S−H…O and O−H…O Hydrogen Bonds-Comparison of Dimers of Thiocarboxylic and Carboxylic Acids

ωB97-XD/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed on dimers of selected thiocarboxylic acids and on analogous carboxylic acids. The sample of calculated thiocarboxylic acids is an extension of the Cambridge Structural Database search that contains only a few such structures. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) method, Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) approach, Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) method and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) were applied additionally to analyse interactions in dimers of thiocarboxylic and carboxylic acids. The insights into crystal structures as well as into results of calculations show that the formation of S−H…O hydrogen bonds between molecules of thiocarboxylic acids is steered by the same mechanisms as the formation of much stronger O−H…O hydrogen bonds in carboxylic acids. The intramolecular O−H…O and C−H…S hydrogen bonds occurring in few considered structures are also analysed.     

Observation of Transition-Metal–Boron Triple Bonds in IrB2O− and ReB2O−

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal d_π→BR back-donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron-precise metal–boron triple bond was first observed in BiB₂O⁻ [Bi≡B−B≡O]⁻ in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp-hybridized and the [B−BO]⁻ fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron-precise transition-metal-boron triple-bond species, we have produced IrB₂O⁻ and ReB₂O⁻ and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB₂O⁻ has a closed-shell bent structure (C_s, ¹A′) with BO⁻ coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (⁻OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB₂O⁻ is linear (C_∞v, ³Σ⁻) with an electron-precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B−B≡O]⁻. The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron-precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems.     

Vibrational spectra of X2O7n− anions

A careful study of the Raman spectra of aqueous solutions containing X₂O₇ⁿ⁻ anions, where X = P, n = 4; X = Cr or Se, n = 2, has shown for the first time that in all cases the δX-O-X bending mode occurs below 100 cm⁻¹. In addition, further information on the XO₃ terminal stretches was obtained from FTIR spectra of the aqueous solutions. Consequently, more realistic vibrational assignments were obtained for these frequently-studied inorganic anions.     

Untersuchungen in den Systemen GeO2−Na2O, −K2O und −Rb2O

Zusammenfassung Die Systeme GeO₂–Na₂O, –K₂O und –Rb₂O werden röntgenographisch und differentialthermoanalytisch untersucht. Die früher beschriebene Verbindung Na₂Ge₄O₉ (I) erweist sich als identisch mit dem vonJ. F. White und Mitarbeitern angegebenen Na₄Ge₉O₂₀. Von der dargestellten isotypen Kalium-Verbindung werden die Gitterkonstanten ermittelt. Im analogen Rubidium-System läßt sich ein isotypes Enneagermanat bisher nicht nachweisen. Einkristallaufnahmen von Natriumtetragermanat [Na₂Ge₄O₉ (II)] ergeben eine hexagonale Elementarzelle mit 6 Formeleinheiten Na₂Ge₄O₉. Ebenso werden von den isotypen Kalium-und Rubidiumtetragermanaten die Gitterparameter bestimmt. Im Natrium-System stellt offensichtlich das Enneagermanat die stabile Phase dar, während das Tetragermanat nur durch rasches Abkühlen aus der Schmelze erhalten wird. Bei den Kaliumgermanaten ist dagegen das Tetragermanat die stabile Phase.Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Hydrogen-Bonding Catalyzed Ring-Closing C−O/C−O Metathesis of Aliphatic Ethers over Ionic Liquid under Metal-Free Conditions

O-heterocycles have wide applications, and their efficient and green synthesis is very interesting. Herein, we report hydrogen-bonding catalyzed ring-closing metathesis of aliphatic ethers to O-heterocycles over ionic liquid (IL) catalyst under metal- and solvent-free conditions. The IL 1-butylsulfonate-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([SO₃H-BMIm][OTf]) is discovered to show outstanding performance, better than the reported catalysts. An interface effect plays an important role in mediating the reaction rate due to the immiscibility between the products and the IL catalyst, and the products can be spontaneously separated. NMR analysis and DFT calculation suggest that a pair of cation and anion of [SO₃H-BMIm][OTf] could form three strong H-bonds with an ether molecule, which catalyze the ether transformation via a cyclic oxonium intermediate. A series of O-heterocycles including tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, morpholines and dioxane can be obtained from their corresponding ethers in excellent yields (e.g., >99 %). This work opens an efficient and metal-free way to produce O-heterocycles from aliphatic ethers.     

Formation of O 2 − in charge transfer collisions of fast molecular hydrogen ions with O2 molecules

Cross sections for the production of O ₂ ^? in charge transfer collisions of fast molecular hydrogen ions (H ₂ ⁺ , D ₂ ⁺ , H ₃ ⁺ , and D ₃ ⁺ of 10 to 140 keV kinetic energy) with O₂ molecules have been determined by means of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer analysing the slow negative product ions from the collisions. Within the measuring accuracy equivelocity H ₂ ⁺ and D ₂ ⁺ ions have the same cross sections for the generation of O ₂ ^? . The projectile velocity dependence curve of the cross section passes through a broad maximum with a peak value of about 6.5×10^?18 cm² around the Bohr velocity (25 keV/u) before showing an asymptotic decrease still within the limited energy range under investigation that is in inverse proportion to the square of velocity. Throughout the examined energy range H ₃ ⁺ ions yield a cross section which is about 1.4 times larger than that of H ₂ ⁺ ions of the same velocity. The fragment ion O^? has been found to appear with cross sections between 10^?19 and 10^?18 cm² upon collisional excitation in the energy range under investigation, with ever decreasing intensity when the energy of the positive hydrogen ions, the proton included, was increased.     

Use of A Novel Acetone-H2O2−C10− Chemiluminescence System for the Determination of Iodide Ion

Abstract

The present paper reports a new chemiluminescence system, i.e, acetone-H₂O₂?C10^?, which can be catalyzed by iodide ion (I^?). Based on this catalysis, a new chemiluminescence method for the determination of trace iodide ion is proposed. the optimum conditions are reported in this note. the detection limit is 2 × 10^?11 g/ml I^?, the linear dynamic range is 4 × 10^?10 g/ml to 3 × 10^?7 g/ml I^?, and the variation coefficient at an iodide concentration of 5 × 10^?9 g/ml I^? (n=10) is 4.6%. the method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of trace iodide ion in water.     

Evaluation of kinetic stability against CO2 and conducting property of BaCe0.9−xZrxY0.1O3−δ

In order to prepare high proton conducting oxide with high chemical stability against CO₂ at 600–800 °C, preparation of BaCe_0.9?xZr_xY_0.1O_3?δ was examined. Almost single-phase could be prepared for the specimens with x = 0.0–0.2 by Pechini method. Reaction kinetics between BaCe_0.9?xZr_xY_0.1O_3?δ and CO₂ could be explained by Jander model. With increasing Zr content up to 0.2, apparent rate constant determined from Jander plot decreased by about one order, showing improvement of kinetic stability against CO₂. It was also clarified that influence of partial Zr substitution on electrical property was slight, leading to the conclusion that BaCe_0.7Zr_0.2Y_0.1O_3?δ exhibited both high kinetic stability against CO₂ and relatively high proton conduction.     

Thermochemical investigations of the systems KCl−KBr−H2O,K2SO4−(NH4)2SO4−H2O and KNO3−NH4NO3−H2O at 298.15 K

For the equilibrium solid phases occurring in the systems: KCl?KBr?H₂O, K₂SO₄?(NH₄)₂SO₄?H₂O and KNO₃?NH₄NO₃?H₂O, the concentration dependencies of differential solution enthalpies, Δ_sol H ₂ for several crystallization paths, were measured. The limiting differential solution enthalpies, Δ_sol H ₂ ⁰ , were determined by extrapolation of the above dependencies to the ionic strength,I _m ⁰ , corresponding to the appropriate binary solutions. For KCl?KBr?H₂O system only, the clear dependence between Δ_sol H ₂ ⁰ andI _m ⁰ values was found and discussed.     

Thermal magnetic investigation of the decomposition of NixMn1−xC2O4·2H2O

The systems Ni_xMn_1?xC₂O₄·2H₂O (x = 0.11, 0.34) are characterized by XRD, SEM, TG/DTA, EGA-MS and magnetic measurements. The last confirmed that the studied samples are real solid solutions. The SEM reveals that the morphology depends on both the excess of C₂O₄^2? and the initial ratio Ni/Mn. The thermal magnetic investigations (in situ) show that: (i) the presence of Ni in Ni_xMn_1?xC₂O₄·2H₂O leads to decreasing in the decomposition temperature in regard to that of the manganese oxalate; (ii) upon increasing the Ni content the temperature of decomposition (in air) is growing up; (iii) the presence of Ni stabilizes the manganese with respect to oxidation, in spite of the occurring process of decomposition.     

Nickel-Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Phenol Derivatives by Aryl C−O Bond Activation

The increasing pharmaceutical importance of trifluoromethylarenes has stimulated the development of more efficient trifluoromethylation reactions. Tremendous efforts have focused on copper- and palladium-mediated/catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl halides. In contrast, no general method exists for the conversion of widely available inert electrophiles, such as phenol derivatives, into the corresponding trifluoromethylated arenes. Reported herein is a practical nickel-mediated trifluoromethylation of phenol derivatives with readily available trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (TMSCF₃). The strategy relies on PMe₃-promoted oxidative addition and transmetalation, and CCl₃CN-induced reductive elimination. The broad utility of this transformation has been demonstrated through the direct incorporation of trifluoromethyl into aromatic and heteroaromatic systems, including biorelevant compounds.     

Reactivity of O2 − radical anions on hydrated ZrO2 surface

The concentration of O₂ ^? radical anions generated on the surface of hydrated ZrO₂ in an H₂O₂ solution was found to depend on H₂O₂ concentration. It was shown that this method can be used for detecting H₂O₂ in solutions at concentration as low as 0.01 wt%. The radical anions were found to react with organic molecules, even at room temperature. The decomposition kinetics of O₂ ^? radical anions was double-exponential with two reaction rate constants. The existence of two distinct rate constants suggests that two types of O₂ ^? radical anions with similar spectroscopic properties but different reactivity are present on the surface of hydrated ZrO₂. It is highly likely that different arrangements of hydroxyl groups near the radical anions account for the presence of the two types of O₂ ^? with different reactivity. The rate constants obtained in the presence of the organic compounds studied were found to conform with the expected order of reactivity: toluene > benzene ? hexane.     

Electrical and electro-chemical characterisation of La0.99Fe1−x Ni x O3−δ perovskites

(LFN, 0<x<0.6) perovskites were synthesised by a solid-state route and were characterised by powder XRD, dilatometry, four-point DC conductivity measurements and electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on cone-shaped electrodes using a Ce_1.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 (CGO10) electrolyte. All the compounds were of single phase, and they belong to either the cubic or the hexagonal crystal system. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) was in the range 10.7*10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ to 13.4*10⁻⁶ K⁻¹, which continued to increase with increasing nickel content. The highest electronic conductivity was measured for the composition giving a value of 670 S/cm at 380 °C. The highest electro-chemical performance was measured for the composition giving an area specific resistance as low as 5.5 Ωcm² at 600 °C based on EIS measurements on a cone-shaped electrode. Composite cathodes made from and CGO10 revealed a rather low performance due to an un-optimised micro-structure.

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Label-Free Imaging of Intracellular Temperature by Using the O−H Stretching Raman Band of Water

We propose a label-free method for measuring intracellular temperature using a Raman image of a cell in the O−H stretching band. Raman spectra of cultured cells and the medium were first measured at various temperatures using a Raman microscope and the intensity ratio of the two regions of the O−H stretching band was calculated. The intensity ratio varies linearly with temperature in both the medium and cells, and the resulting calibration lines allow simultaneous visualization of both intracellular and extracellular temperatures in a label-free manner. We applied this method to the measurement of temperature changes after the introduction of FCCP (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) in living cells. We observed a temperature rise in the cytoplasm and succeeded in obtaining an image of the change in intracellular temperature after the FCCP treatment.     

Transition Metal-Free Aromatic C−H,C−N,C−S and C−O Borylation

Aromatic organoboron compounds are highly valuable building blocks in organic chemistry. They were mainly synthesized through aromatic C−H and C−Het borylation, in which transition metal-catalysis dominate. In the past decade, with increasing attention to sustainable chemistry, numerous transition metal-free C−H and C−Het borylation transformations have been developed and emerged as efficient methods towards the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. This account mainly focuses on recent advances in transition metal-free aromatic C−H, C−N, C−S, and C−O borylation transformations and provides insights to where further developments are required.     

Ion-molecule reactions of gas-phase chromium oxyanions: CrxOyH z − + O2

Chromium oxyanions, Cr(x)O(y)H(z)(-), were generated in the gas-phase using a quadrupole ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometer (IT-SIMS), where they were reacted with O(2). Only CrO(2)(-) of the Cr(1)O(y)H(z)(-) envelope was observed to react with oxygen, producing primarily CrO(3)(-). The rate constant for the reaction of CrO(2)(-) with O(2) was approximately 38% of the Langevin collision constant at 310 K. CrO(3)(-), CrO(4)(-), and CrO(4)H(-) were unreactive with O(2) in the ion trap. In contrast, Cr(2)O(4)(-) was observed to react with O(2) producing CrO(3)(-) + CrO(3) via oxidative degradation at a rate that was approximately 15% efficient. The presence of background water facilitated the reaction of Cr(2)O(4)(-) + H(2)O to form Cr(2)O(5)H(2)(-); the hydrated product ion Cr(2)O(5)H(2)(-) reacted with O(2) to form Cr(2)O(6)(-) (with concurrent elimination of H(2)O) at a rate that was 6% efficient. Cr(2)O(5)(-) also reacted with O(2) to form Cr(2)O(7)(-) (4% efficient) and Cr(2)O(6)(-) + O (2% efficient); these reactions proceeded in parallel. By comparison, Cr(2)O(6)(-) was unreactive with O(2), and in fact, no further O(2) addition could be observed for any of the Cr(2)O(6)H(z)(-) anions. Generalizing, Cr(x)O(y)H(z)(-) species that have low coordinate, low oxidation state metal centers are susceptible to O(2) oxidation. However, when the metal coordination is >3, or when the formal oxidation state is > or =5, reactivity stops.     

DMSO-Enabled Selective Radical O−H Activation of 1,3(4)-Diols

Control of selectivity is one of the central topics in organic chemistry. Although unprecedented alkoxyl-radical-induced transformations have drawn a lot of attention, compared to selective C−H activation, selective radical O−H activation remains less explored. Herein, we report a novel selective radical O−H activation strategy of diols by combining spatial effects with proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). It was found that DMSO is an essential reagent that enables the regioselective transformation of diols. Mechanistic studies indicated the existence of the alkoxyl radical and the selective interaction between DMSO and hydroxyl groups. Moreover, the distal C−C cleavage was realized by this selective alkoxyl-radical-initiation protocol.