稻草秆粉基质中白腐茵对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中自腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料（孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫）的降解特性．结果表明，白腐菌10d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93％以上．染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用．随着培养过程的进行，染料脱色率增加，脱色降解以漆酶为主．紫外扫描发现，染料吸收波长有偏移，标志着染料结构发生变化，其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化．图2表2参10     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中白腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料(孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫)的降解特性.结果表明,白腐菌10 d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93%以上.染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用.随着培养过程的进行,染料脱色率增加,脱色降解以漆酶为主.紫外扫描发现,染料吸收波长有偏移,标志着染料结构发生变化,其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化.图2表2参10     

稻草与猪粪不同比例混合的厌氧消化特性

在中温(35℃)条件下,应用批式单相厌氧消化技术对稻草与猪粪不同比例混合厌氧消化特性进行了研究.结果表明;稻草与猪粪的VS比为3:1时,日产气量比较稳定,累积产气量达12080 ml,较稻草与猪粪VS比为1:1和1:3的处理分别高11.80%和16.08%;混合物中猪粪比重愈高所得沼气中甲烷含量愈高,最高达68.75%,消化液中乙酸和丁酸的含量也愈高,混合物中稻草比重愈高消化液中丙酸的含量也愈高,愈有利于发酵物的水解酸化.     

常温纤维素降解菌群的筛选及其特性初探

在改良PCS培养基的基础上,通过定期改变传代方法,从污泥、森林土、发酵腐熟牛粪、堆肥处理麦秆中筛选出1组纤维素分解能力强而稳定的纤维素混合菌群(代号为Xc),100 mL培养物在37 ℃静置培养5 d,对滤纸纤维素、脱脂棉、麦秆(片)、牛粪纤维降解率分别达到81%、41%、25%、40%.Xc在37、28 ℃分解滤纸时,分别在第5 天、第7 天时CMC酶活性最高,分别达到104.5、95.3 U·mL-1.在初始pH 5～9的培养基上接种均能表现出较强分解能力.采用变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)法比较来源于不同时期菌群16S rDNA条带表明,菌群结构稳定.     

南海莺琼盆地沉积环境中厌氧纤维素分解菌的分布与作用

在严格厌氧条件下，研究了驾琼盆地东方１－１－１井垂直剖面不同沉积层地质样品中的厌氧纤维素分解菌．结果表明：厌氧纤维素分解菌在各样品中都存在，但其分布有很大随机性，与样品埋藏深度无相关性，与样品中一些有机物含量，如纤维素、半纤维素也无相关性，厌氧纤维素分解菌数量高的样品，其在生物模拟产甲烷实验中的单位有机质产气量也较高，有显著的相关性．菌体形态主要为杆菌和球菌．     

绿色木霉T-99株产纤维素酶的研究

从土壤中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶的优良菌株绿色木霉 Ｔ９９ ,采用固体培养产生纤维素酶,对培养基成分进行优化,并分析酶的理化性质,研究了稻草酶解的适宜条件．在最优培养条件下,产酶活力λ（ Ｆ Ｐ） ｍ － １ Ｄ Ｗ≈１２０ Ｕ／ｇ ,λ（ Ｃ Ｍ Ｃａｓｅ） ｍ － １ Ｄ Ｗ≈１１０ ～１２５ Ｕ／ｇ,λ（β Ｇａｓｅ） ｍ － １ Ｄ Ｗ≈９０ Ｕ／ｇ ,在５０ ℃,ｐ Ｈ４ ．０ ,底物浓度５ ％ ,酶解３６ ｈ 条件下,底物得糖率３３ ．４９ ％ ,全纤维转化率６１ ．３３ ％     

微生物法在油气勘探中的应用研究

石油天然气的微生物勘探法是通过测定土壤中以微渗漏轻烃为食物来源的微生物菌落来圈定烃类渗漏的范围.本文探讨了甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌和硫酸盐还原菌在油气勘探中的意义,并将其作为指示微生物,以川西孝泉地区已知天然气田为例,对微生物油气勘查技术的试验效果进行研究.结果发现,在气田上方指示微生物存在明显异常现象,即在气田上方甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较少,硫酸菌还原菌较高;气田外缘甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较高,而硫酸菌还原菌较低.研究表明,微生物地表油气勘探技术用于油气预测是有效的.图2参12     

低温纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

对内蒙古部分地区土壤中低温降解纤维素的微生物进行研究,以期获得一些高酶活的低温纤维素酶产生菌.采用纯培养的方法,在10℃下培养获得纯培养物.以细菌16S rDNA通用引物PCR扩增后进行序列同源性比对确定种属.以DNS法测定纤维素酶活性,并对酶活较高的菌株进行产酶条件的优化.结果共分离得到55株可低温降解纤维素的菌株,16S rDNA序列分析表明它们分别属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)以及β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria).该55株菌的纤维素酶活性均在22℃下最高.其中菌株CF11在10℃下的酶活在分离得到的55株细菌中最高.通过优化,菌株CF11产纤维素酶的最佳条件初步确定为pH值为6.5,培养时间为10 d,并且是以酵母提取物作为氮源,其纤维素酶活为58.091 IU.因此菌株CF11是一株极具开发潜力的低温纤维素酶产生菌.     

极端嗜热厌氧纤维素菌的分离鉴定、系统发育分析及其酶学性质的研究

从云南高温温泉、油井等热源地区采集的大量样品中,获得了一株特殊的极端嗜热厌氧纤维素分解菌B2.分离菌株直杆,革兰氏阴性(G-),未观察到孢子,细胞单个或成对出现.菌体大小为0.4μm×(2-4)μm,严格厌氧,生长温度范围50-70℃,最适生长温度65℃.pH范围4-8,最适pH 7.0.在纤维素粉琼脂上菌落直径2-4 mm,乳白色.分离菌株能利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、松子糖、淀粉、覃糖等作为碳源,分离菌株还可利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆.发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸.在菌株B2的纤维素酶系中,C1酶、Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适温度分别为80℃、80℃和70℃,其比值为1:9:10,同时发现Cx酶具有较高的热稳定性.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株B2与Thermoanaerobacter ethanalicus具有99.8％相似性.分离菌株B2为Thermoanaerobacter属.图5表3参21     

稻草及稻草循环利用后的废弃物还田效益研究

本文针对中南丘陵水稻产区农田稻草经过稻草直接还田(鲜稻草)、稻草过腹还田(新鲜牛粪)、稻草栽培食用菌后还田(新鲜菌渣)、稻草产沼气后还田(新鲜沼渣)等几种主要的循环利用方式后的废弃物还田,结合化肥配施对水稻产量及土壤基本理化性状影响的研究,以期寻找一种既能达到有机废弃物的循环再利用,改善生态环境,又能够改良土壤理化性状并达到水稻丰产的目的.试验结果显示:相对于常规的化肥施用,几种有机废弃物还田加化肥配施均有利于土壤有机质(1.71%～6.98%),碱解氮(4.30%～15.05%),有效磷(11.22%～21.43%)等养分的提高;增加了土壤团聚体R0.25(干筛6.60%～8.74%,湿筛2.64%～45.06%)、平均质量直径(干筛26.91%～52.69%,湿筛4.55%～32.73%)及几何平均直径(干筛17.88%～35.56%,湿筛3.08%～6.15%);在产量方面,虽较常规施肥有所下降,但经济效益却是增加的,较常规施肥增收75.6元·hm2到1 057.0元·hm2,其中沼渣还田的增益率最高达8.59%.     

城市污泥堆肥过程中微生物研究

采用平板计数法和最大概率法测定城市污泥堆肥干污泥中主要微生物类群的变化。结果表明,中、高温好氧菌在第6d达到最大值,分别为1.05×1015g-1、5.08×1012g-1;中、高温厌氧菌在第9d达到最大值5.50×105g-1和1.11×105g-1;中、高温好氧纤维素分解菌分别在第3d和第6d达到最大值,分别为2.66×104g-1、3.26×106g-1;整个堆肥过程中,高温厌氧纤维素分解菌数量不断增加;高温放线菌在第3d达到最大值,为1.12×106g-1;中温放线菌、真菌、中温厌氧纤维素分解菌、中温淀粉分解菌、蛋白质分解菌和油脂分解菌在发酵初期迅速下降至零;高温淀粉分解菌、蛋白质分解菌和油脂分解菌在发酵前6d数量上升,随后开始下降。发酵后期,好氧菌中兼性厌氧菌逐渐增多,严格好氧菌逐渐减少;厌氧菌中的兼性厌氧菌逐渐减少,严格厌氧菌逐渐增多。     

鱼腥草对土壤中镉的富集及根系微生物的促进作用

通过采集自然条件的鱼腥草和未受污染的土壤,在实验室条件下培育,以及利用镉的筛选,培养出土壤菌悬液,研究了鱼腥草Huttuynia cordata对土壤中镉的富集作用,以及经过根系微生物处理后放线菌对富集后转移的促进作用。结果表明,根部经过微生物处理的鱼腥草地上部（土壤含镉200 mg·kg^-1）有最高的含镉浓度和最大的富集量,分别是是对照组的20倍和50倍。土壤含镉50 mg·kg^-1时,鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉富集量的比例是2.5,高于对照组（1.5）。而当土壤含镉200 mg.kg^-1时,经过处理的鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉含量之比是未经处理的2倍。所以,鱼腥草对土壤中的镉有很强的富集作用,且在根系微生物的促进下,地下部的镉能更有效地转移到地上部,大大加强植物的修复效率;且与其他的诸如添加化学螯合剂等方法相比,土壤根系微生物能更好地适应植物根系环境,更不会对土壤本身的微生态系统造成二次污染。所以研究根系环境中微生物、根系、土壤酶、金属离子等的相互影响关系,将是土壤重金属植物修复的另一重要领域。     

毛发载体生物膜法处理味精离交废水

利用经特定脱脂处理的毛发作载体，经定向培菌挂膜后，对高浓度ＣＯＤ和高硫酸根含量的味精度交废水进行小试和中试研究，表明，在一定供气量和温度条件下，废水ＣＯＤ总去除率可稳定在９６％以上，在供氧不足的兼性条件下或温度较低时，仍有较高去除效果，其对ＳＯ４＾２－的总去除率可达９８％以上，２ｍ＾３／ｈ的中试经历了三个月实际运行，运行结果表明该工艺已具有生产建立生产性装置的技术条件。     

Carbon sequestration and soil microbes in purple paddy soil as affected by long-term fertilization

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration impacts on food security and climate change and may be affected by soil microbes in fertilized croplands. A 12-year field experiment under the rice–wheat system was used to evaluate the effect of the long-term fertilization on the SOC accumulation, culturable soil microbes, and their interaction in purple paddy soil. Results showed that varied fertilizations resulted in a significant increase of the SOC content and stock in the plow layer, as well as rise in populations of major soil microbes, including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared with no fertilization. Soil with combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment (pig manure or rice straw return) on average had the highest organic carbon content and stock, amounts of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, which were 7.8%, 5.8%, 75.8%, 130.5%, and 16.2% higher than the NPK fertilization alone. Fertilization differentially altered populations of the functional anaerobic bacteria in paddy soil. With the combined application of chemical NPK fertilizer and organic amendment, soil displayed higher amounts of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria, anaerobic fermentative bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogen, methanogenic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and sulphate-reducing bacteria than that with the NPK fertilization alone or no fertilization. Populations of all three major soil microbes showed significantly positive correlations with the SOC content, indicating their interaction was of mutual promotion. Data suggest that the combined application of the NPK fertilizer with organic amendment especially by the rice straw return is recommended to sustain the soil biological fertility and mitigate the emission of the greenhouse gas by the SOC sequestration in purple paddy soil.     

Vallisneria natans decomposition rates and associated macroinvertebrates,microbes and microalgae along a vertical depth gradient in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

Knowledge on aquatic macrophyte decomposition has well developed, yet the decomposition and associated biotic factors along a vertical gradient in waters remain less examined. Here, we used Vallianeria natans leaves to investigate the decomposition rate and associated decomposers and microalgae at different vertical depths, by placing V. natans leaves into litterbags (0.5 and 5?mm meshes) and incubating them at the air–water interface (AW), sediment-water (SW) interface, and 10?cm (B10) or 20?cm (B20) burial in sediment over 60 days in a littoral zone of lake. Decomposition rates decreased with increased depths in each mesh size, with significant differences among and between AW (0.028?d^?1), SW (0.022?d^?1), B10 (0.014?d^?1) and B20 (0.011?d^?1) treatments in 0.5?mm litterbags and no significant difference between B10 (0.027?d^?1) and B20 (0.025?d^?1) in 5?mm litterbags. The average contribution of macroinvertebrates to biomass loss was highest in B20 (44.66%), lowest in AW (22.66%) and midst in both SW (25.35%) and B10 (38.78%), and was much less than that of both microbes and microalgae at each location. We show the importance of macroinvertebrates, microbes and microalgae in mediating macrophyte decomposition rate in response to different vertical locations in freshwaters.     

Study of the water quality close to urban sewers in eastern Ligurian coast by means of bioluminescence tests and conventional analyses

Five municipal sewers with small flow rates (Manarola, Riomaggiore, Portovenere, Tellaro, Bocca di Magra) were studied using the Microtox^® test and a bacterial luminescence bioassay in order to evaluate the water quality in these areas of the eastern Ligurian coast. The work was performed including chemical analysis, microbiological and ecotoxicological assays. Analyses were carried out on both the effluents and the water body close to the pipe discharge. None of the measured chemical parameters exceeded the permitted limits, both in the effluents and in the seawater samples, even if some slightly critical situations were highlighted by the Microtox^® test on the effluents. On the other hand, the Microtox^® appeared to be less effective than another ecotoxicological assay based on the luminescent fraction of epibacteria for the evaluation of seawater quality. The good water quality of the considered areas was assessed although a slightly worse condition was encountered in Bocca di Magra.     

Amelioration of free copper by hydrothermal vent microbes as a response to high copper concentrations

We examined the effect of increased copper concentrations (0–10 μM) on hydrothermal vent micro- organisms and the production of copper (Cu)-binding ligands as a response. Hydrothermal vent microbes originated from diffuse fluids at the Lilliput mussel field and the Irina II site in the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field, both on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Parallel studies were also conducted with amino acids supplemented to the incubations in order to verify whether dissolved amino acids, present in hydrothermal fluids, can buffer the bioavailable copper and reduce the active production of Cu-binding ligands. In all incubations, ligand concentrations increased with rising copper concentrations, but microbial cell numbers remained constant. This study shows that microbes were able to cope with as much as 10 μM dissolved copper by buffering the free copper concentration. The presence of amino acids had no significant influence on the active ligand production. Our results imply that mediation of chemical speciation by vent microbes may have an important impact on hydrothermal trace metal fluxes into the ocean.     

铁循环微生物对环境中重金属的影响研究进展

铁循环微生物包括铁氧化菌(Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing bacteria,FeOB)和铁还原菌(Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria,FeRB),在由它们介导Fe2+(Fe3+)氧化(还原)的过程中,往往也伴随着一系列重金属元素的迁移转化,对重金属在环境中的生物有效性和迁移性方面有重要作用.本文综述了环境中...     

铅锌污染耕地中重金属耐受细菌调查

对铅锌矿冶炼厂周围耕地中的细菌总数和抗性细菌群体数进行了调查。结果表明 ,随着污染的加重 ,土壤中可培养的细菌数量急剧减少 ,抗性细菌的比例增加。但是 ,细菌对Pb、Zn胁迫的适应进化反应不一样。经过长期的选择作用后 ,多数细菌群体能够耐受低浓度的Pb污染 (<2mmol·L-1) ,部分群体对低浓度Pb(0 .5mmol·L-1)有依赖性 ,但没有观察到能够耐受Pb浓度大于 4mmol·L-1的群体 ;0 .5mmol·L-1的Zn对细菌有抑制作用 ,但在所调查的样品中都存在能够耐受 4～ 6mmol·L-1Zn污染的群体 ,有的群体甚至能耐受 8mmol·L-1的Zn污染。能同时耐受Pb、Zn 2种重金属污染的群体数量较少 ,且耐受水平也较低 ,仅达到 2mmol·L-1。     

阿维菌素的微生物降解及其机理研究

从污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解阿维菌素的菌株,初步研究了其降解特性和机理。结果表明:在一定范围内,当底物浓度增加时,降解速率常数相应加快,但高浓度对降解速率有一定抑制作用;而随着接种量增加,降解速率逐渐加快;通过分析TIC图和质谱图,可能主要有两种代谢产物,进而推测了其降解机理。