直列六缸柴油机燃油泵齿轮系噪声优化研究

建立了燃油泵齿轮系的简化弹性质量体模型,仿真分析得到其扭转振动响应。结果表明:燃油泵工作频率和发动机着火频率不一致,引起燃油泵齿轮轴扭振幅值较大且峰值波动较大,是燃油泵齿轮系声音异常的主要因子。通过优化燃油泵速比和初始相位,其扭振幅值降低60%,峰值无波动;噪声试验验证优化后的燃油泵齿轮系异响消失,噪声声压级水平总体降低了0.9 dB(A)。     

3D transient CFD modelling of a scroll-type hydrogen pump used in FCVs

The scroll pump has a great potential to recirculate hydrogen in a fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) because of its high efficiency, low noise and vibration, reliable operation, and a wide range of adjustable flow. This paper presents three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of a scroll-type hydrogen pump used in FCVs, including leakage flow through both the radial clearance (RC) and axial clearance (AC). A dynamic mesh was generated for the moving orbiting scroll, and high-quality hexahedral structured grids with sufficient grid-density were applied to the clearances to solve the multi-scale problem. The pressure and velocity fields were obtained at different rotating angles to reveal the dynamic characteristics in the compression chambers. The simulation results showed that the radial leakage through AC has more significant influence on the volumetric efficiency than the tangential leakage through RC, especially on scroll-type hydrogen pumps. The presented modelling and simulation methods were validated experimentally by operating a scroll air compressor at different speeds and pressure ratios. The volumetric efficiency of the scroll pump was 85.39% with 0.02 mm AC and 0.02 mm RC, 81.43% with 0.02 mm AC and 0.04 mm RC, and 70.17% with 0.04 mm AC and 0.02 mm RC. Further, it was found that the performance of scroll-type hydrogen pumps is more sensitive to rotating speed than air scroll pumps under the same conditions. With hydrogen, the volumetric efficiency increased by 30.68% when the rotating speed was increased from 3000 r·min^?1 to 6000 r·min^?1; with air, the volumetric efficiency increased by 12.81%. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both AC and RC in the CFD modelling of scroll machines, particularly in the case of hydrogen scroll pumps.     

Flow field analysis and performance study of claw hydrogen circulating pump in fuel cell system

Hydrogen circulation pump is an important equipment for hydrogen fuel cell system which can recycle the unreacted hydrogen to improve the system efficiency. A mathematical model of claw pump is built and the internal flow field was simulated by dynamic mesh technology. The p-θ diagram is obtained by analyzing the gas flow characteristics. The model is firstly verified by air experiments and then the performance influenced by suction pressure, exhaust pressure, rotating speed, and clearance are analyzed. The volumetric efficiency increased by 22% when the suction pressure increases from 152 kPa to 168 kPa but decreased by 23% when the exhaust pressure increases from 172 kPa to 188 kPa. The volumetric efficiency increased by 26.7% when the rotating speed increases from 4000 rpm to 6000 rpm but decreased by 52.1% when the working clearance increases from 0.03 mm to 0.07 mm. Due to the range of working pressure ratio is small, the indicated efficiency changes slightly.     

Transient flow field and performance analysis of a claw pump for FCVs

The claw-type hydrogen pump has been applied in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) because of its compact structure, high reliability, and oil-free quality. In this study, a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of a claw-type hydrogen pump used in FCVs was established. Hexahedral structured grids were generated and updated at an increment of 3° in rotating angle to ensure the mesh quality of the whole solving process. The leakage of radial clearance (RC) and axial clearance (AC) was considered. The presented modelling and simulation methods were validated by operating a claw pump at different pressure ratios. The pressure and velocity vector fields in both AC and middle plane, along with the mechanism of the fluid field distribution were analyzed in detail. The in-depth relationship amongst the fluctuation of discharge pressure, outlet mass flow rate and discharge area during the whole working process was revealed. P-θ and V-θ diagram of the whole operating cycle were analyzed. The influence of AC and RCs respectively on the volumetric efficiency of a claw pump was compared and evaluated. It is concluded that back flow in suction pipe happened near 360° as part of the discharge chamber was cut off from the exhaust port and high pressure gas from carryover flowed back into the inlet pipe. The pressure increase during the displacement process, theoretically zero, is actually significant and even comparable to the pressure increase during the compression and discharge process. In addition, volumetric efficiency is most sensitive to axial clearance, followed by radial clearance between rotor and casing, while radial clearance between the rotors has the least influence.     

Effect of pressure ratio on transient flow in hydrogen circulating pump

The pressure ratio has an important influence on the performance and internal flow characteristics of the positive displacement pump. In this paper, the influence of the four pressure ratios 1.1/1.2/1.3/1.4 on the internal flow characteristics of the hydrogen circulating pump is studied, the internal relationship between the change of pressure ratio and the flow pattern in the pump are clarified, and the leakage flow pattern and its coupling mechanism in each gap are revealed. The results show that the gap leakage flow induced by pressure difference is an important reason for flow disorder in the pump, however, the generation and growth of gap leakage flow will be affected not only by the pressure difference, but also by the shear drive. The scale and influence of axial gap leakage are far greater than the other two types of gap leakage. The existence of gap leakage flow makes the rate of flow and pressure presents a large amplitude high-frequency pulsation characteristic. The research results of this paper provide a reference for the efficient and stable operation of hydrogen circulating pump in fuel cell system.     

Hydrogen circulation system model predictive control for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell-based electric vehicle application

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the promising solutions overcoming future energy crisis and environment pollution in the automotive industry. However, PEMFC is vulnerable to the circulation of hydrogen mass flow rate and pressure, which may cause the degradation of the PEMFC's anode components and reduction of output performance over time. Thus, the control of the hydrogen supply system draws attention currently and is critical for the durability and stability of the PEMFC system. In this study, a model predictive control (MPC) approach for hydrogen circulation system is developed to regulate the hydrogen flow circulating. A model of the hydrogen supply system that contains a flow control valve, a supply manifold, a return manifold and a hydrogen circulating pump is firstly developed to describe the behavior of the hydrogen mass flow dynamics in the PEMFC. Subsequently, a hydrogen circulating pump MPC scheme is designed based on the piecewise linearized model of hydrogen circulation as well as the switched MPC controllers. By predicting the pressure of the return manifold and the angle velocity of the pump, the proposed MPC approach can manipulate the hydrogen circulating pump to achieve efficient and stable operation of the PEMFC.     

Performance prediction and evaluation of the scroll-type hydrogen pump for FCVs based on CFD–Taguchi method

To improve hydrogen utilisation and provide superior water management, the recirculation hydrogen pump is one of the key components in a fuel-cell vehicle (FCV). This work focused on the performance estimation of a scroll-type hydrogen pump for FCVs. A series of CFD simulation cases were designed using the Taguchi method and were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for volumetric efficiency, and the effects of four factors, including pressure ratio, rotating speed, axial clearance, and radial clearance. The contributions of these factors on volumetric efficiency and shaft power were quantified by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The results show that axial clearance and rotating speed are the main influencing factors on volumetric efficiency, and their contribution ratios are 45.3% and 39.6%, respectively, in the operational range of the hydrogen pump for FCVs. Pressure ratio and rotating speed should be considered first to reduce shaft power, and their contribution ratios are 40.9% and 55.4%, respectively. At last, the performance maps of the scroll-type hydrogen pump were obtained to reveal the dynamic changes at various working conditions. It is found that volumetric efficiency and shaft power are more sensitive to the change in rotating speed when the pressure ratio deviates from the designed value. The results can be used as guidelines for component matching in the design and operation of PEM fuel cell systems.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen recirculation on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The hydrogen recirculation in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is recommended for the hydrogen supply of PEMFC, and hydrogen ejectors are gradually being used in fuel cell vehicles due to low noise and low energy consumption. However, there is a lack of discussion about the influence of recirculation rate on the stack. Due to passive regulating mechanism of the ejectors, a miniature speed-adjustable peristaltic pump is used to simulate the hydrogen ejector in this study to investigate the effect of hydrogen recirculation on the performance of PEMFC stack. Experiments are conducted under different pump flow rates. The stack with hydrogen recirculation is proven to have better performance, but over high pump flow rate can lead to hydrogen shortage. It is interesting to find that the flow rate fluctuation of hydrogen inlet affects the stability of stack performance, and pressure drop and recovery time during purge process are proposed as effective indicators for performance analysis. Finally, pump flow rates between 60 ml/min and 105 ml/min are defined as “effective area”. Based on the analysis of effective indicators, keeping at “effective area” is further proved to improve the performance of the stack, which is also useful to design hydrogen recirculation.     

大型水轮发电机转子动偏心电磁振动仿真

针对转子动偏心状态下某大型水轮发电机在不同励磁电流工况下的电磁振动问题,采用ANSYSRmxprt组件建立2D瞬态电磁仿真模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法分别求出水轮发电机定子铁芯齿端在25%、50%、75%、100%四种不同励磁电流激励下所受的电磁力密度频域分布;最后将电磁力密度各阶谐波加载到3D定子系统齿端,通过2D电磁与3D结构谐响应耦合分析获得转子动偏心状态下水轮发电机定子支座在空载变励磁工况下的振动频域分布。研究发现,水轮发电机转子偏心工况下电磁力波主要集中在一倍转频上,而电磁振动以一倍转频为主,同时随着励磁电流减少,电磁力密度和电磁振动逐渐降低。     

大型水轮发电机转子动偏心电磁振动仿真

针对转子动偏心状态下某大型水轮发电机在不同励磁电流工况下的电磁振动问题,采用ANSYS Rmxprt组件建立2D瞬态电磁仿真模型,通过麦克斯韦应力张量法分别求出水轮发电机定子铁芯齿端在25%、50%、75%、100%四种不同励磁电流激励下所受的电磁力密度频域分布;最后将电磁力密度各阶谐波加载到3D定子系统齿端,通过2D电磁与3D结构谐响应耦合分析获得转子动偏心状态下水轮发电机定子支座在空载变励磁工况下的振动频域分布。研究发现,水轮发电机转子偏心工况下电磁力波主要集中在一倍转频上,而电磁振动以一倍转频为主,同时随着励磁电流减少,电磁力密度和电磁振动逐渐降低。     

A parametric comparison of three fuel recirculation system in the closed loop fuel supply system of PEM fuel cell

Anodic fuel recirculation system has a significant role on the parasitic power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this paper, different fuel supply systems for a PEMFC including a mechanical compressor, an ejector and an electrochemical pump are evaluated. Furthermore, the performances of ejector and electrochemical pump are studied at different operating conditions including operating temperature of 333 K–353 K, operating pressure of 2 bar–4 bar, relative humidity of 20%–100%, stack cells number from 150 to 400 and PEMFC active area of 0.03 m²–0.1 m². The results reveal that higher temperature of PEMFC leads to lower power consumption of the electrochemical pump, because activation over-potential of electrochemical pump decreases at higher temperatures. Moreover, higher operating temperature and pressure of PEMFC leads to higher stoichiometric ratio and hydrogen recirculation ratio because the motive flow energy in ejector enhances. In addition, the recirculation ratio and hydrogen stoichiometric ratio increase, almost linearly, with increase of anodic relative humidity. Utilization of mechanical compressor leads to lower system efficiency than other fuel recirculating devices due to more power consumption. Utilization of electrochemical pump in anodic recirculation system is a promising alternative to ejector due to lower noise level, better controllability and wide range of operating conditions.     

Treatment of low concentration hydrogen by electrochemical pump or proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can produce electricity through electrochemical reaction of hydrogen with oxygen with the use of a membrane and electrode assembly (MEA). In other words, the hydrogen pressure difference between the anode and cathode can produce electricity via an electrochemical process. Conversely, when we supply electricity to MEA from an external power source, we can pump up or separate hydrogen from the low-pressure anode to the high-pressure cathode, according to the principle of “concentration cell”. By the way, PEMFC cannot use the fuel completely, because a cell potential decreases and electrode material may corrode when most of the fuel is consumed. Therefore the fuel released from PEMFC should be treated safely. The depleted hydrogen from PEMFC can be recovered by the electrochemical hydrogen pump, or further can be used as a fuel for the power generation by PEMFC, even though the cell voltage might be low. In this study we preliminarily measured the voltage–current characteristics of hydrogen pump and PEMFC changing the hydrogen concentration from 99.99% to 1%, as another option to platinum catalytic combustion of low concentration hydrogen. Moreover we could successfully treat the low concentration hydrogen by electrochemical pump or PEMFC, for the widely changing hydrogen concentration and mixture flow rate. The gas chromatography confirmed the hydrogen concentration of the treated gas to be 1000 ppm at most.     

罗茨泵内部流场数值模拟研究

罗茨泵在运行中由于各种原因会出现振动大、噪音大、泄漏等问题,获得罗茨泵的流动信息对预知及解决故障问题具有非常重要的意义,建立罗茨泵流场数学模型,用CFD软件对其内部流场进行模拟,获得并分析内部介质的压力场、速度场、流量脉动曲线、进出口压差对流量影响。研究结果表明:两转子间隙处压差最大,形成较高涡流;排气口两侧有明显的涡流;出口流量在转子转动初始阶段达到峰值;进口流量和进出口压差成反比,进口流量的脉动系数和进出口压差成正比。验证了CFD数值模拟的准确性,为对罗茨泵的进一步研究和整体优化奠定了基础。     

The effect of premixed stratification on the wave dynamics of a rotating detonation combustor

Typical injection schemes of rotating detonation combustors inject fuel locally into the combustion channel, creating stratified fuel-rich and fuel-lean mixing regions. In this study, premixed hydrogen and air rotating detonations are explored in a rotating detonation combustor through premixing part of the fuel into the oxidizer flow. The objective is to investigate the effect of premixing on the operation of the combustor. Three premixing schemes are examined where the detonation wave speeds are analyzed. The results show that in premixing, the fuel-lean regions became more favorable for continuous detonation propagation when premixed with the bypass fuel, resulting in higher detonation wave speeds. This phenomenon is shown to be independent of the global fuel-air equivalence ratio and the amount of fuel premixed into the oxidizer. As such, combustor performance and the operational regime could be improved with lean hydrogen premixing amounts in the main flow oxidizer.     

Research on measurement method for high-frequency pulsation flow of hydrogen circulating pump

The hydrogen circulating pump (HCP) used for hydrogen recovery and utilization, affects the performance of the hydrogen fuel cell system. In this paper, aiming at the measurement research blank of the output pressure and flow high-frequency pulsation curve of the HCP, a pressure-based flow measurement method and an overlapping grid-based simulation calculation method are proposed and then compared in multiple directions for mutual verification. The research results show that the waveform errors of the pressure pulsation curves are under 2.4%, and that of the flow pulsation curves are 6.2% and 8.3%, comparing the experimental data and simulation data when the average outlet pressure is 9kpa and 27kpa respectively. Further study of the internal fluid characteristics, the pressure and the density change the same and produce the lowest value before the meshing point, the leakage flow rate at the rotor-rotor gap is greater than that at the rotor-pump casing gap, and the vortices show cyclical change of co-evolution and co-growth in the low-pressure area and the high-pressure area. The research results can optimize the structural design of the HCP itself, and can also refine the input conditions of the fuel cell system and contribute to performance improvement.     

多级轴流氦气压气机流动失稳实验研究

利用闭式循环实验台,分别使用氦气和空气工质,对多级轴流氦气压气机的流动失稳进行实验研究。实验结果表明,在不同转速下,氦气压气机的流动失稳呈现出不同的特征:在高转速下,流动失稳呈现出大尺度、高振幅、低频率的喘振特征;在低转速下,流动失稳表现为小尺度、高振幅、高频率的旋转失速特征;而在中间的过渡转速,则表现为大尺度和小尺度扰动同时出现。基于相似准则的空气工质实验所表现的流动失稳特征与氦气工质实验所表现的特征一致,且相应的B参数亦接近,说明流动失稳特征与工质无关,是压缩系统特性的表现。     

导叶时序对多级离心泵振动特性的试验测试

为研究导叶时序对多级离心泵性能的影响,通过搭建试验台同步测试不同导叶时序位置下多级离心泵外特性和振动特性。定义4个因素A、B、C、D,每个因素设有0°和30°两个水平,共设计8个导叶时序正交方案。试验结果表明,不同时序方案下,多级泵扬程、效率均有略微提高,提高幅度在0.5%以内。多级泵导叶时序对离心泵进出口振动速度影响较大,5级泵前两级泵级导叶交错布置可降低一倍轴频处的进口振动幅值,降幅达25%左右,后2个泵级导叶交错布置能降低一倍轴频处泵出口振动速度幅值,最大降低幅值为30%。无导叶时序下,多级泵进出口振动速度较大,出口振动速度为进口振动速度一倍多,出口振动更为剧烈。研究结果可为多级离心泵减振降噪提供参考。     

Dynamics characteristics analysis of the oil-free scroll hydrogen recirculating pump based on multibody dynamics simulation

The hydrogen recirculating pump is the key equipment of the hydrogen recirculating system for the fuel cell vehicles. The scroll pump is one of the preferred types of hydrogen recirculating pumps because of its unique advantages of higher efficiency and lower noise. In order to provide valuable basis for improving the reliability and durability of hydrogen pumps under oil-free high-speed conditions, this paper carried out dynamics performance research based on the theoretical method. The gas force, force and torque of moving parts were calculated. Tangential gas force is about 100 N and axial gas force is about 200 N which are much smaller than the traditional scroll compressors due to lower designed pressure ratio of hydrogen pump. Due to the exist of bearing assembly tolerances of sub-crankshafts during practical operation, the actual contact forces and dynamics characteristics were further analyzed based on multibody dynamics simulation. It is found that the rotating speed and the actual assembly tolerance have significant influence on the dynamics characteristics. The radial and tangential forces can reach 3000 N at 6000 r·min^?1 which is three times than the value at 3000 r·min^?1. Furthermore, the service lives of bearings were analyzed. The contact force considering assembly tolerance presented the high-frequency oscillations. When the size of clearance is increasing, the oscillation frequency is reducing, but the contact force is enlarging. The radial force on a sub-crankshaft was 30 N without assembly tolerances. It increased to 150 N and 330 N, respectively, when the assembly clearances were designed separately as 2~?14 μm and ?8~?24 μm, and the corresponding bearing service life decreased by 46% and 83%.     

Effects of non-Newtonian fluid on centrifugal blood pump performance

A 2:1 scaled-up model of the Kyoto-NTN magnetically suspended impeller centrifugal blood pump developed by Kyoto University, Japan, is tested using aqueous Xanthan gum solution and water as working fluids, respectively. It is found that the pump head rise with the solution is lower than that with water at same flow rate when the pump operates at low rotor speeds; at high rotor speeds, however, the pump will generate a higher head for the solution than for water at the same flow rate, and a maximum difference of 7% is detected. Data comparison indicates that water does not accurately model the head vs. flow rate characteristics of the prototype pump, and aqueous Xanthan gum solution of 600 ppm produced results best simulating the performance of the prototype pump.     

Effects of stack orientation and vibration on the performance of PEM fuel cell

An experimental study is carried out to investigate effects of stack orientation and vibration on the performance of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. A 25‐cm² single cell with serpentine anode and straight cathode flow channels is used. The hydrogen flow rate, cathode air temperature, and relative humidity are kept constant at 60 smL/min, 20 °C and 80%, respectively, whereas the cathode air flow rate values are 220, 440, and 660 smL/min as well as free breathing case. An orientation and vibration mechanisms are designed to facilitate different values orientation positions and vibration amplitude and frequency of the stack. The results show that stack orientation and vibration have significant effects on the performance of PEM fuel cell. Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that optimum positions of cell orientation are 30° and 90° at low and high values of cathode air flow rate, respectively. Also, an improvement in the performance of the fuel cell is achieved when the stack is vibrated with low values of amplitude and frequency. Each of cell maximum power density and maximum hydrogen utilization decreases with increasing each of amplitude and frequency of stack vibration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.