我国渔业生态环境养护研究现状与展望

良好的水域生态环境是水生生物赖以生存和繁衍的最基本的条件,是渔业发展的命脉。目前我国渔业水域生态环境不断恶化,渔业水域生态系统的结构与功能正在受到不同程度的影响和破坏。根据全国渔业生态环境监测网2006年的监测结果和近年在渔业水域开展的生态环境养护研究工作,概要分析我国渔业水域生态环境现状、面临的主要问题及养护研究现状,提出中长期内渔业水域生态环境保护领域应围绕渔业水域生态环境质量的诊断与评估技术、渔业污染生态学和环境安全评价技术、清洁养殖与退化水域生态系统修复技术、渔业生态环境质量管理技术等主要研究方向开展的重点研究内容。     

加快生态渔业建设步伐促进人与自然和谐发展

生态渔业是一种可持续发展的渔业生产方式。它是根据生态系统内物质循环和能量转换规律,建立起来的渔业生产结构,是保护自然生态环境,实现人与自然和谐发展的有效途径之一。近年来,河南省三门峡市依托当地得天独厚的自然条件和良好的水域生态环境,大力发展生态渔业,使渔业生产步入了促进渔业增效、渔民增收,保持渔业可持续发展的良好局面。     

水产动物病害的生态防治

随着渔业集约化养殖程度的不断提高,水域污染日趋严重,渔业生态环境和生态平衡遭到严重破坏,致使水产动物(本文特指鱼、虾、蟹、鳖)病害不断增多,已成为制约渔业生产进一步发展的主要因素之一。山东省淡水水产研究所生态渔业室的科技人员,在渔业科研和生产中致力于发展生态渔业,保护渔业生态环境,积极探索水产动物病害的生态防治,积累了一整套日臻完善     

骆马湖网箱养殖模式转变带出渔民新出路的思考

<正>随着近年来工业化、城市化以及渔业生产的迅猛发展,渔业水域环境污染和生态退化已成为制约渔业可持续发展的关键因素。如何在保护环境的前提下,充分合理利用自然水域资源,探索建立资源节约、环境友好、生态改善的新型渔业生产之路显得尤为重要和迫切,对促进渔农民致富达小康有着重要的现实意义。骆马湖网箱养殖经过长期的摸索     

萝北县水产业发展规划（下）

2萝北县渔业发展的总体规划
　　2.1渔业发展规划的基本原则
　　充分利用各类自然宜渔水域，以试验示范基地为中心，以集约化养殖、生态养殖为主体，以提高单位产量和经济效益为突破口，发挥各类型水域的生产潜力，增加水产品的总产量；依靠科技进步，因地制宜合理规划渔业养殖结构，着重加强养殖优良品种鱼类的驯化和引进，并加强鱼种、饲料、鱼病等技术薄弱环节，力求低投资、高效益；在微观指导的基础上，加强宏观控制，全面规划，重点突破，逐步形成萝北县渔业生产的综合配套体系，使产供销、渔工商、内外贸同步发展，不仅满足全县城乡人民对水产品消费的需要，并打造生态渔业品牌，向全省乃至全国推广萝北水产品。     

国内外盐碱水域分布及水产养殖应用

正盐碱水域在世界各地分布广泛,在盐碱水域开展的渔业生产普遍水平较低。本文主要介绍了国内外盐碱水域的主要分布,盐碱水域在渔业方面的开发利用,介绍了国内外盐碱水域养殖概况、盐碱水养殖品种选择、不同盐度对养殖动物的影响以及盐碱水域潜在利用等研究方向的进展情况。     

渔业水域的保护不容忽视

如何保护好渔业水域，是当前渔业生产中一个刻不容缓需要解决的问题。随着工业废水、城乡居民生活用水的直接排放，渔业水域富营养化，已造成了渔业水域环境的破坏。长期如此下去，将会遏制渔业生产的发展，影响生态环境，必须要引起高度的重视。一、渔业水域的变化及其影响我县淡水面积8万多亩，可养殖水面7万多亩。其中里下河4万多亩得天独厚的水域，是全县淡水鱼生产的基地。80年代，里下河大面积河道高产技术养殖项目，亩产达400公斤，荣获农业部1997年科技进步三等奖。十多年来，全县淡水鱼生产虽呈逐年递增发展，但由于渔业水域的变化…     

历史．现状．前景——对湖北生态渔业发展的分析

生态渔业、是指鱼类生物群体和水域环境之间相瓦作用的基本规律。水域生态条件的好与坏、直接关系到渔业生产的盛与衰．现就湖北水域生态环境与渔业发展的历史变化、现状以及前景趋势几个问题作一些粗浅的分析。     

济宁市任城区主要采煤塌陷区渔业环境评价

山东省济宁市是全国八大煤炭基地之一，因采煤而形成的塌陷水域已达2．27万hm2（34万亩）。经过科学规划、合理利用，大部分塌陷水域发展了渔业生产。渔业环境是影响渔业生产的主要因素，采煤塌陷区渔业环境包括水域的水质和底泥两部分，与其他养殖区域的区别在于：     

关于渔业生态经济的探讨

渔业的生物资源和水域的生态环境，是发展渔业生产的客观物质基础；提高经济效益，是发展渔业生产的核心。本文就这二个基本指导思想，从生态经济的要求出发，回顾我省渔业发展历史的经验教训，谈谈如何充分发挥渔业生态经济的潜力，提高渔业生产力和经济效益的探讨意见。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。