Investigation of molecular penetration depth variation with SMBI fluxes

We study the molecular penetration depth variation with the SMBI fluxes.The molecular transport process and the penetration depth during SMBI with various injection velocities and densities are simulated and compared.It is found that the penetration depth of molecules strongly depends on the radial convective transport of SMBI and it increases with the increase of the injection velocity.The penetration depth does not vary much once the SMBI injection density is larger than a critical value due to the dramatic increase of the dissociation rate on the fueling path.An effective way to improve the SMBI penetration depth has been predicted,which is SMBI with a large radial injection velocity and a lower molecule injection density than the critical density.     

超声分子束注入密度和宽度对托克马克装置加料深度的影响

基于HL-2A托卡马克装置的真实磁场位形,应用大型边缘等离子体湍流模拟程序BOUT++中的子程序模块trans-neut对不同的超声分子束注入(SMBI)密度和宽度进行模拟.在SMBI过程中,保持单位时间内分子注入个数和注入速度恒定,在恒定通量情况下,通过调整注入分子束密度和宽度来研究SMBI注入深度的变化.研究结果表明:在注入密度较小、注入宽度较大时,SMBI的注入深度更深,分子和原子的分解率和电离率的时空区域较宽.分子分解局域化会抑制全局分解率的增长,而分解局域化又会引发局域分解率的加速增长,进而促进全局分解率的增长,促进效果占优导致在注入速度一定的情况下,恒定通量的分子注入发散角越小,分子注入深度越浅.     

Radial transport dynamics studies of SMBI with a newly developed TPSMBI code

In tokamak plasma fueling, supersonic molecule beam injection(SMBI) with a higher fueling efficiency and a deeper penetration depth than the traditional gas puffing method has been developed and widely applied to many tokamak devices.It is crucial to study the transport dynamics of SMBI to improve its fueling efficiency, especially in the high confinement regime. A new one-dimensional(1D) code of TPSMBI has also been developed recently based on a six-field SMBI model in cylindrical coordinate. It couples plasma density and heat radial transport equations together with neutral density transport equations for both molecules and atoms and momentum radial transport equations for molecules. The dominant particle collisional interactions between plasmas and neutrals, such as molecule dissociation, atom ionization and charge-exchange effects, are included in the model. The code is verified to be correct with analytical solutions and also benchmarked well with the trans-neut module of BOUT++ code. Time-dependent radial transport dynamics and mean profile evolution are studied during SMBI with the TPSMBI code in both slab and cylindrical coordinates. Along the SMBI path, plasma density increases due to particle fuelling, while plasma temperature decreases due to heat cooling. Being different from slab coordinate, the curvature effect leads to larger front densities of molecule and atom during SMBI in cylindrical coordinate simulation.     

Simulations of the effects of density and temperature profile on SMBI penetration depth based on the HL-2A tokamak configuration

Using the trans-neut module of the BOUT++ code, we study how the fueling penetration depth of supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) is affected by plasma density and temperature profiles. The plasma densities and temperatures in L-mode are initialized to be a set of linear profiles with different core plasma densities and temperatures. The plasma profiles are relaxed to a set of steady states with different core plasma densities or temperatures. For a fixed gradient, the steady profiles are characterized by the core plasma density and temperature. The SMBI is investigated based on the final steady profiles with different core plasma densities or temperatures. The simulated results suggest that the SMB injection will be blocked by dense core plasma and high-temperature plasma. Once the core plasma density is set to be N_(i0)= 1.4N_0(N_0= 1 × 10~(19)m~(-3)) it produces a deeper penetration depth. When N_(i0) is increased from 1.4N_0 to 3.9N_0 at intervals of 0.8N_0, keeping a constant core temperature of T_(e0)= 725 eV at the radial position of ψ = 0.65, the penetration depth gradually decreases. Meanwhile, when the density is fixed at N_(i0)= 1.4N_0 and the core plasma temperature T_(e0) is set to 365 eV,the penetration depth increases. The penetration depth decreases as T_(e0) is increased from 365 eV to 2759 eV. Sufficiently large N_(i0) or T_(e0) causes most of the injected molecules to stay in the scrape-off-layer(SOL) region, lowering the fueling efficiency.     

强场和弱场侧超声分子束注入对加料的影响

报道了HL-2A装置最新的实验结果,讨论并研究了超声分子束的注入位置对分子束在等离子体中的消融和穿透的影响,其中包括电离后的分子束粒子在磁场梯度作用和 E × B 漂移下的加速或减速及由此形成的冷通道效应.研究结果表明,磁场梯度和 E × B 漂移对于超声分子束的加料效果、消融和穿透有着重要的作用.强场侧注入可使电离后的电子和离子更深地进入等离子体芯部.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用.     

The interference component of low-coherent radiation backscattering

An interference component of backscattering of low-coherent radiation is calculated for the first time based on the previously developed approach consisting of direct simulation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in terms of the Monte Carlo method. It is shown that, upon an increase in the spatial coherence length, it plays the role of the characteristic scale of the backscattering instead of the transport length. The effect of localization of backscattering of an ultrashort pulse in relation to the penetration depth is revealed. Both the theory and the numerical simulation predict, in accordance with experiment, a considerable broadening of the peak of coherent backscattering with decreasing coherence length, which significantly extends the application field of the effect, especially in biomedical diagnostics.     

HL-2A托卡马克超声分子束注入深度和加料效果研究

超声分子束注入深度与加料效率是分子束加料研究中的基本课题.在近期开展的超声分子束注入实验中，发现分子束注入深度与等离子体电子温度和密度、分子束源的气压和温度有直接关系，获得了分子束注入深度的定标律.在低温气体源(液氮冷却)的分子束注入实验中，发现分子束流中形成了团簇，其注入深度超过30 cm，分析了在低温气源分子束注入实验中的团簇现象. 关键词： 超声分子束注入 注入深度 加料效率 团簇     

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利用多道远红外HCN激光干涉仪实时测量了等离子体中的粒子数增量,首次得到了HL-2A等离子体偏滤器位形和孔栏位形下强场侧和弱场侧SMBI的加料效率,结果与法国Tore Supra装置的SMBI加料效率的范围相一致。     

弹丸消融速率的理论模型及数值计算

建立了计算托卡马克加料中弹丸消融的物理模型,结合1维输运模型编制了1.5维弹丸消融计算机模拟代码。使用ITER-FEAT的相关参数,对半径为6mm,初速度为2000m•s^-1,从低磁场侧注入弹丸的消融速率进行了模拟计算。结果显示,弹丸消融速率先随注入深度而逐渐增大,最大消融速率约6×10²⁶s^-1,然后由于弹丸半径的减小,消融速率迅速减小,穿透深度约0.45m。这一结果与中性气体屏蔽模型(NGS)的结果一致,证明计算代码正确有效。同时,从计算结果反映出,对ITER这样的堆级托卡马克,采用常规弹丸注入方式,尽管速度高达2000m•s^-1,穿透深度也远未达到等离子体中心,因此应采取其他有效措施来提高等离子体加料效率。     

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建立了计算托卡马克加料中弹丸消融的物理模型,结合1维输运模型编制了1.5维弹丸消融计算机模拟代码。使用ITER-FEAT的相关参数,对半径为6mm,初速度为2000m·s?1,从低磁场侧注入弹丸的消融速率进行了模拟计算。结果显示,弹丸消融速率先随注入深度而逐渐增大,最大消融速率约6×1026s?1,然后由于弹丸半径的减小,消融速率迅速减小,穿透深度约0.45m。这一结果与中性气体屏蔽模型(NGS)的结果一致,证明计算代码正确有效。同时,从计算结果反映出,对ITER这样的堆级托卡马克,采用常规弹丸注入方式,尽管速度高达2000m·s?1,穿透深度也远未达到等离子体中心,因此应采取其他有效措施来提高等离子体加料效率。     

改善ITER 弹丸注入芯部加料的研究

研究了五种不同组合的固态氢同位素靶丸H₂、HD、D₂、DT 和T₂ 在聚变等离子体中的消融率。结果表明, 燃料靶丸的同位素效应, 可导致更深的靶丸消融物质沉积。在同样的本底等离子体条件和弹丸初始参数下, 注入氚丸比氢丸的穿透深度增加约40%。适度减轻一些ITER 的加料困难。进一步的研究表明从中平面高场侧注入靶丸对芯部加料有显著改善。考虑托卡马克非均匀磁场的影响, 被电离的消融云内的垂直漂移电流产生极化, 引起带电消融物沿大半径方向朝外漂移。数值模拟计算表明, 只要用初始速度为每秒几百米的低速弹丸, 便能使靶丸的消融物质沉积到ITER 等离子体中心。     

HL-2A装置上超声分子束注入触发L-H转换的实验研究

利用具有定向速度的超声分子束注入技术,研究了HL-2A装置在较低加热功率条件下实现L-H转换的等离子体放电特征,从边缘密度分布的差异比较分析了普通送气和超声分子束注入对L-H转换的影响.实验结果表明,HL-2A装置上采用超声分子束注入可直接触发L-H转换,明显降低L-H转换功率.通过对大量实验数据的分析和整理发现,利用超声分子束注入实现L-H转换的最低加热功率,比同等条件下采用普通送气实现L-H转换的最低加热功率减少约10％.     

Simulation of helium supersonic molecular beam injection in tokamak plasma

To study helium(He) supersonic molecular beam injection(SMBI) into H-mode tokamak plasma, a simplified multicomponent-plasma model under the assumption of quasi-neutral condition is developed and implemented in the frame of BOUT ++. The simulation results show that He species propagate inwards after He SMBI, and are deposited at the bottom of the pedestal due to intensive ionization and weak spreading speed. It is found that almost all injected helium particles strip off all the bounded electrons. He species interact intensively with background plasma along the injection path during He SMBI, making deuterium ion density profile drop at the He-deposited location and resulting in a large electron temperature decreasing, but deuterium ion temperature decreasing a little at the top of the pedestal.     

爆炸成型弹丸战斗部不同侵彻着角下的毁伤能力研究

 利用LS-DYNA仿真软件,对爆炸成型弹丸（EFP）毁伤能力与EFP侵彻着角关系进行了研究。结果表明：随着EFP着角从0°增加到40°,EFP侵彻靶板的垂直侵彻深度减小了34.2%,开孔处孔径大小增加了18.2%。侵彻过程中,EFP头部速度与时间呈线性规律变化,并且当EFP着角越大时,头部速度下降趋势越快;EFP垂直侵彻深度与时间先呈线性增长,随后上升趋势变得缓慢;不同侵彻着角下的侵彻参数与时间的关系趋势一致。基于EFP的垂直侵彻理论和杆式弹的斜侵彻理论,结合仿真拟合曲线,得到了EFP垂直侵彻深度与侵彻着角的修正计算公式。     

HL-2A装置偏滤器位形超声分子束注入深度观测

用22道Hα辐射测量阵列观测了HL-2A装置偏滤器位形超声分子束的注入过程。观测结果表明：在HL-2A装置偏滤器位形下,当分子束注入气源压强大于1MPa时,Hα辐射沿径向分布存在两个峰值,其第二个Ha辐射峰值位于r/a~0.8附近,表明大部分氢粒子在等离子体边缘(SOL区域)即被离解或电离,但仍有部分氢粒子沉积在分界面内5cm。     

Numerical simulation of fueling pellet ablation and transport in the EAST H-mode discharge

To understand the effect of injected deuterium (D) pellets on background plasma, the ablation of D pellets and the transport of D species in both atomic and ionic states in the EAST device are simulated using a modified dynamic neutral gas shield model combined with the edge plasma code SOLPS-ITER. The simulation results show that there is a phenomenon of obvious atomic deposition in the scrape-off layer (SOL) after pellet injection, which depends strongly on the injection velocity. With increasing injection velocity, the atomic density in the SOL decreases evidently and the deposition time is relatively shortened. Possible effects for triggering of edge localized modes (ELMs) by D and Li pellets are also discussed. With the same pellet size and injection velocity, the maximum perturbation pressure caused by D pellets is obviously higher. It is found that the resulting maximum perturbed pressure is remarkably enhanced when the injection velocity is reduced from 300 m/s to 100 m/s for a pellet with a cross section of 1.6 mm, which indicates that the injection velocity is important for ELM pacing. This work can provide reasonable guidance for choosing pellet parameters for fueling and ELM triggering.     

EAST中加热功率对弹丸注入加料效率的影响

介绍了 EAST 装置气动加速氘弹丸注入加料系统和不同加热功率条件下弹丸加料效率的实验结果。 当等离子体加热功率从 1MW 逐渐增加到 10MW 时,弹丸加料效率从 60%降低到 10%。加热功率的升高导致弹 丸粒子的沉积深度 λp/a 降低达 50%左右,从而导致大量的弹丸粒子沉积在等离子体边界。     

入射速度对长杆弹垂直侵彻行为的影响规律

 以长杆弹垂直侵彻半无限厚靶板为研究对象,分析了弹体最大侵彻深度与入射速度的关系,研究了弹体入射速度对侵彻最大深度的影响规律。研究表明：靶板的强度和界面效应使弹体在侵彻过程中存在一个临界速度,当入射速度大于临界速度时,弹体的侵彻才能通过开坑阶段进入准稳定阶段,它是造成当入射速度较小时侵彻深度随入射速度的提高而几乎不变或缓慢增加的主要原因;准稳定侵彻过程中弹体速度和侵彻速度基本不变,并且两者存在线性关系,这种关系只与弹体和靶板的材料性能有关,是造成当入射速度较大时侵彻深度随入射速度的提高呈快速线性增大的主要原因。     

Quantum corrections to the semiclassical Hartree-Fock theory of a harmonically trapped Bose gas

An analytical approach is proposed to investigate the mechanism of implantation of size selected clusters into graphite, in order to explain the origin of linear variation of measured penetration depth with momentum or energy of incident cluster. In agreement with experimental observations, the cluster experiences, during its penetration, a force which consists in a component proportional with cluster velocity and a constant component. Expressions of these forces were obtained in the frame work of this approach. Regardless of whether the cluster breaks down into single atoms on the surface or not, there is evidence for existence of a wave generated under impact of cluster on the surface. Under the assumption that the cluster does not break up at impact on the surface, the penetration depth depends on the cross-section between the cluster and the surface, the cluster velocity and the properties of graphite. When the cluster fragments upon the impact on the surface, the generated wave is followed by a collective motion (??collective cascade??) of displaced atoms of target, including the constituents of cluster themselves, due to the transfer of cluster momentum. Thus, it is these displaced atoms which penetrate in the medium. During this collective penetration, some constituents of cluster can reach a certain depth which may be considered as the range of the deepest implanted constituents of cluster. It is shown that, the depth of penetration depends on the initial radius of cluster, its velocity and the properties of graphite. In addition, the depth varies non linearly with cluster velocity, for small clusters (n ?? 7), while for large clusters (n ?? 13), it varies (i) linearly with cluster velocity (or momentum) when the force proportional with speed of cluster is dominant. (ii) Linearly with the square of cluster velocity (or energy) if the constant force becomes dominant. It is shown that, a mechanism based on a collective motion of displaced atoms including the constituents of cluster themselves, induced by transfer of cluster momentum to the medium, permits to explain the behavior of measured depth of implanted clusters into graphite. This collective motion involves only one free parameter for all clusters of the same nature which are used as projectiles in the same experiment.     

The first results of divertor discharge and supersonic molecular beam injection on the HL-2A tokamak

HL-2A tokamak is the first tokamak with divertors in China. The plasma boundary and the position of the striking point on the target plates of the HL-2A closed divertor were simulated by the current filament code and they were in agreement with the diagnostic results in the divertor. Supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) system was first installed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak in 2004. In the present experiment low pressure SMBI fuelling on the HL-2A closed divertor was carried out. The experimental results indicate that the divertor was operated in the `linear regime' and during the period of SMB pulse injection into the HL-2A plasma the power density convected at the target plate surfaces was 0.4 times of that before or after the beam injection. It is a useful fuelling method for decreasing the heat load on the neutralizer plates of the divertor.