为轻度皮疹,嗜睡,头晕,食欲下降等不良反应;治疗20w时间歇期痫样放电(IEA)消失或减少50%以上者84例(69.4%)。治疗前患者α波的均值为30±9Hz,治疗后,α波的平均值为29±8Hz,治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。脑电背景30s内θ波数治疗前为23±7个,治疗后为33±8个,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);β波治疗前均值为12.8±6.8Hz,治疗后均值为13.2±6.6Hz,治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05);δ波治疗前为17±6个,治疗后为16±8个,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LEV治疗部分性癫痫患者有较好的疗效,副反应小,且使痫样放电减少或消失,对脑电背景活动影响较小,对EEG的改善效果明显。     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的效果及对认知功能的影响

目的分析左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的临床效果以及对认知功能的影响。方法选取2009-09—2014-09在我院接受治疗的青年难治性部分性癫痫患者120例,随机分为观察组与对照组各60例。2组均给予常规的抗癫痫药物治疗,在此基础上,观察组加用左乙拉西坦(Lev)治疗。观察2组临床效果及认知功能(MoCA评分)。结果观察组控制14例,有效33例,无效13例,有效率78.33%。对照组控制7例,有效29例,无效24例,有效率60.00%。观察组治疗有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组基线期MoCA评分无显著差异(P0.05)。治疗后观察组MoCA评分(28.48±0.79)分,对照组为(29.59±0.65)分。与基线期相比,2组MoCA评分均有显著提高,但观察组提高更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论左乙拉西坦添加治疗青年难治性部分性癫痫患者的临床效果显著,且对认知功能改善明显。     

左乙拉西坦对癫痫患儿的症状改善效果及免疫调节作用研究

目的探究左乙拉西坦对癫痫患儿的临床症状改善情况以及对其免疫功能的调节作用。方法我院2012-03-2014-06收治的癫痫患儿中选取73例为研究对象。随机分为治疗组36例,采用左乙拉西坦治疗;余37例为对照组,采用托吡酯治疗。治疗前后对2组的淋巴细胞亚群水平、血清免疫球蛋白水平进行检测,并观察分析2组临床疗效及在治疗过程中出现不良反应情况。结果治疗组总有效率为94.44%,对照组为89.19%,2组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前后对治疗组的淋巴细胞亚群水平(CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+)及血清免疫球蛋白水平(IgA,IgM,IgG)进行对比后发现,各项数据在治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组不良反应发生率为13.89%,对照组为16.22%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论左乙拉西坦能够有效控制癫痫患儿的临床症状,用药安全可靠,具有较好的临床疗效。同时能够对患儿的免疫功能起到调节作用,从一定程度上改善了患儿的免疫功能,提高了患儿的生存质量,值得在临床上推广使用。     

左乙拉西坦在癫痫治疗中的作用

详细总结新型抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦的药物代谢动力学特点、药物相互作用、抗癫痫作用机制、对成人及儿童各种不同发作类型癫痫的添加治疗及单药治疗研究进展、安全性评价及常见不良反应、特异质性不良事件、认知功能及生活质量影响。结论该药具有理想的药动学特性、较高的安全性及抗癫痫效能,对认知功能无明显损害,适应证扩大后已经可用于16岁以上人群部分性发作癫痫的单药治疗、全面性发作癫痫中某些特定发作类型的添加治疗。     

左乙拉西坦治疗癫痫的疗效及安全性的随访分析

目的观察左乙拉西坦(LEV商品名Keppra)单药或添加治疗儿童及成人各类型癫痫的临床疗效及安全性。方法采用开放性自身对照的研究方法,以四川大学华西医院神经内科自2008年2月～2009年6月收治的80例门诊和住院癫痫患者为研究对象,对其进行6个月的LEV治疗并随访,观察LEV对癫痫患者的疗效及不良反应。结果80例随访观察对象接受LEV治疗≥6个月后,达到完全控制的为15例,占18.8%;LEV治疗有效的35例,占43.7%;而有30例患者对LEV治疗无效,占37.5%,即总应答率为62.5%。总体上LEV添加或单药治疗各种类型癫痫临床效果肯定,患者年龄、病程、是否有头部影像学异常对其疗效影响不大,单药治疗或添加治疗癫痫的临床疗效亦无统计学差异,而与癫痫的类型相关,LEV对复杂部分性发作继发全面性发作疗效最好(应答率79.5%)。随访过程中失访6例(7.8%),出现不良反应9例(11.3%)。结论LEV作为一种新型抗癫痫药物,单药治疗或添加治疗成人及儿童各种类型癫痫具有较好的疗效和安全性。     

卒中后继发癫痫患者常规与动态脑电图检查的比较分析

目的研究卒中后继发癫痫患者常规脑电图(electroencephalography,EEG)与动态脑电图(ambulatory electroencephalography,AEEG)的特点。方法观察40例急性卒中后继发癫痫患者的病灶分布、范围、癫痫发作形式及频数,所有病例作EEG及AEEG检查,将检查结果分为正常、轻度异常、中度异常及重度异常进行统计分析。结果40例研究对象的病灶分布主要在颞叶、额叶及丘脑,癫痫发作类型主要为全面性强直阵挛发作。EEG检查异常的比率为47.5%,其中轻度异常占异常总数的52.6%,中度和重度异常占47.4%;AEEG检查异常的比率为80%,其中轻度异常占异常总数的12.5%,中度和重度异常占87.5%,AEEG较EEG检查的异常比率明显增高,具有统计学差异。结论AEEG可显著提高卒中后癫痫发作患者的脑电异常检出率,其检查结果对指导临床治疗具有一定的价值。     

Similar semiology of epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures recorded during stereo-EEG

We report two adolescents with refractory seizure disorders in whom both epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) were recorded with intracerebral EEG. The ictal phenomenology of epileptic seizures (ES) and PNES, consisting of hypermotor attacks in the first patient and left-sided painful episodes in the second patient, proved remarkably similar in both cases, highlighting the difficulties which can arise with the distinction of epileptic seizures and PNES based on ictal phenomenology alone.     

A case of malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy as a continuum of infantile epileptic encephalopathy

The syndrome of malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy (MMPSI) is characterized by onset before the age of 6 months, nearly continuous electrographic seizures involving multiple independent areas of onset in both hemispheres, and poor developmental outcome. This report presents a case involving a patient with MMPSI, who later developed West syndrome. At the age of 2 months old, he showed multifocal partial seizures, which were refractory to antiepileptic drugs. His electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed characteristic migrating multifocal epileptiform activities and neuroimaging finding was normal. The focal seizures were refractory to antiepileptic drugs and ketogenic diet. When he was 9 months old, epilepic spasms were observed with hypsarrhythmia on EEG. He also showed severe developmental delay. MMPSI may be a continuum of infantile epileptic encephalpathy and could evolve to West syndrome.     

甲状腺机能亢进与癫痫样发作(附2例报道)

目的探讨甲状腺机能亢进伴发癫痫样发作的临床特点和发病机制。方法通过中文医学期刊全文数据库及Medline检索到从1974年至今国内外相关的文献报道共17例,附我院癫痫中心2例报道。结果甲状腺机能亢进伴发癫痫样发作的临床表现有3种形式:(1)以痫样发作为首发症状出现;(2)痫样发作为继发临床症状;(3)癫痫患者合并甲亢时痫样发作加重。发作类型以全面性强直阵挛发作为主。结论(1)甲状腺机能亢进可引起脑损害而导致癫痫样发作,发病机制有待于进一步研究证实;(2)癫痫与甲亢可能存在某些共同的免疫发病机制。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤的手术方式与癫痫发作的关系

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的手术方式对癫痫发作的影响,以及与出血严重程度和患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析我院神经外科2013年5月至2017年5月手术治疗的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的临床资料,根据手术方式,患者被分为夹闭组和栓塞组,比较两组的基线特征,并发症和预后,并根据临床分级,比较癫痫发作率和患者预后。结果363例患者行开颅夹闭手术,211例患者行介入栓塞手术,两组的癫痫发作率无明显差异(P=1. 000),但在Hunt-Hess1-3级和改良Fisher 1-2级的患者中,夹闭组的患者癫痫发作率明显更高(P=0. 036; P=0. 013)。在Hunt-Hess 1-3级和改良Fisher 1-2级的患者中,有癫痫发作的比无癫痫发作的预后更差(P=0. 010; P=0. 031)。结论破裂动脉瘤患者在两种手术后癫痫发作率无明显差异,但在临床分级低的患者中,开颅夹闭手术后癫痫发作率更高,且与预后不良相关。     

Noninvasive dynamic imaging of seizures in epileptic patients

Epileptic seizures are due to abnormal synchronized neuronal discharges. Techniques measuring electrical changes are commonly used to analyze seizures. Neuronal activity can be also defined by concomitant hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG)‐functional MRI (fMRI) measures noninvasively with a high‐spatial resolution BOLD changes during seizures in the whole brain. Until now, only a static image representing the whole seizure was provided. We report in 10 focal epilepsy patients a new approach to dynamic imaging of seizures including the BOLD time course of seizures and the identification of brain structures involved in seizure onset and discharge propagation. The first activation was observed in agreement with the expected location of the focus based on clinical and EEG data (three intracranial recordings), thus providing validity to this approach. The BOLD signal preceded ictal EEG changes in two cases. EEG‐fMRI may detect changes in smaller and deeper structures than scalp EEG, which can only record activity form superficial cortical areas. This method allowed us to demonstrate that seizure onset zone was limited to one structure, thus supporting the concept of epileptic focus, but that a complex neuronal network was involved during propagation. Deactivations were also found during seizures, usually appearing after the first activation in areas close or distant to the activated regions. Deactivations may correspond to actively inhibited regions or to functional disconnection from normally active regions. This new noninvasive approach should open the study of seizure generation and propagation mechanisms in the whole brain to groups of patients with focal epilepsies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The experience of earthquakes by patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

PURPOSE: We sought to understand better the experience of seizures by studying differences in the subjective experience of being in an earthquake between patients with epileptic (EP) and nonepileptic (NES) seizures. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with CCTV/EEG-documented EP or NES who were in the Seattle metropolitan area during the February 28, 2001 Nisqually earthquake were randomly selected for telephone interviews on their earthquake experiences, including whether they thought they were having a seizure during the event. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of EP patients spontaneously volunteered that they initially thought they were having a seizure during the earthquake as compared with none of the NES individuals (p = 0.03). However, 35% of EP and 23% of NES patients thought they were having a seizure during it when asked directly (p = 0.37). The most common reasons given, regardless of seizure type, were shaking and feelings of losing control. Of those responding negatively, 100% of EP and 47% of NES patients said that movement of their environment indicated that it was not a seizure (p = 0.001). EP patients took an average of 42 s to realize that the earthquake was not a seizure compared with 105 s for the NES group (p = 0.06). The earthquake precipitated seizures in both groups (11.5% EP, 9.1% NES). CONCLUSIONS: EP patients were more likely to mistake the earthquake spontaneously for a seizure. This indicates these two experiences are similar and provides a glimpse into the subjective experience of a seizure for those who have never had one but have experienced an earthquake.     

17例弈棋相关性癫(癎)发作临床特点分析

目的:分析与弈棋相关的癫(癎)发作患者的临床特征.方法:选取2012年1月～2015年12月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院神经内科癫(癎)数据库中与弈棋相关的癫(癎)发作患者17例进行随访,收集患者的人口学资料、起病年龄、癫(癎)发作类型、发作频率、影像学资料以及脑电图资料等,并对患者数据进行统计学分析.结果:17例患者均表现为与弈棋相关的癫(癎)发作,其中12例为棋奕性癫(癎),2例单次发作,3例为继发性癫(癎)弈棋相关性发作.2例棋奕性癫(癎)患者的动态脑电图提示(痫)样放电,2例继发性癫(癎)弈棋相关性发作患者的动态脑电图亦发现异常放电.行为学干预有助于预防再次发作,而抗癫(癎)药物(AED)并无特异疗效.结论:出现弈棋相关性癫(癎)发作的患者首先需明确病因.继发性癫(癎)弈棋相关性发作可考虑AED治疗;反射性癫(癎)行为学干预有助于预防再次发作,AED治疗非首选.     

Epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor

PURPOSE: Some patients with nonconvulsive status epilepticus are known to exhibit catatonic stupor. Thus it is necessary to rule out ictal catatonia by electroencephalography in patients with catatonic stupor. However, few reports are available on epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor. METHODS: We report three cases of epileptic seizures superimposed on psychiatric catatonic stupor without a prominent predisposing factor, including high fever or encephalitis. None of the patients had a personal or family history of neurologic disease, including epilepsy. RESULTS: In all three patients, catatonic stupor persisted after resolution of the epileptic seizures with administration of phenytoin. In two of the three patients, catatonic stupor resolved with electroconvulsive therapy, which caused no marked adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Because it is possible that catatonic stupor itself predisposes patients to the development of epileptic seizures, electroencephalographic examinations in patients with catatonic stupor are indispensable for early recognition not only of nonconvulsive status epilepticus but also of epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor. Electroconvulsive therapy deserves consideration when catatonic stupor persists after resolution of epileptic seizures.     

Clinical trials of carbamazepine for autonomic seizures with and without generalized epileptic seizures

Carbamazepine (CBZ) was used for the treatment of 52 children of autonomic seizures with and without generalized epileptic seizures. Their ages ranged from 4 to 17 years. Their autonomic seizures were recurrent episodic headaches and/or abdominal pains. EEG abnormalities were found in all cases in this study. The abnormal EEG findings consisted of diffuse paroxysmal slow dysrhythmia, generalized spike and wave complexes, focal spike and wave complexes with diffuse slow wave bursts, spike and wave complexes with 14 and 6 Hz positive spikes of 14 and 6 Hz positive spikes. Of the 40 patients with autonomic seizures only, 36 (90%) showed disappearance of pain, and of the remaining 4, 2 showed moderate improvement and 2 showed no change as far as their clinical symptoms were concerned. Of the 12 patients with both autonomic seizures and generalized epileptic seizures, 10 (83%) became free from headache and 2 improved moderately. The efficacy of CBZ was found to be very satisfactory. The effective dosage of CBZ ranged from 3.9 to 11.4 mg/kg/day (total dose, 100 to 400 mg/day) with the mean value of 7.0 mg/kg/day.