转移性结直肠癌维持治疗的进展

摘 要：目前,转移性结直肠癌（metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC）的标准一线治疗方案是在化疗药物基础上联合分子靶向药物。对于完成一线治疗且达到完全缓解、部分缓解或稳定的转移性结直肠癌患者,与持续化疗或单纯观察相比,维持治疗不仅可以巩固一线治疗疗效,延缓疾病进展,而且可以减轻化疗药物的蓄积性不良反应,改善患者生存质量,最终达到延长总生存期的目的。维持治疗包括化疗药物、分子靶向药物和化疗药物联合分子靶向药物维持治疗3种方式,近年来已成为转移性结直肠癌研究的重要方向,但仍有许多问题尚待进一步探索和研究。     

Regorafenib联合TAS102新策略治疗肝细胞癌的研究

背景 与目的:瑞格菲尼(regorafenib,REG)和TAS102是治疗消化道肿瘤的新型药物.嘧啶类药物5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)联合REG可抑制多药耐药转移性结肠癌的进展.肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)决定肿瘤的自我更新,异质性及治疗耐受等,靶向CSC为治愈肿瘤...     

肿瘤干细胞的研究进展

肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell)是存在于肿瘤组织中的一小部分具有干细胞性质的细胞群体.近年来,越来越多的学者认为肿瘤干细胞的残存是恶性肿瘤复发的根源.随着研究的深入,肿瘤干细胞的靶向治疗为恶性肿瘤的治疗带来了新的希望.     

肿瘤微环境内的免疫细胞、PD-1与EGFR-TKIs疗效关系新进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)靶向治疗如今成为EGFR基因突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者的主导治疗方式,但随着用药时间的延长,大部分患者出现靶向药物的耐药.肿瘤微环境是肿瘤细胞赖以生存和发展的内环境,微环境中调节T(regulatory T,Treg)细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞等免疫细胞介导的免疫反应以及程序性死亡受体1(programed cell death protein 1,PD-1)及其配体PD-1L/PD-2L可能参与EGFR-TKIs的耐药形成,现本综述将阐述肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞对EGFR-TKIs靶向治疗疗效相互影响的可能机制,以期寻求新的靶点,进一步提高EGFR-TKIs的抗肿瘤疗效和延长有效时间.     

转移性肾癌生物治疗进展

肾细胞癌（renal cell cancer,RCC）是泌尿系统肿瘤中常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率约5～10／10万。70％～80％的患者首先表现为局部病变,但50％以上的患者最终会发生转移。转移性肾细胞癌（metastatic RCC,mRCC）预后较差,中位生存期（median survival time,MST）6—12月,5年生存率低于10％。联合化疗和（或）放疗也不能显著提高反应率或改善生存。     

LKB1信号通路在非小细胞肺癌相关靶向治疗中的研究进展

肺癌的发病率和死亡率在全球恶性肿瘤中位于首位,其中,非小细胞肺癌( non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)占80％-85％.绝大多数NSCLC临床确诊时处于复发或转移性的晚期阶段,化疗是主要的治疗手段.但是,作为标准一线治疗的含铂类药联合化疗方案已进入平台期,近些年来,分子靶向治疗研究使人们看到了跨越这一平台的希望,是现在肺癌治疗的热点和趋势.     

大肠癌靶向治疗现状

大肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是世界第三大常见肿瘤,2008年全球新发病例120万,死亡608 700例,40%～50%的患者发生转移。病变早期手术,患者5年生存率可以达到90%,而转移性大肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC)患者5年生存率仅为10%。mCRC的治疗在过去几十年得到了长足的进步,随着肿瘤发生发展过程中分子通路和生物进程机制的不断明了,靶向治疗药物开始出现并应用于临床。目前批准用于大肠癌临床治疗的靶向药物有贝伐单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗三种。     

转移性肾细胞癌生物治疗的现状及展望

由于肾细胞癌（renal cell carcinoma, RCC）的内在抵抗性,使得其对放、化疗均不敏感,生物治疗成为转移性肾细胞癌（metastatic renal cell carcinoma, mRCC）患者唯一的选择。随着对RCC的进一步了解,小分子靶向药物治疗已逐步取代了以往的细胞因子疗法。近年来,新型免疫疗法成为RCC生物治疗研究的热点;小分子靶向药物治疗和新型免疫疗法在RCC治疗中显示出极大的优势,提高了患者的生存时间和生活质量,但是反应率低、耐药、副反应等问题也随之出现。为RCC患者提供个体化治疗,让患者从治疗中得到更大的益处是临床工作者努力的目标。     

小细胞肺癌靶向治疗回顾

小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer,SCLC）占肺癌的13％。SCLC虽然对放化疗敏感,但易复发,5年生存率低于5％。随着靶向治疗药物吉非替尼、厄罗替尼等成功用于治疗非小细胞肺癌,靶向治疗亦有可能为提高小细胞肺癌的疗效提供更广阔的可能空间。     

异基因干细胞移植治疗肾细胞癌的研究进展

异基因干细胞移植(allogeneic stem cell transplantation,AlloHSCT)对肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC),尤其是转移性肾细胞癌(metastatic renal cell carcinoma, mRCC ) 的抗肿瘤效应已有许多研究证实。移植预处理方案有清髓性和非清髓性两种,清髓性预处理需要大剂量的     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.     

Temozolomide treatment in glioma--experiences in two university hospitals in Finland

Thirty-two patients with relapsing glioma were treated with temozolomide in two university hospitals in Finland. One patient (3%) had complete response and 9 (28%) partial response, with 8 patients (25%) showing stable disease. Median progression-free survival for these 18 patients (56%) was 7 months (range 2-11+). The remaining either had progressive disease (25%) or only clinical evaluation (19%). Karnofsky score improved in 34% of patients and decreased in 3%. Symptoms were alleviated in 44% and deteriorated in 9%. Grade 3-4 toxicity was detected in 9% of the patients. Only 4% of the days in treatment were spent in hospital. An average 1.8 neuroradiological investigations, 6.9 laboratory visits, and 5.3 visits to the oncologist were made. This study confirms that temozolomide has positive effects on the outcome of often heavily pretreated glioma patients. High drug costs are compensated by prolonged home care and even the possibility to maintain working capacity.