伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫的初步报告

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫的方法及效果.方法应用旋转式伽玛刀治疗12例顽固性颞叶癫痫.靶点选择杏仁核、海马、颞叶前部.剂量杏仁核、海马边缘剂量25～35Gy,中心剂量50～70Gy,颞叶前部边缘剂量15～20Gy、中心剂量30～40Gy.结果随访18～40个月,癫痫发作完全控制6例,显著改善2例,良好2例,无效2例.结论伽玛刀治疗顽固性癫痫,具有定位精确、创伤小、并发症少的优点.远期疗效,有待更多的病例积累及长期跟踪观察.     

伽玛刀治疗癫痫的进展

伽玛刀治疗癫痫在国内外进行了较多尝试。伽玛刀对癫痫的治疗效果是肯定的,但仍存在不少争议,这可能与病例的选择、术前检查的完善程度和术者技术等因素有关。本文对近年来伽玛刀治疗难治性癫痫的国内外文献进行综述。     

伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫的初步报告

1997年1月至2000年10月,我们应用OUR旋转式伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫34例,其中12例获得18～40个月随访,现报告如下:     

伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫疗效分析(附26例临床分析)

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的方法与疗效。方法2000年9月至2005年1月应用伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫患者共26例,病程平均8年（4～42年）。治疗范围包括杏仁核,海马及部分海马旁回,50％等剂量曲线边缘剂量平均19Gy（15～20Gy）。结果随访0．7～5．03年,平均1．13年。26例患者中有10例发作完全消失,发作频率减少在50％以上的患者16例（62％）,在随访时间大于1．5年的9例患者中有6例发作完全消失,发作频率减少在50％以上的患者7例（77．8％）。所有患者中21例复查了核磁共振（MRI）,有14例在术后12个月前后出现局部水肿及血脑屏障破坏。全部病人未见头痛、记忆力下降、视束损伤等并发症。结论初步结果显示伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫安全、有效,最终疗效评估仍需大量病例长期随访确定。     

伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫的长期随访

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫的伽玛刀治疗的疗效。方法 用PET、SPECT、MRI、EEG检查痫灶位置，应用瑞典ELEKTA公司伽玛刀治疗系统行杏仁核毁损术(90～100Gy)加颞叶内侧或外侧低剂量(中心20Gy，边缘10Gy)伽玛射线照射38例。结果 本组38例经伽玛刀治疗后随访5．1～7．2年，满意26例，显著改善及良好各3例，无效6例，有效率84．2％。其中癫痫完全消失23例，占61％；1例3个月后出现精神症状，经激素、甘露醇治疗第六个月后症状消失；6例(在满意26例中)2年后癫病症状同治疗前。无病残及死亡。结论 伽玛刀行杏仁核毁损术加颞叶内侧或外侧低剂量照射，对颞叶癫痫具有明确的疗效，并发症少见。部分病例的复发可能与杏仁核毁损剂量不足有关。     

立体定向引导选择性海马切除治疗颞叶内侧癫痫(附11例临床报道)

目的探讨应用立体定向引导微创手术选择性海马切除治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的方法的可行性.方法11例内侧颞叶癫痫病例,根据EEG、MRI、PET-CT等资料,初步确定癫痫灶位于一侧海马,然后在立体定向引导下置深部电极于海马,确认癫痫灶位于海马后即以深部电极为手术导向标志在显微镜下作选择性海马切除术.结果随访1～2年疗效满意8例（72.7%）,显著改善2例（18.2%）,良好1例（9.1%）.术后无其他神经系统并发症,无死亡病例.结论综合应用影像学、核素检查,海马深部电极植入记录海马脑电,对内侧颞叶癫痫灶定位可以明确诊断;癫痫病灶的起源精确定位于海马后,在立体定向引导下作单纯选择性海马切除治疗颞叶内侧癫痫可获得满意疗效.     

伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫伴精神障碍的疗效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀对颞叶癫痫伴精神障碍的治疗效果。方法回顾分析伽玛刀治疗26例颞叶癫痫伴精神障碍的结果,根据临床特点、PET-CT、EEG进行致痫灶定位,应用MASEP-SRRS型旋转式伽玛刀治疗,单纯以杏仁核和海马为靶点时,边缘剂量25～30Gy,等剂量曲线50%,需加照射颞叶皮层致痫灶时,边缘剂量9～14Gy,等剂量曲线45%～50%。采用癫痫的国内疗效评定标准和全国精神外科疗效评定标准进行疗效评定。结果治疗后随访1～6年,26例中,癫痫控制满意9例,显著改善8例,良好5例,有效率84.6%。治疗后精神症状疗效评定:恢复3例,显著进步12例,进步6例,无效5例,总有效率80.8%。结论伽玛刀行杏仁核海马毁损术及联合皮层癫痫灶低剂量照射,对颞叶癫痫伴精神障碍具有明确的疗效,并发症少见。     

伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的对比研究

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫的伽玛刀与手术治疗的优缺点.方法 应用瑞典ELEKTA公司伽玛刀治疗系统行杏仁核毁损术(90～100Gy)加颞叶内侧或外侧低剂量(中心20Gy,边缘10Gy)伽玛射线照射89例.皮层电极及深部电极引导下手术治疗69例,其中前颞叶 海马杏仁核切除术67例,选择性海马杏仁核切除术2例.伽玛刀及手术治疗前行PET、SPECT、MRI、EEG检查.结果 伽玛刀组89例治疗后随访1～10.7年,89例中,满意61例,显著改善及良好各7例,无效13例,加重1例,有效率84.3%.其中癫痫完全消失53例,占60%;3例3～12个月后出现精神症状,经激素、甘露醇治疗2～3个月后症状消失;7例(在满意61例中)2年后癫痫症状同治疗前.无病残及死亡.手术组69例术后随访1～7.6年,69例中,满意63例,显著改善2例,良好1例,无效3例,有效率95.7%.其中癫痫完全消失60例,占87%.无死亡,暂时性偏瘫2例,占2.9%.轻度同向视野缺损6例,占8.7%,硬膜外血肿1例,记忆力减退3例.69例中有3例是伽玛刀治疗后无效或加重的患者,术后癫痫完全消失.结论 手术治疗颞叶癫痫的效果比伽玛刀更好,但有死亡及出现并发症的危险;伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫具有明确的疗效,并发症少见,但限于靶区体积或剂量不能过大,疗效有所下降,且部分病例有复发的可能;伽玛刀治疗失败的患者可补充手术治疗.     

伽玛刀治疗颅内软骨肉瘤四例报道及文献回顾

目的 探讨伽玛刀放射外科治疗颅内软骨肉瘤的临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析天津医科大学第二医院神经外科伽玛刀中心自2004年11月至2012年1月收治的4例软骨肉瘤患者诊治过程.4例患者均行手术切除并经病理证实,其中男1例,女3例;年龄26～36岁,平均31.3岁.肿瘤体积0.6～25.4 cm3,平均13.8 cm3;边缘剂量15～20 Gy,平均17.3 Gy;中心剂量30～40 Gy,平均35 Gy;靶点数4～19个,平均10个.本组随访时间5～28个月,平均14.5个月. 结果 1例左侧乳突及颈静脉孔区患者及1例鞍区患者治疗后分别随访19个月、9个月,肿瘤未见增大,生存良好;1例右侧眶颅沟通患者随访28个月后复发,后两次行手术治疗,效果不佳,于伽玛刀治疗后56个月死亡;1例左侧鞍旁患者治疗后5个月肿瘤复发,伴脑积水,随后失访.4例均未出现任何与伽玛刀治疗相关的并发症. 结论 伽玛刀治疗定位精确度高,疗效可靠且对周围组织损伤小,可作为术后残留软骨肉瘤辅助治疗方法.     

伽玛刀治疗脑胶质瘤的临床分析(附142例临床报道)

目的评价伽玛刀对脑胶质瘤的治疗效果。方法自1993年12月至2003年12月经伽玛刀治疗且有完整随访资料的脑胶质瘤病例142例,其中男性88例,女性54例,年龄12～78岁(平均37.5±9.4岁),周边剂量10～22Gy(平均15.3Gy)。结果142例随访3～106个月(平均17.7个月),65例低恶度胶质瘤影像复查结果:消失11例(17%),缩小25%以上27例(42%),无变化15例(23%),恶化12例(18%),有效率为82%。77例高恶度胶质瘤影像复查,近期及远期有效率分别为80%和57%,6、12、24和36个月生存率分别为94.8%,84.4%,50.6%和32.5%。43例(30.3%)患者于治疗后出现放射性水肿。结论伽玛刀治疗脑胶质瘤,可提高患者生存质量,延长生命。对体积较小的低恶度胶质瘤,其疗效明确;对高恶度脑胶质瘤,可控制肿瘤的生长,但易复发。     

Gamma knife surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: Gamma knife radiosurgery (GK) allows precise and complete destruction of chosen target structures containing healthy and/or pathologic cells, without significant concomitant or late radiation damage to adjacent tissues. All the well-documented radiosurgery of epilepsy cases are epilepsies associated with tumors or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Results prompted the idea to test radiosurgery as a new way of treating epilepsy without space-occupying lesions. METHODS: To evaluate this new method, we selected seven patients with drug-resistant "mesial temporal lobe epilepsy" (MTLE).The preoperative evaluation program was the one we usually perform for patients selected for microsurgery of TLE [video-EEG analysis of seizures, foramen ovale electrode recording, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET) scan, neuropsychological testing]. In lieu of microsurgery, the amygdalohippocampectomy was performed by using GK radiosurgery. RESULTS: Morphologic (MRI) signs of destruction of the target took place at 9 months after GK surgery. Since the treatment day, the first patient has been seizure free. Seizure improvement came more gradually for the following patients, and complete cessation of seizures occurred around the tenth month (range, 8-15 months). MRI shows that the amygdaloentorhinohippocampal target was selectively injured. No significant side effect (except one case of homologous quadrantanopia) or morbidity and no mortality was observed. The current follow-up is 24-61 months, and all (but one) patients are seizure free. CONCLUSIONS: This initial experience proves clearly the short-to middle-term efficiency and safety of GK for MTLE surgery. These results need further confirmation of long-term efficiency, but the introduction of GK surgery into epilepsy surgery can reduce dramatically its invasiveness and morbidity.     

深部电极引导伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫(附21例临床分析)

目的探索深部电极引导伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的方法,初步评价治疗效果。方法治疗21例颞叶内侧癫痫患者,其中男性13例,女性8例,年龄18~59岁,平均34.2岁,病史3~20年,平均13.5年。用无框架立体定向机器人技术进行深部电极植入,并进行深部电极长程视频脑电监测。本组双侧植入5例,单侧植入16例,植入监测时间1~7天,平均监测2.2天。明确致痫灶后,安装头架,行头颅CT扫描定位,然后拔除深部电极,行头颅核磁扫描。对头颅CT与核磁进行融合,明确致痫灶接触电极的位置,进行伽玛刀治疗。治疗剂量:周边剂量8~13 Gy,平均9.8 Gy;中心剂量16~26 Gy,平均18.2 Gy;50%等剂量曲线。结果随访6~36个月,平均15个月,Engel’s效果分级:Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级6例(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级为治愈及有效)。有效率为71.4%。手术并发症:颅内积气2例,1周后自行吸收。无其他手术并发症。结论颞叶内侧癫痫深部电极探测明确致痫灶后,应用CT及核磁融合技术,在深部电极引导下进行伽玛刀低剂量治疗,初步治疗结果满意。     

伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效,寻求更佳的颞叶癫痫治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院接受伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫患者35例,治疗边缘剂量15~25 Gy,接受手术治疗颞叶癫痫患者102例,随访患者治疗后癫痫控制情况。结果随访时间3~7年,平均4.5年,伽玛刀治疗组EngelⅠ级7例,EngelⅡ级8例,EngelⅢ级9例,EngelⅣ级11例,手术治疗组:EngelⅠ级69例,EngelⅡ级15例,EngelⅢ级10例,EngelⅣ级8例,两者差异有显著统计学意义(P0.0001)。结论手术治疗颞叶癫痫疗效显著优于伽玛刀治疗,伽玛刀术后癫痫缓解率低,并发症多,目前尚不能作为颞叶癫痫的常规治疗。     

脑电立体定位系统引导伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的前瞻性研究

目的探索脑电立体定位系统引导伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的方法,评价治疗的效果。方法分析363医院头部伽玛刀治疗室2004年1月～2007年12月确诊并行伽玛刀治疗的54例颞叶内侧癫痫患者,男性患者32例,女性患者22例,年龄8～53岁,平均25岁。采用前瞻性研究方法,进行随访观察,对治疗效果进行评价。结果本组共纳入病例54例,平均周边剂量12Gy(8～16Gy),随访1～6年,平均4.2年,疗效按Engel癫痫外科治疗结果分类及谭启富提出的癫痫外科手术结果评价标准分级:21例患者满意(占38.9%),13例显著改善(占24.1%),9例良好(占16.7%),11例效差(占20.3%);其中治疗部位与EEG、偶极子一致者43例,21例效果满意(占48.8%),10例显著改善(占23.3%),良好6例(占13.9%),6例效差(占13.9%);其余11例不一致的患者中,无一例达满意效果,3例显著改善(占27.3%),良好3例(占27.3%),5例效差(占45.4%);无死亡病例。结论长期随访结果显示良好的癫痫控制率及极低的并发症,脑电、偶极子提示位置一致,疗效好;当脑电图显示致痫灶没有局限于颞叶内侧结构,与偶极子定位结果不吻合时应首选开颅手术,术中皮层电极监测验证癫痫源灶部位。故伽玛刀治疗前必须严格选择病例,治疗靶点确定要有充分依据,严格控制剂量、容积,以提高疗效,降低并发症。     

伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫的长期随访研究

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗颞叶内侧癫的长期疗效。方法回顾性分析应用伽玛刀治疗的46例顽固性颞叶内侧癫病人的临床资料。伽玛刀治疗范围包括杏仁核、海马及部分海马旁回,周边剂量17～20 Gy。结果随访46例,时间6～10年。术后5年按Engel分级:Ⅰ~Ⅱ级31例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级7例,有效率为67.4%。术后出现一过性头痛、记忆力下降20例,视野缺损12例,均在3~6个月内逐渐缓解。结论伽玛刀治疗相比传统开颅手术具有损伤轻、并发症少、长期有效率高等优点,是治疗颞叶内侧癫的方法之一。     

The use of radiosurgery for the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and long-term results

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to mesial temporal sclerosis. Methods: Between November 1995 and May 1999, 14 patients underwent radiosurgical entorhinoamygdalohippocampectomy with a marginal dose of 18, 20, or 25 Gy to the 50% isodose following a standard preoperative epilepsy evaluation. Results: One patient was classified as Engel Class Ib, three were Engel Class IIc, one was Engel Class IIIa, and two were Engel Class IVb in a subgroup of seven patients who were unoperated 2 years prior to the last visit and at least 8 years after irradiation (average 116 months). The insufficient effect of irradiation led us to perform epilepsy surgery on another seven patients an average of 63.5 months after radiosurgery. The average follow‐up period was 43.5 months after the operation. Four patients are seizure‐free; one is Engel Class IIb and one is Engel Class IId. One patient cannot be classified due to the short period of follow‐up. The frequency of seizures tended to rise after irradiation in some patients. Collateral edema was observed in nine patients, which started earlier and was more frequent in those irradiated with higher doses. It had a marked expansive character in three cases and clinical signs of intracranial hypertension were present in three cases. We found partial upper lateral quadrant anopia as a permanent side effect in two patients. Repeated psychotic episodes (two patients) and status epilepticus (two patients) were also seen after treatment. No significant memory changes occurred in the group as a whole. Discussion: Radiosurgery with 25, 20, or 18‐Gy marginal dose levels did not lead to seizure control in our patient series, although subsequent epilepsy surgery could stop seizures. Higher doses were associated with the risk of brain edema, intracranial hypertension, and a temporary increase in seizure frequency.     

伴海马硬化的颞叶内侧癫痫的外科治疗(附22例临床分析)

目的探讨伴海马硬化的颞叶内侧癫痫的手术疗效。方法对22例术前诊断伴海马硬化的颞叶癫痫患者,在术中脑电监测下行颞前叶及颞叶内侧结构切除术。结果术后病理诊断均为海马硬化。术后无重大并发症,随访均无癫痫发作。结论伴海马硬化的颞叶内侧癫痫的手术效果良好,确诊后应尽早手术治疗。     

Neuropsychological change following gamma knife surgery in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy: a review of three cases

Gamma knife surgery (GKS) is a radiation procedure recently used in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Preliminary studies have shown significant seizure reductions in patients 8-26 months postprocedure; however, little is known about the effect of GKS on cognitive functioning in TLE. We report neuropsychological data on three patients with left TLE and MRI evidence of hippocampal sclerosis who underwent GKS. Two models for assessing cognitive change, reliable change indices and regression-based norms for change, were used to measure preoperative versus 13- to 27-month postoperative cognitive change. Results revealed a significantly long delayed verbal memory decline on one measure following GKS. No patient declined on measures of IQ, visual memory, or language. Radiation-induced edema was present at the time of testing in all three patients, which may have affected verbal memory performance. While preliminary, these data suggest that GKS offers a less invasive option to anterior temporal lobectomy, but may produce neuropsychological changes similar to those produced by left anterior temperol lobectomy up to 2 years post-GKS treatment.