婴儿头颅CT中铋屏蔽对辐射剂量和影像质量的影响

目的 研究婴儿头颅CT检查中使用铋屏蔽材料降低眼晶状体受照剂量的效果及对图像质量的影响。方法 使用适合患儿使用的自制铋屏蔽防护眼罩、婴儿体模,采用热释光探测器测量受照剂量。CT扫描条件选择120 kV、130 mA轴位扫描,分别进行铋屏蔽和无屏蔽两组模体测试,比较模体内相当于晶状体位置的受照剂量;应用同样CT扫描参数,对临床疑为颅内出血的99例患儿佩戴铋屏蔽眼罩后进行头部扫描,由2名高年资医生分别进行图像质量评估,并比较评分的一致性。结果 体模实验显示,无屏蔽时眼罩后方区域吸收剂量为25 mGy,经铋防护眼罩屏蔽后眼罩后方的吸收剂量为17 mGy,降低辐射剂量32%。佩戴铋屏蔽眼罩对患儿头部CT图像质量无明显影响。结论 在婴儿头颅CT扫描中使用铋屏蔽防护眼罩,可明显降低眼晶状体放射吸收剂量,同时对CT图像质量的影响是可接受的。     

Effective dose span of ten different cone beam CT devices

Objectives:

Evaluation and reduction of dose are important issues. Since cone beam CT (CBCT) has been established now not just in dentistry, the number of acquired examinations continues to rise. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to compare the doses of available devices on the market owing to different exposition parameters, volumes and geometries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spans of effective doses (EDs) of ten different CBCT devices.

Methods:

48 thermoluminescent dosemeters were placed in 24 sites in a RANDO^® head phantom. Protocols with lowest exposition parameters and protocols with highest exposition parameters were performed for each of the ten devices. The ED was calculated from the measured energy doses according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection 2007 recommendations for each protocol and device, and the statistical values were evaluated afterwards.

Results:

The calculation of the ED resulted in values between 17.2 µSv and 396 µSv for the ten devices. The mean values for protocols with lowest and highest exposition parameters were 31.6 µSv and 209 µSv, respectively.

Conclusions:

It was not the aim of this study to evaluate the image quality depending on different exposition parameters but to define the spans of EDs in which different CBCT devices work. There is a wide span of ED for different CBCT devices depending on the selected exposition parameters, required spatial resolution and many other factors.     

Evaluation of thyroid radiation dose during abdominal Computed Tomography procedures and dose reduction effectiveness of thyroid shielding

IntroductionDuring abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) studies, vicinity organs receive a dose from scatter radiation. The thyroid is considered an organ at greater risk due to high radiosensitivity.MethodsThe primary objective of this study was to determine the entrances surface dose (ESD) to the thyroid during abdominal CT studies and to evaluate the efficiency of dose reduction by lead shielding. The calibrated thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) chips were used to measure the ESD during 180 contrast-enhanced (CE) and non-contrast-enhanced (NC) abdominal CT studies in the presence and absence of lead shielding.ResultsThyroid shielding reduces the ESD by 72.3% (0.55 mGy), 86.5% (2.95 mGy) and 64.0% (2.24 mGy) during NC, 3–phase and 4–phase abdominal CT scans. Also, the patient height was identified as a parameter that inversely influenced the thyroid dose, proving that the taller patients receive less dose to the thyroid. Regardless, the scan parameters such as time and display field of view (DFOV) positively impact the thyroid dose.ConclusionLead shielding can prevent the external scatter reaching the thyroid region by 64%–87% during the non-vicinity scans such as abdomen CT. However, the actual dose saving lies between 0.2% and 0.4%, compared to the total effective dose of the whole CT procedure.Implications for practiceThe thyroid shield can effectively reduce external scatter radiation during abdominal CT procedures. However, the dose saving is insignificant compared to the total effective dose from the whole examination. Therefore, the use of thyroid shielding should be carefully evaluated during CT abdomen procedures.     

Effectiveness of thyroid gland shielding in dental CBCT using a paediatric anthropomorphic phantom

Objectives:

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of thyroid shielding in dental CBCT examinations using a paediatric anthropomorphic phantom.

Methods:

An ATOM^® 706-C anthropomorphic phantom (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems Inc., Norfolk, VA) representing a 10-year-old child was loaded with six thermoluminescent dosemeters positioned at the level of the thyroid gland. Absorbed doses to the thyroid were measured for five commercially available thyroid shields using a large field of view (FOV).

Results:

A statistically significant thyroid gland dose reduction was found using thyroid shielding for paediatric CBCT examinations for a large FOV. In addition, a statistically significant difference in thyroid gland doses was found depending on the position of the thyroid gland. There was little difference in the effectiveness of thyroid shielding when using a lead vs a lead-equivalent thyroid shield. Similar dose reduction was found using 0.25- and 0.50-mm lead-equivalent thyroid shields.

Conclusions:

Thyroid shields are to be recommended when undertaking large FOV CBCT examinations on young patients.     

Would thyroid and breast shielding be beneficial in CT of the head?

Contrary to common perception, the advent of third- and fourth-generation scanners has lead to a significant increase in radiation dose to the patient per computed tomography (CT) head scan. With that in mind, a pilot study was designed with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of a dental-style protective bib in reducing the dose to the radiosensitive organs of the neck and thorax. Radiation doses over the thyroid gland and breast were measured with thermoluminenscent dosemeters and an ionization chamber respectively in 110 patients undergoing routine head scans. Half the patients wore the protective bib and collar. With lead protection, the thyroid measurements were reduced by an average of 45 % and the breast measurements by an average of 76 %. Similar results were seen in phantom measurements. Received 23 May 1997; Revision received 22 August 1997; Accepted 19 September 1997     

Dose reduction of cone beam CT scanning for the entire oral and maxillofacial regions with thyroid collars

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of thyroid collars on radiation dose during cone beam CT (CBCT) scanning.

Methods

Average tissue-absorbed dose for a NewTom 9000 CBCT scanner (Quantitative Radiology, Verona, Italy) was measured using thermoluminescent dosemeter chips in a phantom. The scans were carried out with and without thyroid collars. Effective organ dose and total effective dose were derived using International Commission on Radiological Protection 2007 recommendations.

Results

The effective organ doses for the thyroid gland and oesophagus were 31.0 µSv and 2.4 µSv, respectively, during CBCT scanning without a collar around the neck. When the thyroid collars were used loosely around the neck, no effective organ dose reduction was observed. When one thyroid collar was used tightly on the front of the neck, the effective organ dose for the thyroid gland and oesophagus were reduced to 15.9 µSv (48.7% reduction) and 1.4 µSv (41.7% reduction), respectively. Similar organ dose reduction (46.5% and 41.7%) was achieved when CBCT scanning was performed with two collars tightly on the front and back of the neck. However, the differences to the total effective dose were not significant among the scans with and without collars around the neck (p = 0.775).

Conclusions

Thyroid collars can effectively reduce the radiation dose to the thyroid and oesophagus if used appropriately.     

铋屏蔽联合器官管电流调制技术在颅脑CT检查中应用的体模研究

目的:通过测量敏感器官的辐射剂量,评价铋屏蔽联合器官-管电流调制(X-care)技术在颅脑CT扫描中的应用价值。方法:使用德国德国西门子公司炫速双源CT对头颈体模进行相同容积CT剂量指数(CTDI vol)下的X-care、铋屏蔽和X-care联合铋屏蔽3种方式扫描颅脑,及无铋屏蔽和铋屏蔽2种方式扫描双能量...     

XVI锥形束CT辐射剂量与扫描参数相关性建模

目的 定量研究不同扫描参数组合导致的医科达XVI锥形束CT辐射剂量变化,为评估影像引导放疗中成像剂量的参数依赖性提供数学模型。方法 基于Versa HD加速器XVI,利用PTW 30 009千伏电离室和UNIDOS webline静电计,在PTW标准CT剂量指数（CTDI）体部模体中,测量标准扫描参数及多种扫描电压（kVp）、管电流（mA）组合下的模体内各点比释动能,并计算加权CTDI_w。利用SigmaPlot 10.0软件将测量结果拟合为以管电流和/或扫描电压为变量的模型。结果 标准扫描参数下,瓦里安OBI锥形束CT的CTDI_w值仅为医科达XVI的11.23%（胸部参数）和9.15%（盆腔参数）。在标准及其余4个扫描电压条件下,模体中心和外周各点比释动能与管电流均呈现线性正比关系,但斜率a值差异较大（0.479~6.679）,主要受扫描电压值、模体测量位置、剂量描述方法等因素影响。模体内各点剂量和CTDI_w值均可拟合为以扫描电压为变量的非线性经验公式（R²>0.997）,各系数差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。同时改变管电流和扫描电压对模体中心点剂量的影响可以表述为mGy=（5.917-0.197×kVp+0.002×kVp²-5.063×10^-6×kVp³）×mA。结论 医科达XVI锥形束CT剂量显著依赖于扫描参数,数学模型可用于快速准确描述其变化特征。     

Effective doses from panoramic radiography and CBCT (cone beam CT) using dose area product (DAP) in dentistry

Objectives:

We compared the effective dose from panoramic radiography with that from cone beam CT (CBCT) using dose area product under adult and child exposure conditions.

Methods:

The effective doses of the cephalo, panorama, implant and dental modes of Alphard 3030 (Asahi Roentgen Ind., Co. Ltd, Kyoto, Japan) CBCT and the Jaw, Wide, Facial and temporomandibular joint modes of Rayscan Symphony (RAY Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea) CBCT were compared with those of CRANEX^® 3+ CEPH (Soredex Orion Corporation, Helsinki, Finland) panoramic radiography equipment under adult and child exposure conditions. Each effective dose was calculated using a conversion formula from dose area product meter measured values (VacuTec Messtechnik GmbH, Dresden, Germany). The conversion formulae used were suggested by Helmrot and Alm Carlsson and Batista et al, and they were applied with the tube voltage taken into consideration.

Results:

The maximum effective doses from the Alphard 3030 and Rayscan Symphony were 67 and 21 times greater than that from panoramic radiography, respectively. The ratios of the effective dose under the child setting to that under the adult condition were 0.60–0.62 and 0.84–0.95, and the maximum differences in effective doses between the adult and child exposure settings were equivalent to 27 and 4 times greater than a panoramic examination in the Alphard 3030 and Rayscan Symphony, respectively.

Conclusions:

The effective CBCT doses were higher than those of panoramic radiography. The differences in effective doses between the adult and child CBCT settings were dependent on equipment type and exposure parameters. Therefore, adequate mode selection and control of exposure as well as further research are necessary to minimize the effective dose to patients, especially for radiosensitive children.     

PET/CT中CT仿真人体模型的图像质量与辐射剂量关系的研究

目的 以仿真人体模型为实验对象,研究PET/CT中CT图像质量与辐射剂量的关系,为保证图像质量同时降低受检者的辐射剂量提供数据依据。方法 用美国GE Discovery ST型 PET/CT,对仿真人体模型（Model RS-550）进行扫描。CT采集条件：管电压120 kV,管电流30~250 mA范围内11种固定值及自动管电流,螺距（pitch）分别为0.938、1.375、1.75,模拟临床PET/CT的全身扫描方式对仿真人体模型进行扫描。对图像进行分析,计算腹部主要器官的噪声、信噪比及质量因数。结果 噪声随有效剂量的增加而降低,有效剂量<15 mSv时,噪声变化幅度较大;>15 mSv时,噪声变化缓慢。信噪比、对比信噪比随有效剂量增加而增加。相同的有效剂量时,质量因数与扫描方案相关。自动管电流模式下的所有指标,均优于固定管电流采集模式。结论在CT图像质量达到一定程度后,进一步增加有效剂量,图像质量提高有限。根据不同的临床需求在保证一定图像质量的前提下,选择适当的CT扫描方案,降低受检者的有效剂量。     

淮安市CT检查致成年受检者的剂量水平及其影响因素调查研究

目的调查淮安市CT检查所致成年受检者的剂量水平,探讨本地CT诊断参考水平(DRLs)。方法选取全市45台CT,对医院信息、设备信息、扫描参数、辐射剂量表征量等信息进行调查。使用经验公式估算CT检查所致成年受检者的有效剂量。采用非参数秩和检验分析辐射剂量水平在CT役龄和医院级别等因素之间的差异。结果共收集3483例受检者剂量信息,头部890例、胸部890例、腹部846例、腰椎857例。头部、胸部、腹部、腰椎的容积CT剂量指数(CTDI_(vol))第75百分位数分别为63.0、12.4、20.0、24.0 mGy;剂量长度乘积(DLP)第75百分位数858.6、416.0、620.7、559.2 mGy·cm,男性的DLP第75%百分位数均高于女性。剂量水平随着设备役龄发生不同程度的偏移(头部:U=10326.00,P<0.05;胸部:U=36094.50,P<0.05;腹部:U=7859.00,P<0.05;腰椎:U=42408.00,P<0.05),不同级别医院之间同部位CT检查的辐射剂量差异也具有统计学意义(头部:H=14.28,P<0.05;胸部:H=17.85,P<0.05;腹部:H=97.18,P<0.05;腰椎:H=138.94,P<0.05)。结论淮安市CT辐射剂量水平与卫生推荐标准值基本一致,符合我国CT设备剂量水平现状。有必要加强CT设备的质量控制和保养力度。     

器官剂量调制技术对鼻窦CT图像质量和辐射剂量的影响

目的:探讨器官剂量调制(ODM)技术行鼻窦CT扫描时对图像质量和眼晶状体辐射剂量的影响。方法:应用GERevolutionevoCT对头部拟人模体进行扫描,不开启ODM为对照组,开启ODM为观察组。通过调整管电压(140、120、100 kV)、噪声指数(N17、N18)、螺距(准直宽度20 cm时0.531、0.96...     

A pragmatic approach to determine the optimal kVp in cone beam CT: balancing contrast-to-noise ratio and radiation dose

Objectives:

To determine the optimal kVp setting for a particular cone beam CT (CBCT) device by maximizing technical image quality at a fixed radiation dose.

Methods:

The 3D Accuitomo 170 (J. Morita Mfg. Corp., Kyoto, Japan) CBCT was used. The radiation dose as a function of kVp was measured in a cylindrical polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom using a small-volume ion chamber. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured using a PMMA phantom containing four materials (air, aluminium, polytetrafluoroethylene and low-density polyethylene), which was scanned using 180 combinations of kVp/mA, ranging from 60/1 to 90/8. The CNR was measured for each material using PMMA as background material. The pure effect of kVp and mAs on the CNR values was analysed. Using a polynomial fit for CNR as a function of mA for each kVp value, the optimal kVp was determined at five dose levels.

Results:

Absorbed doses ranged between 0.034 mGy mAs⁻¹ (14 × 10 cm, 60 kVp) and 0.108 mGy mAs⁻¹ (14 × 10 cm, 90 kVp). The relation between kVp and dose was quasilinear (R² > 0.99). The effect of mA and kVp on CNR could be modelled using a second-degree polynomial. At a fixed dose, there was a tendency for higher CNR values at increasing kVp values, especially at low dose levels. A dose reduction through mA was more efficient than an equivalent reduction through kVp in terms of image quality deterioration.

Conclusions:

For the investigated CBCT model, the most optimal contrast at a fixed dose was found at the highest available kVp setting. There is great potential for dose reduction through mA with a minimal loss in image quality.     

宁夏成年人常见CT检查项目的辐射剂量状况调查研究

目的 调查宁夏地区成年人常见CT检查项目的辐射剂量现状,为建立宁夏成年人患者CT检查的第一个诊断参考水平提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,对宁夏地区不同规模医疗机构的不同品牌及型号CT扫描设备的使用情况及辐射状况进行调查,采用间隔抽样,获取被调查单位每日不同检查项目的扫描参数及辐射剂量值。登记医院、CT设备、检查项目、检查类型及患者的基本信息,记录各检查项目的CT扫描参数、CT剂量指数（CTDI_vol）和剂量长度乘积（DLP）值,计算患者的有效剂量E值;对所得数据按检查项目分组统计分析,并与其他国家推荐的诊断参考水平（DRL）值和辐射剂量状况进行比较。结果 调查宁夏地区45家医疗机构（公立三甲10家、公立三乙5家、公立二甲23家、民营医院5家、体检中心2家）6个生产品牌的58台CT设备,成年人患者4 952名。常见检查项目的CTDI_vol、DLP值及患者E值的第75百分位数值（P₇₅）为：头颅65.67 mGy、860.74 mGy ·cm、1.64 mSv;颈部29.32 mGy、490.00 mGy ·cm、2.83 mSv,颈部增强36.92 mGy、954.42 mGy ·cm、4.87 mSv;胸部11.50 mGy、382.06 mGy ·cm、5.68 mSv,胸部增强45.8 mGy、1 713.22 mGy ·cm、25.01 mSv;上腹部20.1 mGy、506.59 mGy ·cm、7.75 mSv,上腹部增强50.07 mGy、1 434.19 mGy ·cm、21.94 mSv;腹盆部14.33 mGy、670.78 mGy ·cm、10.26 mSv,腹盆部增强48 mGy、2 294 mGy ·cm、35.10 mSv;盆腔16.1 mGy、471.58 mGy ·cm、6.08 mSv,盆腔增强31.04 mGy、1 138.78 mGy ·cm、14.69 mSv。结论 宁夏地区头颅、颈部、胸部及盆腔CT辐射剂量较其他国家偏低或相差不大,而腹部CT辐射剂量明显高于其他国家,迫切需要对宁夏腹部CT扫描方案进行优化。     

Evaluation of the effective dose of cone beam CT and multislice CT for temporomandibular joint examinations at optimized exposure levels

Objectives:

To compare the effective dose to patients from temporomandibular joint examinations using a dental CBCT device and a multislice CT (MSCT) device, both before and after dose optimization.

Methods:

A Promax^® 3D (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) dental CBCT and a LightSpeed VCT^® (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) multislice CT were used. Organ doses and effective doses were estimated from thermoluminescent dosemeters at 61 positions inside an anthropomorphic phantom at the exposure settings in clinical use. Optimized exposure protocols were obtained through an optimization study using a dry skull phantom, where four observers rated image quality taken at different exposure levels. The optimal exposure level was obtained when all included criteria were rated as acceptable or better by all observers.

Results:

The effective dose from a bilateral examination was 184 µSv for Promax 3D and 113 µSv for LightSpeed VCT before optimization. Post optimization, the bilateral effective dose was 92 µSv for Promax 3D and 124 µSv for LightSpeed VCT.

Conclusions:

At optimized exposure levels, the effective dose from CBCT was comparable to MSCT.     

成年人CT扫描中辐射剂量和诊断参考水平的探讨

目的 通过全国范围内CT辐射剂量的调查,了解成年人辐射剂量的现状,进而探讨成年人CT的诊断参考水平不符,需要根据我国的实际建立自己的DRL。方法 2015年9月至2016年3月在全国30个省、自治区、直辖市调查168家医院,其中三级和二级医院各约占一半。随机调查年度状态检测合格的168台CT,包括了临床应用中普遍使用的品牌和型号。每台CT收集头颅、鼻窦、颈部、胸部、腹部、盆腔、腰椎、尿路造影、冠状动脉CT血管造影（CTA）、颅脑CTA、颈部CTA和胸腹CTA共12个检查项目、每个项目10个随机病例。以容积CT剂量指数（CTDI_vol）和剂量长度乘积（DLP）作为剂量参量,每个检查项目的所有数据按照大小排序,取25%、50%和75%位数,其中75%位数为参考水平。所得剂量数值与国际相关放射防护组织发布的DRL进行比较。结果 共收集16 244个标准体型成年病例的剂量数据,经逐一检查剔除274个无效数据,剩余15 970个病例数据。全国范围内不同的CT使用单位,同一检查项目的CTDI_vol、DLP和扫描期项都有很大差异。与国际放射防护组织发布的数据相比,不同检查项目的诊断参考水平的差异程度各不相同,颅脑诊断水平与参考值相当、胸部腹部较低。剂量指数值最大的几种检查项目为头颅、冠状动脉CTA、颅脑CTA和鼻窦。尿路造影的CTDI_vol虽然仅为20 mGy,但DLP却高达2 620 mGy·cm。结论 我国现有的CT剂量水平与国际相关组织发布的诊断标准水平（DRL）不符,需要根据我国的实际建立自己的DRL。     

A comprehensive evaluation of angular range and separation on image quality,image registration,and imaging dose for cone beam computed tomography in radiotherapy

We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the quality, dose, and registration of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images acquired with different angular range (θ) and angular separation (Δθ). Elekta XVI volumetric imaging system was used in this study. CBCT images of a Catphan 503 phantom were reconstructed with projections that were acquired under 17?×?8 different combinations of θ (200° to 360°) and Δθ (0.27° to 3.24°). The evaluation indices were contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), spatial resolution (modulation transfer function [MTF_50%]), uniformity, and registration accuracy. The weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDI_w) of CTDI Head dosimetry phantom was measured for estimating radiation exposure. CNR changed little from θ?=?200° to 260°, but increased by ≈?2.0 times from θ?=?260° to 360°. CNR also increased by ≈?2.5 times from Δθ?=?2.16° to 0.27°. MTF_50% increased with Δθ being decreased, but had no dependence on θ. Image uniformity became better when θ was smaller or larger than 260°, but there was no correlation with Δθ. Registration of the overall body had a maximum error of 0.3?mm. The error of low-contrast objects' registration could reach as much as 1.3?mm. CTDI_w showed a linear dependence on θ and 1/Δθ. Although the imaging dose is reduced with θ being decreased or Δθ being increased, the image quality may be degraded. Accuracy of image registration of a rigid body can be achieved; however, low-contrast objects' registration using images with inferior quality will introduce unacceptable errors for clinical use. Further, the benefits and extra dose received by the patients should be balanced, and scan protocols with θ between 210° and 260° or Δθ smaller than 0.54° should not be recommended.     

管电压联合器官剂量调制技术对胸部CT辐射剂量和图像质量影响的模体研究

目的 探讨胸部CT使用器官剂量调制（ODM）技术时,不同管电压对表浅辐射敏感器官辐射剂量和图像质量的影响。方法 以临床胸部CT扫描方案为基准,对胸部模体使用不同管电压（140、120、100和80 kV共4种,其中100 kV为系统推荐值）、在不开启ODM（ODM off）和从扫描起始层至乳腺区开启ODM（ODM part）时对胸部模体进行扫描,在右侧乳腺区域前方固定位置放置长杆电离室（点电离室位于乳腺区域的中心位置）,每组参数重复扫描并测量剂量7次,记录容积CT剂量指数（CTDI_vol）和乳腺皮肤剂量测量值（D）;重组冠状位5 mm层厚肺及软组织算法图像,沿z轴方向平均分为8部分,分别测算对比度噪声比（CNR）。对不同ODM扫描方式和不同管电压下CTDI_vol、D,肺及软组织算法图像8区域CNR,进行双因素无重复试验方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD法。结果 管电压在140至80 kV变化时,CTDI_vol依次降低,在80 kV时最低,差异有统计学意义（F=105.579 5,P<0.05）,140~100 kV时乳腺皮肤剂量测量值也依次降低,但管电压降至80 kV时,D反而升高,100 kV时最低,差异有统计学意义（F=27.736,P<0.05）。与ODM off相比,使用ODM part时CTDI_vol和D均下降,差异有统计学意义（F=39.732、81.961,P<0.05）。各种管电压下肺及软组织算法的图像CNR依次下降,差异有统计学意义（F=12.809、11.261,P<0.05）,两两比较140~100 kV时CNR差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,80 kV时CNR显著下降,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与ODM off相比,使用ODM part时肺及软组织算法图像CNR下降,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 临床实践中,在不低于系统推荐管电压100 kV时,可在保障图像质量前提下通过降低kV和在射线敏感器官区域联合使用ODM技术有效地降低乳腺辐射剂量。     

Estimation and comparison of effective dose (E) in standard chest CT by organ dose measurements and dose-length-product methods and assessment of the influence of CT tube potential (energy dependency) on effective dose in a dual-source CT

Purpose

To determine effective dose (E) during standard chest CT using an organ dose-based and a dose-length-product-based (DLP) approach for four different scan protocols including high-pitch and dual-energy in a dual-source CT scanner of the second generation.

Materials and methods

Organ doses were measured with thermo luminescence dosimeters (TLD) in an anthropomorphic male adult phantom. Further, DLP-based dose estimates were performed by using the standard 0.014 mSv/mGycm conversion coefficient k. Examinations were performed on a dual-source CT system (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens). Four scan protocols were investigated: (1) single-source 120 kV, (2) single-source 100 kV, (3) high-pitch 120 kV, and (4) dual-energy with 100/Sn140 kV with equivalent CTDIvol and no automated tube current modulation. E was then determined following recommendations of ICRP publication 103 and 60 and specific k values were derived.

Results

DLP-based estimates differed by 4.5–16.56% and 5.2–15.8% relatively to ICRP 60 and 103, respectively. The derived k factors calculated from TLD measurements were 0.0148, 0.015, 0.0166, and 0.0148 for protocol 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for single-energy and dual-energy protocols show a difference of less than 0.04 mSv.

Conclusion

Estimates of E based on DLP work equally well for single-energy, high-pitch and dual-energy CT examinations. The tube potential definitely affects effective dose in a substantial way. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for both single-energy and dual-energy examinations differ not more than 0.04 mSv.     

管电压对CT值测量、辐射剂量及图像质量影响的模型研究

目的 探讨降低管电流和管电压对CT值的影响,及其辐射剂量降低对图像质量的影响程度.方法 配置不同浓度对比剂样本共113个,在15种不同扫描条件下进行CT扫描.测量和记录CT值及标准差,分析改变管电流和管电压对CT值测量的影响,并计算对应关系.记录CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol),计算15种扫描条件下的辐射剂量.不同管电压和管电流下CT值差异比较采用方差分析和Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,不同管电压下CT值对应关系及管电压和管电流对辐射剂量和图像质量的影响程度分析采用相关性分析.结果 管电压固定时不同管电流间(250、200、150、100和50 mA)的CT值差异均无统计学意义(F值分别为0.001、0.008、0.075,P均＞0.05).管电流固定时,不同管电压间(120、100和80 kV)的CT值差异均具有统计学意义(H值分别为17.906、17.906、13.527、20.124、23.563,P均＜0.05).计算不同管电压下同一样本CT值的对应关系:CT值100 kV=1.561×CT值120kV+4.0818,CT值80kV=1.2131 ×CT值120 kV+0.9283.分析不同管电压下辐射剂量对图像噪声的影响程度,并确立相关性方程:N120kv=-5.9771Ln(D120kV)+25.412,N100kv=-10.544Ln(D100 kV)+36.262,N80 kv=-25.326Ln(D80 kv)+62.816.计算噪声值关键点,证明根据所需图像噪声值(11.2和13.9),可以指导扫描条件,在一定条件下应用低管电压,高管电流可以降低辐射剂量.结论 管电压对CT值测量有影响,根据所需图像噪声值调整扫描条件,在一定条件下应用低管电压,高管电流可以降低辐射剂量.改变管电压后造成的CT值变化,可依据不同管电压下CT值对应关系进行校准.