Energy-efficient hybrid beamforming for millimeter-wave-based massive multiple-input multiple-output system

The advanced wireless communication system requires abridged energy consumption, enhanced data rate, and good signal coverage. The massive MIMO technology for 5G systems has been developed to accommodate several users simultaneously with superior throughput. The claim for high data rate wireless communication services is expanding quickly as time goes. Thus, the key difficulty is that as the number of users grows, the number of phase shifters grows as well, causing the system to consume more power; as a result, the system's energy efficiency decreases. Hybrid beamforming has recently emerged as an attractive technique for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. The analog beamformer in the RF domain and digital beamformer in the baseband are coupled through a minimal number of RF chains in hybrid beamforming architecture. Hybrid beamforming utilizes fewer RF (radio frequency) chains than the total number of antennas to have a lower energy consumption design. The hybrid beamforming for a mmWave-based massive MIMO system through different phase shifter selection mechanisms is proposed to achieve the highest energy efficiency for mmWave communications systems. The fully connected with phase shifter selection, sub-connected with phase shifter selection (SPSS), and fully connected and sub-connected with phase shifter selection with halved and doubled switches are considered for this research. The simulation results show the SPSS with halved switch outperforms on energy efficiency.     

Beam Tracking Particle Filter for Hybrid Beamforming and Precoding Systems

Because millimeter wave (mmWave) systems can span notably wide spectral bands, mmWave systems are expected to dominate fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. Due to the short wave-length of mmWave radiation, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can use massive antennas and precoding technology to overcome signal attenuation in mmWave channels. However, the cost and power consumption of radio frequency (RF) chains would increase substantially with the number of antennas. Hence, hybrid beamforming was proposed to reduce the number of RF chains in massive MIMO systems. Hybrid beamforming involves RF beamforming matrix construction and baseband precoding matrix derivation. This study focused on the design and implementation of an algorithm for the RF beamforming matrix construction for mobile environments. Accordingly, this study presents a mixture particle filter that exploits the temporal continuity of beam clusters in a mobile mmWave channel to reduce the computational complexity of RF beamforming matrix construction. Moreover, this beam-tracking particle filter is based on parallel processing architecture to support the tracking of multiple beam clusters in the mmWave channel. Finally, the beam-tracking particle filter was implemented on a field-programmable gate array platform and was verified in a hybrid beamforming system for mmWave MIMO systems. The particle filter processor achieved a maximal throughput of 9.198k matrices/s with a clock rate of 192 MHz, which could support a speed of up to 88.5 km/h for mobile users.

     

一种基于SIC-CDM的低复杂度混合波束赋形方案

为了平衡毫米波大规模多输入多输出系统的性能和硬件开销,降低系统功耗,以频谱效率为优化目标,在部分连接结构下提出了一种收发端联合设计的低复杂度混合波束赋形方案。首先,基于连续干扰消除将原始优化问题转化为多个子阵的速率优化问题;然后,利用坐标下降法完成模拟波束赋形矩阵设计;最后,引入等效信道矩阵大幅降低矩阵维度,再对其进行奇异值分解获得数字波束赋形矩阵。仿真结果表明,与其他算法相比,所提算法在系统功耗降低的同时保持了较优的性能,且性能逼近部分连接结构的最优方案。     

基于GSIC的上行链路毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA系统低功耗传输方法

非正交多址接入（non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA）和毫米波大规模多输入多输出（multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO）的结合能够支持未来无线通信网络的巨流量大连接需求。研究了上行链路毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的功率最小化问题，提出了基于群体串行干扰消除（group-levelsuccessiveinterference cancellation,GSIC）的混合波束成形毫米波MIMO-NOMA上行传输系统新架构。具体来说，根据信道增益对用户进行群体划分，不同群体用户由NOMA服务，群体内用户采用空分多址区分。通过给不同群体设计模拟波束成形矩阵，对数字波束成形和功率控制进行联合优化，提出了一种并行迭代算法来解决优化问题。仿真结果表明，所提出的新架构在总功率方面优于传统的基于分簇和用户级串行干扰消除的毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA。     

毫米波视距MIMO安全通信技术研究

移动通信和信息社会的高速发展对宽带高速数据传输提出了较高的要求,而毫米波多输入多输出（multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO）技术成为实现高速安全数据传输的重要技术途径.考虑到一些特殊的需求和应用场景,比如对偏远地区的覆盖,构建应急通信系统,特别是军事宽带战术互联网,基于空中移动平台的毫米波MIMO技术成为当前研究的一个热点.本文充分调研国内外相关文献资料,阐述了毫米波视距（line-of-sight,LoS）MIMO信道建模、天线阵列优化、混合波束成形设计以及物理层安全等相关技术的当前进展、存在的挑战,并指出未来的研究方向,推动基于空中平台的毫米波MIMO系统的工程化应用.     

Robust hybrid beamforming design for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems

Hybrid analog-digital beamforming is recognized as a promising solution for a practical implementation of massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) systems based on millimeter-wave(mmWave) technology. In view of the overwhelming hardware cost and excessive power consumption and the imperfection of the channel state information(CSI), a robust hybrid beamforming design is proposed for the mmWave massive MIMO systems, where the robustness is defined with respect to imperfect knowledge or error of the CSI at the transmitter due to limited feedback and/or imperfect channel estimation. Assuming the errors of the CSI are bounded, the optimal hybrid beamforming design with robustness is formulated to a mean squared error(MSE) minimization problem. An iterative semidefinite programming(SDP) based algorithm is proposed to obtain the beamforming matrices. Simulation results show that the proposed robust design can provide more than 4 dB performance gain compared to that of non-robust design.     

Asymptotic RZF cooperative beamforming algorithm based on energy efficiency

A low complexity asymptotic regularized zero forcing cooperative beamforming algorithm based on energy efficiency in heterogeneous massive MIMO system was proposed,aiming at the problem that the current multi-flow regularization zero forcing beamforming algorithm sets the power constraint of each antenna in the regularization term as a fixed value and ignores the influences of factors such as the number of antennas,the number of users and QoS.The algorithm selects the optimal antenna power constraint set through the optimization method,and the optimal beamforming was asymptotically ob-tained to balance the interference among users to achieve the optimal energy efficiency,considering the impact of the number of antennas and users with the constraints of the antenna power and QoS.In view of the importance of backhaul in massive MIMO system,a backhaul power consumption model and the impact of backhaul power consumption on system performance was analyzed.Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has great improvement of the performance,especially when the number of antennas is large.The algorithm is close to optimal performance,especially suitable for massive MIMO system of next generation communication.     

Study on application of CMA to land mobile LEO satellite communication systems based on a deterministic channel model

This paper studies the application of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) in land mobile low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems. Two propagation phenomena prevail in narrow band land mobile LEO satellite channel, namely, adjacent channel interference (ACI) and frequency‐non‐selective fading. The performance of CMA for ACI cancellation and the behaviours of CMA in frequency‐non‐selective fading channels are evaluated using a digital beamforming (DBF) array antenna simulation scheme. All these evaluations are based on a simple but efficient channel model which provides a good and fast simulation method for land mobile LEO satellite channels. The restricted Jakes Doppler power spectral density (psd) function is incorporated into the model to ensure that it will be appropriate for the evaluation of a DBF antenna. Our results reveal that CMA can reject ACI and work well in frequency‐non‐selective fading channels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无人机辅助多用户毫米波MIMO系统的透镜波束预编码技术研究

无人机(UAV)与毫米波(mmWave)多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的结合可以提供高数据速率的空中链路,然而其部署位置及波束赋形设计直接影响无线通信系统的吞吐量.为实现多用户同时接入通信,该文提出基于离散透镜阵列(DLA)结构的波束空间预编码技术,构建了联合UAV飞行高度、波束选择及混合预编码的优化方案.为了解决这一涉...     

接入与回传一体化小基站的接入控制与资源分配联合优化算法

针对全双工无线接入与回传一体化小基站场景下长期的频谱效率和能效同时最大化问题,该文提出一种基于近似动态规划理论的接入与回传一体化小基站接入控制与资源分配联合优化算法。该算法首先联合考虑当前基站的资源使用和功率配置情况,在任一用户需求动态到达以及平均时延、小基站回传速率和传输功率约束下,使用受限马尔科夫决策过程(CMDP)建立频谱效率最大化和功率消耗最小化的多目标优化模型,其次运用切比雪夫理论将多目标优化问题转化为单目标问题,并使用拉格朗日对偶分解法进一步转化为非受限的马尔科夫决策过程(MDP)问题。最后,为了解决其求解时存在的“维度灾”爆炸问题,该文提出基于近似动态规划的无线接入与回传一体化小基站资源动态分配算法进行求解,得到此时的接入与资源分配策略。仿真结果表明,所提算法能在保证平均时延约束、小基站回传速率约束和传输功率约束的同时最大化长期平均频谱效率和能效。     

Joint AoA and Channel Estimation for SIMO- OFDM Systems: A Compressive-Sensing Approach

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmission has been considered in future fifth generation (5G) communication systems. Since the pathloss in mmWave is severe, beamforming with antenna arrays, an enabling technology in the 5G era, will become a must. To conduct receive beamforming, however, we need to know the information about the angle-of-arrival (AoA). In this paper, we consider joint AoA and channel estimation for single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) OFDM systems. As known, wireless channels are sparse, and this is particularly true for mmWave environments. Conventional compressive-sensing (CS) based channel estimation methods only consider single-input-single-output systems. We propose new matching-pursuit-based CS methods for channel estimation in SIMO-OFDM systems, using frequency-domain pilots. With the estimated channels, AoA’s are then estimated by the maximum-likelihood method. Since a hidden parameter is involved in the problem, an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is then employed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is also derived for the AoA estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed channel estimation can significantly outperform existing methods while the proposed AoA estimation attains the CRLB.     

Space‐time block coding in millimeter wave large‐scale MIMO‐NOMA transmission scheme

In this paper, we introduce a new wireless system architecture using space‐time block coding schemes (STBC) and non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in millimeter wave (mmWave) large‐scale MIMO systems. The proposed STBC mmWave large‐scale MIMO‐NOMA system utilizes two MIMO subarrays, transmitting data over two channel vectors to mobile users. To reduce the communication overhead and latency in the system, we utilize random beamforming with optimal coefficients at the base station and random‐near random‐far user pairing in implementing the NOMA scheme. Our results show that the proposed STBC mmWave large‐scale MIMO‐NOMA technique significantly outperforms the previous counterparts.     

Fast Beamforming for Mobile Satellite Receiver Phased Arrays: Theory and Experiment

The purpose of this paper is to present a robust and fast beamforming algorithm for the low-cost mobile phased array antennas. The proposed beamforming algorithm uses a sequentially perturbation gradient estimation method to update the control voltages of the phase shifters, with the objective of maximizing the received power by the array. This algorithm does not require either the knowledge of phase shifter characteristics or signal Direction-of-Arrival. Moreover, in this paper, the algorithm parameters are derived for the stationary and mobile platform configurations. For the stationary array, it is shown how the proper selection of the beamforming parameters limits the noise effects and increases the array output power. For the mobile array, a condition for the fast convergence is derived and the advantage of using nonuniform step size to update the control voltages is illustrated. When phase shifters suffer from the imbalanced insertion loss the proposed beamforming technique perturbs the phase-conjugate condition to increase the total received power. This algorithm has been implemented with the low-cost microwave components and applied to a Ku-band phased array antenna with 34 sub-arrays. The experimental results verify the broadband performance, and the fast convergence of the algorithm for different platform maneuvers.      

Smart Backhauling for 5G Heterogeneous Network with Millimeter Wave Backhaul Links to Perform Switching Off,Interference Management and Backhaul Routing

Developments made in the fifth generation (5G) and the cellular networks have greatly influenced the lifestyle of the wireless users. Increased demand on higher data rates has also increased the network traffic. In the viewpoint of cellular networks, several Small Cells (SCs) are combined together with the help of microwave communications and millimeter wave communication models, in order to support the heterogeneous environments. In this paper, we have proposed a hybrid communication framework which can efficiently support the interference management, routings in backhaul links and the joint issue during on/off status of the mobile using 5G mmWave backhaul links. A novel cache-enabled technology is designed to develop backhaul links using heuristic search models. Along with that, an effective data access framework is also formulated using distance based cluster head selection that resolves the interference issues. Without modifying the content of the mobile users, the services are offered to the uses associated with backhaul links. Since a fast iterative model is developed, the throughput rate and the energy savings are maximized. A simulation analysis is carried out with a static number of mobile nodes which has proved the efficiency of the proposed framework.

     

Beamforming experiment with a DBF multibeam antenna in a mobilesatellite environment

This paper describes a digital beamforming (DBF) multibeam antenna that incorporates a compact digital signal processor (DSP) engine, and the results of using it in a beamforming experiment receiving a satellite signal in a land-mobile environment. A considerable reduction in the scale of the DSP engine has been achieved by using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). To capture a satellite signal arriving from an unknown direction, a two-dimensional (2-D) spatial FFT signal processing provides orthogonal multibeam patterns on the broad side of a planar array antenna. The experimental results demonstrated the features of coarse acquisition and tracking of a signal arrival by selecting the strongest of the beams without assistance from direction finding sensors or microwave phase shifters. The DBF multibeam antenna will provide high-quality communications and increase traffic capacity if it is applied to high-gain mobile antennas or multispot-beam base station antennas in cellular or satellite mobile communications     

Multipath multihop mmWave backhaul in ultra-dense small-cell network

Ultra-Dense Network (UDN) is considered to be the key enabler for realizing capacity goals set by 5G. The major concern in UDN deployment is the backhaul network, which should be scalable, cost-effective, and have sufficient capacity to support massive small cell traffic. Otherwise, the backhaul can become the bottleneck of the network. In this paper, we propose a wireless backhaul solution for UDN deployment by considering MultiPath-MultiHop (MPMH) backhaul architecture in mmWave frequency band. In addition, we propose a distributed routing scheme to forward the backhaul traffic over the multihop network. Backhaul capacity and line-of-sight probability of the proposed backhaul architecture for various picocell densities were compared with direct, multiple-association, and multihop backhaul schemes under interference limited scenarios in outdoor and indoor small cell deployments. The simulation results indicate that the MPMH mmWave backhaul is the most cost-effective and scalable solution for UDN deployment.     

Service function chain embedding algorithm with wireless multicast in mobile edge computing network

To resolve the excessive system overhead and serious traffic congestion in user-oriented service function chain (SFC) embedding in mobile edge computing (MEC) networks,a content-oriented joint wireless multicast and SFC embedding algorithm was proposed for the multi-base station and multi-user edge networks with MEC servers.By involving four kinds of system overhead,including service flow,server function sustaining power,server function service power and wireless transmission power,an optimization model was proposed to jointly design SFC embedding with multicast beamforming.Firstly,with Lagrangian dual decomposition,the problem was decoupled into two independent subproblems,namely,SFC embedding and multicast beamforming.Secondly,with the L_p norm penalty term-based successive convex approximation algorithm,the integer programming-based SFC embedding problem was relaxed to an equivalent linear programming one.Finally,the non-convex beamforming optimization problem was transformed into a series of convex ones via the path following technique.Simulation results revealed that the proposed algorithm has good convergence,and is superior to both the optimal SFC embedding with unicasting and random SFC embedding with multicasting in terms of system overhead.     

基于QPSK的智能天线固定多波束基带DBF算法

射频(RF)波束形成算法,难以直接采用数字信号处理(DSP)技术,实时完成数字波束形成(DBF)计算.对于相移键控(PSK)调制方式,本文认为RF波束形成算法可等效在基带实现.针对四相相移键控(QPSK)调制方式,本文提出了一种新的智能天线固定多波束基带DBF算法.与RF波束形成算法相比,提出的算法可实现同样的辐射方向图,但需要的计算量却大幅度地降低.基带DBF算法,使智能天线的实现更为简单、应用更为灵活、性能更为优良,对推动智能天线技术实用化发展具有重大意义.     

Multi-Hop Wireless Backhaul Networks above 10 GHz: Connectivity and Critical Density Evaluation

Microwave links are the obvious mobile backhauling solution for many mobile operators. Multi-hops are likely to be necessary in order to ensure connectivity for mobile backhaul solutions. The subject of the present paper is the evaluation of the connectivity of wireless multi-hop backhaul networks assuming high frequency transmissions among the relays. A novel analytical physical propagation and engineering model is presented for the calculation of the connectivity of wireless multi-hop networks that appropriate for operating frequencies above 10 GHz. Assuming equal power transmissions from every node and a random spatial node distribution following the homogeneous Poisson process, we calculate the node isolation probability. Furthermore, we calculate the minimum required node density in order to keep the backhaul network almost connected. The sensitivity of the isolation probability and of the minimum node density on frequency of operation, transmission power and climatic conditions is also investigated. Some useful conclusions are drawn.     

有限量化精度移相器对毫米波平面相阵波束控制性能的影响

在毫米波频段由于路径损耗较大,通常采用波束成形来提高链路增益以建立稳定的连接。通常在低频段采用的数字波束成形,由于每根天线配置一条射频链路,功耗和成本较高。采用相阵架构实现射频波束成形是一种折衷的选择。本文研究了毫米波信道下移相器有限的量化精度在平面相阵单流波束控制（beam steering）中带来的性能损失。首先推导了阵列增益损失与移相器误差方差之间的理论关系,然后通过蒙特卡洛仿真验证该理论结果。从仿真结果可以看出平面相阵的增益损失可以通过增加移相器精度来减小。在通常应用中,4-bit移相器在实现平面相阵波束控制时提供了足够的增益。