基于加权总体最小二乘法的GPS高程拟合

在GPS高程拟合中,针对传统最小二乘方法不能解决系数矩阵存在误差的问题,提出了一种基于加权总体最小二乘的拟合方法。对平面和二次曲面多项式建立更加合理的拟合模型,并给出了相应的迭代算法。实例计算表明,加权最小二乘方法能够得到更好的估计参数,高程异常值拟合精度也相应提高。     

加权总体最小二乘和RBF神经网络的三维坐标转换

分析部分变量误差加权总体最小二乘法（PWTLS）、加权总体最小二乘法（WTLS）和最小二乘法（LS）在三维坐标转换模型参数求解中的应用与影响,提出PWTLS与RBF神经网络组合的坐标转换方法。结果表明,当三维坐标转换模型系数矩阵中同时存在常数元素和重复元素时,PWTLS方法计算的单位权中误差和内符合精度均优于LS方法,且源坐标改正数较WTLS方法更加合理。PWTLS+RBF组合方法能够使PWTLS的求解参数得到有效使用,提高坐标转换精度。     

一种快速稳健的标靶球定位方法

为解决点云配准中传统定位方法计算复杂、崩溃率有限等问题,提出一种快速稳健的标靶球定位方法。首先结合加权Hyper方法和截断最小二乘法LTS,引入截断参数;然后通过抽样得到子集,并最小化子集中点云的忠实距离平方和;最终得到快速稳健的估计球面参数。结果表明,该算法能够得到准确的球心坐标,与稳健总体最小二乘法和M估计法相比,该算法的崩溃率和计算效率显著提高。     

多维观测的矩阵参数建模与加权最小二乘估计

针对常规向量参数法多维观测建模与平差效率低的问题,分析指出多维观测矩阵参数建模条件应满足不同观测维度的参数独立且个数相等特点（简称独立同构特征）,进而利用该建模条件、Kronecker积运算性质和加权最小二乘原理提出矩阵参数建模与加权最小二乘估计方法。该方法顾及不同观测维互相关性,增大系数阵稠密度,降低法矩阵阶数,从而有效提高了建模与平差计算效率。空间直线和GPS站坐标时序模型计算结果均表明,向量参数法和矩阵参数法平差结果相同,但后者具有更高的存储与计算效率。     

加权总体最小二乘点云平面拟合定权方法探讨

针对加权总体最小二乘点云数据平面拟合方法中缺少统一定权准则的问题,提出以先验入射角及距离定权两种方法。利用稳健估计构造了基于强度值定权的稳健加权最小二乘、基于先验入射角定权的加权最小二乘与基于距离定权的加权最小二乘3种新的平面拟合算法,并应用于拟合扫描不同反射材质获取的平面点云数据。算例表明,〖JP2〗以距离定权构造的距离加权总体最小二乘法的各项精度指标均优于其他算法,拟合效果最好。     

基于加权约束的单体建筑物点云表面重建算法

建筑物点云表面重建在高精度城市测绘、虚拟现实等领域有十分广泛的应用前景。由于建筑物的几何形态多变,重建算法普遍存在计算速率慢、拟合精度低和模型结构不完整的问题。为此,本文以单体建筑物为研究对象,提出基于加权约束的单体建筑物点云表面重建算法,在表面初始化过程中充分考虑数据对结构拟合的贡献。在此基础上,构建基于正则集的单体建筑物表面重建算法,实现建筑物拟合过程中的加权拟合误差、近邻结构平滑的同步优化。针对多类建筑物三维点云的实验结果表明,相比传统的建筑物重建策略,本文的加权约束方法可根据不同类型的点云数据设计自适应权重,并选择模型拟合中最优的权重函数,在高噪声、低精度点云数据下能得到更高精度的单体建筑物表面模型。     

加权复合分位数自回归模型在隧道围岩变形预测中的应用

提出加权复合分位数自回归模型对隧道围岩变形进行预测的新方法,并给出其原理和实现算法。以昆明市阳宗隧道为例,对加权复合分位数自回归预测模型进行计算,并与其他模型进行对比分析。结果表明,新方法预测效果优于非加权复合分位数估值的AR(2)模型、基于最小二乘参数估计的自回归预测、经遗传算法优化的支持向量机等预测方法。     

加权最小二乘相位解缠的一种改进

基于最小二乘相位解缠原理,针对现有的加权和不加权最小二乘在残差点过多时计算结果平滑问题,提出利用相位导数变化图对其进行加权改进。结合真实数据,通过现有的加权与不加权最小二乘算法的比较和分析,证明该改进算法能有效处理残差点过多的情况,解缠精度高,解缠结果更可靠。     

GPS高程拟合的加权总体最小二乘抗差估计

结合标准化方差,构造了基于Huber、IGG和IGGⅢ三种权函数的加权总体最小二乘抗差模型,并运用选权迭代法予以求解。GPS高程拟合数据处理实例表明,基于Huber、IGG和IGGⅢ三种权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘抗差方法对误差和粗差具有较好的削弱和消除效果,其中基于IGGⅢ权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法抗差效果最优。     

基于Rayleigh商的不等精度二次曲线拟合的WTLS迭代解法

针对独立不等精度离散点的二次曲线拟合问题,以系数矩阵元素的一阶误差传播得到的方差为权倒数,采用加权总体最小二乘估计方法求解拟合参数,将加权总体最小二乘问题转化为Rayleigh商问题,从而只需求一正定矩阵的特征值和特征向量,便可通过迭代计算得到待估参数的解。该方法性能稳定且计算量较小,是针对WTLS问题的一种相对简捷高效的计算方法。     

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Automatic cell object extraction of red tide algae in microscopic images

Extracting the cell objects of red tide algae is the most important step in the construction of an automatic microscopic image recognition system for harmful algal blooms.This paper describes a set of composite methods for the automatic segmentation of cells of red tide algae from microscopic images.Depending on the existence of setae,we classify the common marine red tide algae into non-setae algae species and Chaetoceros,and design segmentation strategies for these two categories according to their morphological characteristics.In view of the varied forms and fuzzy edges of non-setae algae,we propose a new multi-scale detection algorithm for algal cell regions based on border-correlation,and further combine this with morphological operations and an improved GrabCut algorithm to segment single-cell and multicell objects.In this process,similarity detection is introduced to eliminate the pseudo cellular regions.For Chaetoceros,owing to the weak grayscale information of their setae and the low contrast between the setae and background,we propose a cell extraction method based on a gray surface orientation angle model.This method constructs a gray surface vector model,and executes the gray mapping of the orientation angles.The obtained gray values are then reconstructed and linearly stretched.Finally,appropriate morphological processing is conducted to preserve the orientation information and tiny features of the setae.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods can effectively remove noise and accurately extract both categories of algae cell objects possessing a complete shape,regular contour,and clear edge.Compared with other advanced segmentation techniques,our methods are more robust when considering images with different appearances and achieve more satisfactory segmentation effects.     

Stability analysis of slope in strain-softening soils using local arc-length solution scheme

Soils with strain-softening behavior — manifesting as a reduction of strength with increasing plastic strain — are commonly found in the natural environment. For slopes in these soils,a progressive failure mechanism can occur due to a reduction of strength with increasing strain. Finite element method based numerical approaches have been widely performed for simulating such failure mechanism,owning to their ability for tracing the formation and development of the localized shear strain. However,the reliability of the currently used approaches are often affected by poor convergence or significant mesh-dependency,and their applicability is limited by the use of complicated soil models. This paper aims to overcome these limitations by developing a finite element approach using a local arc-length controlled iterative algorithm as the solution strategy. In the proposed finite element approach,the soils are simulated with an elastoplastic constitutive model in conjunction with the Mohr-Coulomb yield function. The strain-softening behavior is represented by a piece-wise linearrelationship between the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters and the deviatoric plastic strain. To assess the reliability of the proposed finite element approach,comparisons of the numerical solutions obtained by different finite element methods and meshes with various qualities are presented. Moreover,a landslide triggered by excavation in a real expressway construction project is analyzed by the presented finite element approach to demonstrate its applicability for practical engineering problems.     

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一种基于图论重构MODIS EVI时间序列数据集的新方法

MODIS的增强型植被指数（EVI）时间序列数据早已广泛应用于植被观测、生态环境和全球气象变化等研究领域,但即使EVI时间序列数据已经经过严格的预处理,其中仍然存在着一些噪声。因此,本文开发了一种简单有效的方法来重构EVI时间序列数据,减少EVI时间序列数据中的噪声,尤其是一些由大气云层和冰雪覆盖产生的噪声。新方法的理论来源于图论,利用拉普拉斯矩阵的关系对EVI中选定的邻域窗口的像元权重进行赋值,得到中心像元的拟合。新方法已应用于2016—2018年的MODIS MOD13A1产品,并与S-G滤波法、谐波函数法、双逻辑斯蒂拟合法和非对称高斯函数法进行了比较。结果表明,在荒漠、草原和林地中,新方法留一验证测试的绝对差值最小,相较于其他方法效果较优;在拟合不同植被类型的EVI时间序列数据时,图论邻点方法呈现出更好的细节拟合曲线;其在5类植被类型中的RMSE值分别为200.59、46.58、63.48、165.47和40.95,在5种方法中均为最小值,在获取高保真和高质量的EVI时间序列数据方面优势更明显有效。本文的方法研究可以给植被遥感时序数据的去噪和生态环境的研究提供有益借鉴。     

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Analyzing Industrial Structure Evolution of Old Industrial Cities Using Evolutionary Resilience Theory: A Case Study in Shenyang of China

The recession and revitalization of old industrial cities concerns urban industrial evolution and its characteristics. Based on the theory of evolutionary resilience, we developed an analytical framework for the industrial structure evolution of old industrial cities, and applied the framework to a case study in Shenyang. The following conclusions are drawn. First, since 1978, Shenyang's industrial growth capacity has shown fluctuation between ‘contraction-expansion'. As the secondary industry has a much stronger expansionary and contractionary capacity for growth, this results in lacking stability leading to industrial structure transformation. Second, since 1999, the orientation towards a high-end manufacturing industry in Shenyang has weakened, and the evolution of the new and old growth path is characterized by low-end orientation. Third, since 2007, Shenyang's industrial innovation output capacity has dropped sharply which has been significantly affected by scientific and technological personnel and enterprise-owed science and technology institutions and to a less extent by RD expenditure. We applied the resilience theory to study the industrial evolution of an old industrial city, explored new study perspectives on industrial evolution and verified the applicability of the resilience theory. This paper provides a scientific reference for understanding the recent deceleration in economic growth in the Northeast old industrial base, and for exploring new paths toward revitalization.     

地理图斑智能计算及模式挖掘方法研究

在大数据时代,高分辨率对地观测技术实现了对地球表层地理现象和地理过程最为真实、量化、全面覆盖又快速更新的数据化记录,可为地理空间认知研究的新发展奠定时空信息聚合与挖掘计算的基准。地理图斑是影像空间映射到地理空间中对于地理实体的抽象化表达,是构建地理场景和承载地理空间各类信息进而开展模式挖掘的最小单元。本文以地理图斑为基本对象,通过分析其中视觉模拟、符号推测等几类机器学习的协同计算机制,从空间、时间与属性等维度构建了集“分区分层感知”、“时空协同反演”、“多粒度决策”三者于一体的地理图斑智能计算模型,并以在贵州息烽县、广西江州区开展的农业种植结构制图与规划决策为应用案例,探索了地理图斑分布、生长以及功能3种模式的挖掘方法,并进一步设计了动态视角下开展图斑动力模式挖掘的研究思路。     

形变观测序列变振幅年周期探测方法研究

针对形变观测数据振幅非均匀变化的情况,分别采用最小二乘法、基于F检验的分段最小二乘法及滑动傅里叶法进行年周期拟合,通过比较拟合残差分析各种方法的优劣和适用性。结果显示,在年周期振幅不变或渐变的情况下,3种方法拟合效果均较好,滑动傅里叶拟合略优于其他两种方法;在年周期振幅变化复杂且存在相位差的情况下,分段最小二乘法明显最优,但在分段点会产生阶跃及周期不连续的现象。     

A simple and inexpensive method for muddy shore profiling

There are several well-established methods for obtaining beach profiles, and more accurate and precise high-tech methods are emerging. Traditional low-cost methods requiring minimal user skill or training are still popular among professionals, scientists, and coastal zone management practitioners. Simple methods are being developed with a primary focus on sand and gravel beaches. This paper describes a simple, low-cost, manual field method for measuring profiles of beaches, which is particularly suitable for muddy shores. The equipment is a type of flexible U-tube manometer that uses liquid columns in vertical tubes to measure differences in elevation; the supporting frame is constructed from wooden poles with base disks, which hold measuring scales and a PVC tube. The structure was trialed on a mudflat characterized by a 20~0-cm-thick surface layer of silt and clay, located at the Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. The study results are discussed with notes on the method＇s applicability, advantages and limitations, and several optional modifications for different scenarios for routine profiling of muddy shores. The equipment can be used by one person or two people, and the accuracy of the method is comparable to those in other methods. The equipment can also be used on sandy or gravel beaches.