造山带橄榄岩记录的大陆俯冲带多期壳幔相互作用

俯冲带是地壳与地幔之间物质交换的主要场所.前人对大洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用进行了大量研究,但是对俯冲带壳幔相互作用的物理化学过程和机理仍缺乏明确认识.在大陆俯冲带出露有造山带橄榄岩,它们来自俯冲板片之上的地幔楔,是解决这个问题的理想样品.通过对大别-苏鲁和柴北缘造山带橄榄岩进行系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,发现地幔楔橄榄岩由于俯冲地壳的交代作用而含有新生锆石和残留锆石,它们能为地壳交代作用时间、交代介质来源、性质和组成提供制约.地幔楔橄榄岩在大陆碰撞过程的不同阶段受到了俯冲大陆地壳衍生的多期不同性质流体的交代作用.地幔楔橄榄岩还受到了陆壳俯冲之前古俯冲洋壳衍生流体的交代作用.深俯冲陆壳衍生熔体与橄榄岩反应形成的石榴辉石岩具有高的水含量,能提供高水含量的地幔源区.      

造山带橄榄岩起源和大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用

俯冲地壳衍生流体交代地幔楔,是产生俯冲带岩浆作用的重要机制.但是,目前人们对俯冲大陆物质改造地幔楔的岩石学过程和机理仍缺乏深入认识,造山带橄榄岩是解析这一问题的直接样品.通过对大别-苏鲁造山带橄榄岩进行系统的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究,发现橄榄石Ni/Co比值可有效区分幔源和壳源造山带橄榄岩,揭示幔源造山带橄榄岩起源于华北岩石圈地幔.苏鲁李家屯纯橄岩在进入俯冲带之前就已在地幔内部经历了碳酸盐熔体交代.大别毛屋和苏鲁蒋庄橄榄岩及其交代脉体记录了约170~200 km深度的俯冲带壳幔相互作用过程.深俯冲陆壳释放的富Si-Al质熔体可不同程度地改造地幔楔底部,形成富石榴石和富辉石的交代岩,并引发强烈的Os同位素分馏效应.该过程不仅改变地幔楔岩性和化学组成,还能够改变交代介质成分,为俯冲带各类深部地幔岩浆提供源区物质.因此,大陆深俯冲是导致上地幔不均一的重要途径.      

兴蒙造山带北部岩石圈地幔橄榄岩氧逸度特征研究

在大兴安岭北部的诺敏和科洛地区的新生代玄武岩中发现了尖晶石相的橄榄岩包体.地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Mg#说明了研究区上地幔具有部分难熔的特点.在橄榄石含量与Fo图解中,有一部分橄榄岩包体落在太古代和元古代的地幔区域,揭示了研究区的岩石圈地幔存在古老岩石圈地幔的残余.研究区方辉橄榄岩与二辉橄榄岩有显示高氧逸度值,FMQ+1....     

大陆碰撞造山带的两类橄榄岩——以柴北缘超高压变质带为例

论述了大陆俯冲碰撞带中地幔橄榄岩的基本特征和成岩类型,并重点讨论柴北缘超高压变质带中不同性质的橄榄岩及其成因。根据岩石学特征,我们确定柴北缘超高压带中发育有两种类型的橄榄岩:(1)石榴橄榄岩,岩石类型包括石榴二辉橄榄岩、石榴方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和石榴辉石岩,是大陆型俯冲带的标志性岩石。金刚石包裹体、石榴石和橄榄石的出溶结构、温压计算等均反映其来源深度大于200km。地球化学特征表明该橄榄岩的原岩是岛弧环境下高镁岩浆在地幔环境下堆晶的产物。(2)大洋蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩,与变质的堆晶杂岩(包括石榴辉石岩、蓝晶石榴辉岩)和具有大洋玄武岩特征的榴辉岩构成典型的蛇绿岩剖面,代表大洋岩石圈残片。这两类橄榄岩的确定对了解柴北缘超高压变质带的性质和构造演化过程有重要意义。     

大陆俯冲带超高压变质岩部分熔融与壳幔相互作用研究进展

自20世纪80年代在大陆地壳岩石中发现柯石英和金刚石等超高压变质矿物以来,大陆深俯冲和超高压变质作用就成为了固体地球科学研究的前沿和热点领域之一.经过三十余年的研究,已经在大陆地壳的俯冲深度、深俯冲岩石变质P-T-t轨迹、俯冲地壳岩石的折返机制、深俯冲岩石的原岩性质、大陆碰撞过程中的熔/流体活动与元素活动性、俯冲隧道内...     

大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用

由板块俯冲引发的深部物质循环过程是地球内部的一级运行机制,主宰了地球从内到外的演化进程,是地球科学研究的重要前沿.俯冲带化学地球动力学研究不仅需要确定俯冲带地壳物质再循环的机制和形式,而且需要确定俯冲带动力来源和热体制及其随时间的变化.为了识别不同类型壳源熔/流体对地幔楔的交代作用、寻求板片-地幔界面反应的岩石学和地球化学证据、理解汇聚板块边缘地壳俯冲和拆沉对地幔不均一性的贡献,我们必须将俯冲带变质作用、交代作用和岩浆作用作为一个地球科学系统来考虑.板块俯冲带变质过程中发生一系列物理化学变化,这些变化不但是导致板块进一步俯冲的主要驱动力,同时也控制着释放的熔/流体组成和俯冲到地球深部的物质组成,对俯冲带化学地球动力学过程产生重要影响.地幔楔作为俯冲系统中连接俯冲盘和仰冲盘的关键构造单元,在地球层圈之间物质循环和能量交换等方面起着重要作用.造山带地幔楔橄榄岩直接记录了俯冲带多种性质的熔/流体交代作用,以及复杂的壳幔物质循环过程.俯冲带岩浆岩是大洋/大陆板块俯冲物质再循环的表现形式,这些岩石样品记录了俯冲带从深部地幔到浅部地壳的过程,也为认识地球深部物质循环提供了理想的天然样品.尽管国际上在俯冲带岩石学和地球化学领域针对地球深部过程的研究方面取得了多项重要进展,但由于研究工作缺乏密切的协同配合,包括俯冲带熔/流体的物理化学性质、俯冲带壳幔相互作用的机制和过程、俯冲带幔源岩浆活动的物质来源和启动机制以及深部地幔过程对地表环境的影响等许多关键科学问题尚未得到根本解决.将来的研究需要聚焦俯冲带物质循环这一核心科学问题,进一步查明俯冲带变质作用、交代作用、岩浆作用等过程的各自特征和相互联系,包括挥发性组分在地球深部的迁移过程及其资源和环境效应,着力考察研究相对薄弱的古俯冲带,阐明板块俯冲与地球深部物质循环之间的耦合机制.      

柴北缘超高压变质带沙柳河蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩及其意义

本文报道了柴北缘大陆型超高压变质带沙柳河地区发现的蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩,其原始矿物组合为橄榄石＋斜方辉石＋铬铁矿。方辉橄榄岩中识别出两个世代的橄榄石,第一世代橄榄石7、（O1^1）残晶发育扭折带,化学成分与现代大洋地幔橄榄岩的橄榄石一致,第二世代橄榄石（O1^2）Fo值高达94～97,其内部含有细小的流体包裹体,是第一世代橄榄石蛇纹石化后再次变质的产物。斜方辉石残晶的成分具有高Al和Ca的特征,与大洋地幔橄榄岩中斜方辉石的成分一致。温压条件的估算反映该橄榄岩体属于典型的尖晶石相方辉橄榄岩。其围岩是由堆晶辉长岩变质的条带状蓝晶石榴辉岩,二者构成了大洋蛇绿岩套的下部层位,并且与区内具有N—MORB和OIB性质的榴辉岩共生。这些特征表明该方辉橄榄岩应代表洋壳下伏地幔橄榄岩,从而揭示大陆造山带从早期的大洋俯冲消亡到大陆俯冲碰撞的完整过程。     

造山带橄榄岩岩石学与构造过程:以松树沟橄榄岩为例

造山带橄榄岩不仅是地幔地球化学,而且是造山带形成与演化过程研究的主要对象.造山带橄榄岩主要有3种类型:（1）阿尔卑斯型橄榄岩,即岩石圈地幔构造-热侵位就位于造山带浅部地壳的橄榄岩;（2）前期层状基性-超基性堆晶岩经俯冲变质形成的橄榄岩;（3）蛇绿岩型橄榄岩.松树沟糜棱岩化橄榄岩及其相关高级变质岩详细的岩石学和地球化学研究发现这些橄榄岩记录了洋岩石圈形成到角闪岩相变质的全过程.即1 000~800 Ma洋岩石圈形成阶段,主要形成纯橄岩; < 800~500 Ma洋-陆转换即陆岩石圈演化阶段,岩石圈被交代形成大量方辉橄榄岩;500~480 Ma快速深俯冲和榴辉岩相变质阶段;460~335 Ma角闪岩相退变质阶段,此阶段在松树沟橄榄岩中形成大量富镁的直闪石类矿物,包括透闪石、阳起石和镁闪石.由此可见,蛇绿岩型造山带橄榄岩能够记录造山带形成与演化的全过程,通常会经历4个形成和演化阶段:（1）洋岩石圈（蛇绿岩）形成阶段,形成纯榄岩;（2）洋-陆转换阶段,陆岩石圈演化阶段,岩石圈受交代形成方辉橄榄岩;（3）岩石圈深俯冲,榴辉岩相变质;（4）俯冲板片抬升至角闪岩相时退变质,此时在橄榄岩中形成富镁的直闪石类矿物.不同造山带中蛇绿岩型橄榄岩的区别可能只是俯冲深度和退变质程度不同而已.最后,蛇绿岩一定要强调是什么时代的蛇绿岩.同时,造山带进变质作用产物经常会被后期抬升过程中退变质作用彻底改造,这应该引起重视.      

大陆俯冲过程中的流体

含水矿物矿物稳定性的实验研究和超高压岩石的同位素地球化学研究表明 ,大陆地壳在俯冲过程中 ,随着变质程度的升高和部分含水矿物的相继分解 ,会有流体释放出来。当俯冲深度接近5 0km ,俯冲陆壳岩石中大量低级变质含水矿物 (如绿泥石、绿帘石、阳起石 )会脱水并从俯冲陆壳逸出形成流体流。这一流体流可溶解带走俯冲陆壳内已从云母类矿物逸出的放射成因Ar及部分U、Pb ,并导致w(U) /w(Pb)升高。这一阶段逸出的流体有可能交代、水化仰冲壳楔 ,为其发生部分熔融形成同碰撞花岗岩或加速山根下地壳的榴辉岩化创造条件。在俯冲深度为 5 0～ 10 0km ,变镁铁质岩石中的角闪石相继分解并释放出H2 O。由于变镁铁质岩石在陆壳中所占比例较少 ,因此 ,这一阶段释放的水不能形成大规模的流体流 ,因而不能使体系内的过剩Ar大量散失 ,但足以形成局部循环 ,加速变镁铁质岩石及其互层或邻近围岩的榴辉岩化变质反应。在俯冲深度 >10 0km的超高压变质阶段 ,仅有少量的含水矿物分解 ,而多硅白云母仍保持稳定。这时俯冲陆壳内只可能有少量粒间水存在 ,从而导致俯冲陆壳与周围软流圈地幔不能发生充分的相互作用。     

大陆板块俯冲和折返的同位素地球动力学

大别 -苏鲁造山带是扬子大陆板块与华北大陆板块之间在三叠纪时期俯冲 -碰撞所形成的超高压变质带。对该带超高压变质岩的稳定同位素研究发现 ,不仅含柯石英榴辉岩出现局部氧同位素负异常 (δ18O =- 10‰ ) ,而且区域上存在氧同位素分布的不均一性 (δ18O =- 10‰～+10‰ )。前者要求榴辉岩原岩在变质前经历过大气降水热液蚀变 ,说明俯冲板块具有大陆地壳特点 ;后者反映扬子板块具有快速俯冲变质的特征 ,否则将达到同位素均一化。榴辉岩氧同位素负异常的保存显示 ,这些超高压变质岩与地幔之间没有发生显著的化学相互作用。因此 ,载有榴辉岩原岩的板块俯冲到 2 0 0多公里深的地幔内部时 ,超高压岩石形成后在地幔中的滞留时间很短(<10Ma) ,致使它们与地幔之间的氧同位素交换没有达到再平衡。榴辉岩中不同矿物对氧同位素测温不仅给出了相互一致的结果 (6 5 0～ 75 0℃ ) ,而且这些温度与阳离子交换温度计的结果 (6 0 0～80 0℃ )相一致。因此 ,在榴辉岩相变质温度下共生矿物之间的氧同位素平衡已被“冻结” ,岩石冷却过程中的氧同位素交换再平衡没有发生 ,从而证明超高压榴辉岩在变质作用后经历了快速降压/冷却过程 ,对应于板块的快速抬升。这些结果首次从地球化学角度证明了大陆板块俯冲—超高压变质—折     

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the forbidden zone: the Xugou garnet peridotite, Sulu terrane, eastern China

The Xugou garnet peridotite body of the southern Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terrane is enclosed in felsic gneiss, bounded by faults, and consists of harzburgite and lenses of garnet clinopyroxenite and eclogite. The peridotite is composed of variable amounts of olivine (Fo₉₁), enstatite (En_92?93), garnet (Alm_20?23Prp_53?58Knr_6?9Grs_12?18), diopside and rare chromite. The ultramafic protolith has a depleted residual mantle composition, indicated by a high‐Mg number, very low CaO, Al₂O₃ and total REE contents compared to primary mantle and other Sulu peridotites. Most garnet (Prp_44?58) clinopyroxenites are foliated. Except for rare kyanite‐bearing eclogitic bands, most eclogites contain a simple assemblage of garnet (Alm_29?34Prp_32?50Grs_15?39) + omphacite (Jd_24?36) + minor rutile. Clinopyroxenite and eclogite exhibit LREE‐depleted and LREE‐enriched patterns, respectively, but both have flat HREE patterns. Normalized La, Sm and Yb contents indicate that both eclogite and garnet clinopyroxenite formed by high‐pressure crystal accumulation (+ variable trapped melt) from melts resulting from two‐stage partial melting of a mantle source. Recrystallized textures and P–T estimates of 780–870 °C, 5–7 GPa and a metamorphic age of 231 ± 11 Ma indicate that both mafic and ultramafic protoliths experienced Triassic UHP metamorphism in the P–T forbidden zone with an extremely low thermal gradient (< 5 °C km^?1), and multistage retrograde recrystallization during exhumation. Develop of prehnite veins in clinopyroxenite, eclogite, felsic blocks and country rock gneiss, and replacements of eclogitic minerals by prehnite, albite, white mica, and K‐feldspar indicate low‐temperature metasomatism.     

Petrogenesis of the garnet peridotite and garnet-free peridotite of the Zhimafang ultramafic body in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China

The CCSD‐PP1 drillhole penetrated a 110‐m‐thick sequence of the Zhimafang ultramafic body in the Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, east China. The sequence consists of interlayered garnet‐bearing (Grt) and garnet‐free (GF) peridotite. Eleven layers of Grt‐peridotite, ranging from 1.2 to 9.5 m in thickness, have an aggregate thickness of 54.49 m, whereas eight layers of GF‐peridotite, ranging from 2.2 to 14.2 m in thickness, have a total thickness of 57.53 m. The boundaries between the two rock types are gradational. The Grt‐peridotites have slightly higher contents of Al₂O₃, CaO and SiO₂, and lower Mg^#s (0.90–0.92) than the GF‐peridotites (Mg^#s 0.91–0.93). Both contain low TiO₂ (<0.05 wt%) and have higher modal abundances of enstatite (average 10 vol.%) than diopside (1–5 vol.%), typical of depleted‐type upper mantle. The diopside in these rocks has high and relatively uniform Mg^# members (0.93–0.95), but highly variable Al₂O₃ (0.2–2.3 wt%), Na₂O (0.5–2.5 wt%) and Cr₂O₃ (0.38–2.09 wt%). Enstatite (En_92?93) contains very low Al₂O₃ (0–0.3 wt%). Both porphyroblastic and equigranular garnet are present. The equigranular varieties are zoned, from core to rim in Cr₂O₃ (3.4–4.2 wt%), MgO (18.4–17.5 wt%) and Al₂O₃ (21.1–20.1 wt%). Titania is very low in all the garnet, mostly <0.05 wt%. Chromite or chromium (Cr)‐spinel occur both in the Grt‐ and GF‐peridotite, and are characterized by high contents of Cr₂O₃ (49–58 wt%) and FeO (24–43 wt%), similar to that in iron‐rich Alpine‐type peridotites. Based on the bulk‐rock MgO–FeO compositions, the Zhimafang Grt‐peridotite probably underwent 20–30% partial melting, whereas the GF‐peridotite may have undergone as much as 35–40% partial melting, suggesting that the two rock types owe their differences to different degrees of partial melting rather than to pressure differences during metamorphism.     

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and exhumation of garnet peridotite in Pohorje, Eastern Alps

New evidence for ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in the Eastern Alps is reported from garnet‐bearing ultramafic rocks from the Pohorje Mountains in Slovenia. The garnet peridotites are closely associated with UHP kyanite eclogites. These rocks belong to the Lower Central Austroalpine basement unit of the Eastern Alps, exposed in the proximity of the Periadriatic fault. Ultramafic rocks have experienced a complex metamorphic history. On the basis of petrochemical data, garnet peridotites could have been derived from depleted mantle rocks that were subsequently metasomatized by melts and/or fluids either in the plagioclase‐peridotite or the spinel‐peridotite field. At least four stages of recrystallization have been identified in the garnet peridotites based on an analysis of reaction textures and mineral compositions. Stage I was most probably a spinel peridotite stage, as inferred from the presence of chromian spinel and aluminous pyroxenes. Stage II is a UHPM stage defined by the assemblage garnet + olivine + low‐Al orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + Cr‐spinel. Garnet formed as exsolutions from clinopyroxene, coronas around Cr‐spinel, and porphyroblasts. Stage III is a decompression stage, manifested by the formation of kelyphitic rims of high‐Al orthopyroxene, aluminous spinel, diopside and pargasitic hornblende replacing garnet. Stage IV is represented by the formation of tremolitic amphibole, chlorite, serpentine and talc. Geothermobarometric calculations using (i) garnet‐olivine and garnet‐orthopyroxene Fe‐Mg exchange thermometers and (ii) the Al‐in‐orthopyroxene barometer indicate that the peak of metamorphism (stage II) occurred at conditions of around 900 °C and 4 GPa. These results suggest that garnet peridotites in the Pohorje Mountains experienced UHPM during the Cretaceous orogeny. We propose that UHPM resulted from deep subduction of continental crust, which incorporated mantle peridotites from the upper plate, in an intracontinental subduction zone. Sinking of the overlying mantle and lower crustal wedge into the asthenosphere (slab extraction) caused the main stage of unroofing of the UHP rocks during the Upper Cretaceous. Final exhumation was achieved by Miocene extensional core complex formation.     

Metasomatism of garnet peridotite from Jiangzhuang,southern Sulu UHP belt: constraints on the interactions between crust and mantle rocks during subduction of continental lithosphere

The Jiangzhuang ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic peridotite from south Sulu, eastern China occurs as a layer within gneiss with eclogite blocks, and consists of coarse‐grained garnet porphyroblasts and a fine‐grained matrix assemblage of garnet + forsterite + enstatite + diopside ± phlogopite ± Ti‐clinohumite ± magnesite. Both types of garnet are characterized by high MgO content and depletion of light rare earth element (LREE) and enrichment of heavy rare earth element, but the matrix garnet has lower MgO, TiO₂ and higher Cr₂O₃ and REE contents. Diopside displays LREE enrichment, and has low but variable large‐ion lithophile element (LILE) contents. Phlogopite is a major carrier of LILE. Ti‐clinohumite contains high Nb, Ta, Cr, Ni, V and Co contents. The P–T conditions of 4.5–6.0 GPa and 850–950 °C were estimated for matrix mineral assemblages. Most peridotites are depleted in Al₂O₃, CaO and TiO₂, and enriched in SiO₂, K₂O, REE and LILE. In contrast to phlogopite‐free peridotites, the phlogopite‐bearing peridotites have higher K₂O, Zr, REE and LILE contents. Zircon occurs only in the phlogopite‐bearing peridotites, shows no zoning, with low REE contents and Th/U ratios, and yields tight U–Pb ages of 225–220 Ma, indicating the peridotites experienced consistent Triassic UHP metamorphism with subducted supercrustal rocks. These data demonstrate that the Jiangzhuang peridotites were derived from the depleted mantle wedge of the North China Craton, and experienced various degrees of metasomatism. The phlogopite‐free peridotites may have been subjected to an early cryptic metasomatism at UHP conditions of the mantle wedge, whereas the phlogopite‐bearing peridotites were subjected to a subsequent strong metasomatism, characterized by distinctly enrichment in LILE, LREE, Zr and K as well as the growth of zircon and volatile‐bearing minerals at UHP subduction conditions. The related metasomatism may have resulted from the filtration of fluids sourced mainly from deeply subducted supracrustal rocks.     

Geochemical cycling during subduction initiation: Evidence from serpentinized mantle wedge peridotite in the south Andaman ophiolite suite

The ophiolite suite from south Andaman Islands forms part of the Tethyan Ophiolite Belt and preserves the remnants of an ideal ophiolite sequence comprising a basal serpentinized and tectonised mantle peridotite followed by ultramafic and mafic cumulate units, basaltic dykes and spilitic pillow basalts interlayered with arkosic wacke. Here, we present new major, trace, rare earth(REE) and platinum group(PGE) element data for serpentinized and metasomatized peridotites(dunites) exposed in south Andaman representing the tectonized mantle section of the ophiolite suite. Geochemical features of the studied rocks, marked by Al_2 O_3/TiO_2 23, LILE-LREE enrichment, HFSE depletion, and U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns with(La/Sm)N 1 and(Gd/Yb)N 1, suggest contributions from boninitic mantle melts. These observations substantiate a subduction initiation process ensued by rapid slab roll-back with extension and seafloor spreading in an intraoceanic fore-arc regime. The boninitic composition of the serpentinized peridotites corroborate fluid and melt interaction with mantle manifested in terms of(i) hydration, metasomatism and serpentinization of depleted, MORB-type, sub-arc wedge mantle residual after repeated melt extraction; and(ii) refertilization of refractory mantle peridotite by boninitic melts derived at the initial stage of intraoceanic subduction. Serpentinized and metasomatized mantle dunites in this study record both MOR and intraoceanic arc signatures collectively suggesting suprasubduction zone affinity. The elevated abundances of Pd(4.4-12.2 ppb) with highΣPPGE/∑IPGE(2-3) and Pd/Ir(2-5.5) ratios are in accordance with extensive melt-rock interaction through percolation of boninitic melts enriched in fluid-fluxed LILE-LREE into the depleted mantle after multiple episodes of melt extraction. The high Pd contents with relatively lower Ir concentrations of the samples are analogous to characteristic PGE signatures of boninitic magmas and might have resulted by the infiltration of boninitic melts into the depleted and residual mantle wedge peridotite during fore-arc extension at the initial stage of intraoceanic subduction. The PGE patterns with high Os + Ir(2-8.6 ppb)and Ru(2.8-8.4 ppb) also suggest mantle rejuvenation by infiltration of melts derived by high degree of mantle melting. The trace, REE and PGE data presented in our study collectively reflect heterogeneous mantle compositions and provide insights into ocean-crust-mantle interaction and associated geochemical cycling within a suprasubduction zone regime.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的岩石学研究

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰蛇绿岩以出现面积约600余平方千米的特大型地幔橄榄岩体而引人注目.该地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主体,含有少量的二辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩,岩体中另有一些橄榄单斜辉石岩、辉长岩和辉绿岩等侵入体.地幔橄榄岩的主要造岩矿物橄榄石的Fo 90～93,其中呈包裹体的橄榄石的Fo略高,斜方辉石为顽火辉石(En 88～90),单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石和透辉石,以低铝(0.48％～3.96％)和高Mg#(91～96)为特征,铬尖晶石的Cr#值为18～69,其中方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩中的铬尖晶石属富铝型尖晶石,而纯橄岩中为富铬型尖晶石.橄榄单斜辉石岩的橄榄石Fo值一致较低,平均为88.4,斜方辉石En平均87,单斜辉石以透辉石为主,铬尖晶石的Cr#值为45～69.普兰地幔橄榄岩及橄榄单斜辉石岩都具有相似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,表现为LREE相对富集,Eu亏损不明显,微量元素中大离子亲石元素含量较低,部分样品高场强元素亏损,另一些则相对富集,显示地幔橄榄岩具有亏损地幔源区特征,但也具有俯冲带流体的交代特征,表明普兰岩体可能经历了MOR和SSZ两种构造环境,该特征与雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段的罗布莎地幔橄榄岩的特征可以对比.     

Two-dimensional numerical modeling of tectonic and metamorphic histories at active continental margins

The evolution of an active continental margin is simulated in two dimensions, using a finite difference thermomechanical code with half-staggered grid and marker-in-cell technique. The effect of mechanical properties, changing as a function of P and T, assigned to different crustal layers and mantle materials in the simple starting structure is discussed for a set of numerical models. For each model, representative P–T paths are displayed for selected markers. Both the intensity of subduction erosion and the size of the frontal accretionary wedge are strongly dependent on the rheology chosen for the overriding continental crust. Tectonically eroded upper and lower continental crust is carried down to form a broad orogenic wedge, intermingling with detached oceanic crust and sediments from the subducted plate and hydrated mantle material from the overriding plate. A small portion of the continental crust and trench sediments is carried further down into a narrow subduction channel, intermingling with oceanic crust and hydrated mantle material, and to some extent extruded to the rear of the orogenic wedge underplating the overriding continental crust. The exhumation rates for (ultra)high pressure rocks can exceed subduction and burial rates by a factor of 1.5–3, when forced return flow in the hanging wall portion of the self-organizing subduction channel is focused. The simulations suggest that a minimum rate of subduction is required for the formation of a subduction channel, because buoyancy forces may outweigh drag forces for slow subduction. For a weak upper continental crust, simulated by a high pore pressure coefficient in the brittle regime, the orogenic wedge and megascale melange reach a mid- to upper-crustal position within 10–20 Myr (after 400–600 km of subduction). For a strong upper crust, a continental lid persists over the entire time span covered by the simulation. The structural pattern is similar in all cases, with four zones from trench toward arc: (a) an accretionary complex of low-grade metamorphic sedimentary material; (b) a wedge of mainly continental crust, with medium-grade HP metamorphic overprint, wound up and stretched in a marble cake fashion to appear as nappes with alternating upper and lower crustal provenance, and minor oceanic or hydrated mantle interleaved material; (c) a megascale melange composed of high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic oceanic and continental crust, and hydrated mantle, all extruded from the subduction channel; (d) zone represents the upward tilted frontal part of the remaining upper plate lid in the case of a weak upper crust. The shape of the P–T paths and the time scales correspond to those typically recorded in orogenic belts. Comparison of the numerical results with the European Alps reveals some similarities in their gross structural and metamorphic pattern exposed after collision. A similar structure may be developed at depth beneath the forearc of the Andes, where the importance of subduction erosion is well documented, and where a strong upper crust forms a stable lid.     

地幔氧逸度与俯冲带深部碳循环

地幔氧逸度通过改变含碳相的存在形式和迁移方式来影响深部碳循环。本文结合最新的地幔氧逸度实验模拟和岩石学研究成果,探讨了地幔氧逸度时空分布对深部碳循环的影响。文章重点结合地幔减压熔融形成洋壳、新生洋壳蚀变、洋壳俯冲变质、深俯冲洋壳熔融以及俯冲洋壳物质(流体和固体)通过岩浆(岛弧和地幔柱)作用循环出地表等重要地质过程,探讨了伴随洋壳俯冲作用的深部碳循环过程。由于地幔氧逸度的时空变化,俯冲带含碳相表现出不同的存在形式和迁移能力。通过对西南天山俯冲带碳循环的岩石学和实验研究,我们认为应当进一步深入研究俯冲带氧化还原状态及其对俯冲带深部碳循环的影响。     

班公湖-怒江缝合带东段丁青地幔橄榄岩成因: 来自钻孔ZK02地幔橄榄岩矿物学及地球化学特征约束

丁青蛇绿岩位于班公湖-怒江缝合带东段,是该缝合带出露面积最大的蛇绿岩。为查明岩体成因,在丁青东岩体中实施了一口165.19m的钻孔。除最顶部有约0.5m厚的第四系残坡积物外,其余均为地幔橄榄岩。结合显微镜鉴定将岩心划分出17个岩性单元层,岩性主要以方辉橄榄岩为主,夹少量纯橄岩和含铬铁矿纯橄岩。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Fo变化于88.79~93.73,铬尖晶石的Cr^#变化于44.33~81.66,揭示丁青地幔橄榄岩可能经历过约20%~40%的中高度部分熔融作用;全岩地球化学分析表明其具有富镁（MgO=45.98%~49.45%）、贫铝（Al₂O₃=0.19%~1.37%）和贫钙（CaO=0.28%~0.70%）的特点,属于熔融程度较高的地幔残余物质。岩石具有明显不同于阿尔卑斯蛇绿岩的轻稀土元素富集特征,指示区内地幔橄榄岩先经历了较强程度的部分熔融,后经历了俯冲消减过程中的流体交代。利用地幔橄榄岩中的铬尖晶石成分计算母熔体Al₂O₃含量对应的FeO/MgO值,与不同构造环境原始岩浆成分相比较,发现丁青地幔橄榄岩母熔体大多处于玻安岩中。纯橄岩氧逸度估算FMQ=-3.05~-0.71,方辉橄榄岩氧逸度FMQ=-3.89~+1.47,显示丁青地幔橄榄岩有俯冲作用的参与。通过丁青钻孔岩心的研究,提出丁青东岩体可能形成于俯冲带之上的弧前环境这一观点。