近红外光谱法快速分析盐酸头孢他美酯片的含量和水分

摘 要 目的：应用近红外漫反射技术和化学计量学的方法对盐酸头孢他美酯片的含量和水分进行分析。方法: 通过建立数学模型,测定实际样品的含量,并以相关性分析和回归分析法对HPLC法和近红外光谱法（NIR法）测定结果进行比较分析。结果: 25个样品经内部交叉验证建立模型,内部交叉验证确定系数R²分别为93.81（含量）和98.65（水分）,均方差RMSECV分别为0.112（含量）和0.030 5（水分）,方法精密度RSD为0.15%（n=6）。NIR法与HPLC法测定数据相关性较好。 结论:本方法快速简便,结果准确,适用于企业开展快速定量分析,实现产品在线分析。     

近红外光谱技术快速测定三七水分和醇溶性浸出物

目的 利用近红外光谱技术（near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS）建立三七药材水分和醇溶性浸出物定量分析的快速测定方法。方法 参照《中国药典》2015年版三七水分和醇溶性浸出物含量测定方法对53批药材分别测定水分和醇溶性浸出物含量,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）分别建立水分和醇溶性浸出物的近红外定量分析模型,并利用内部交叉验证和外部验证的方法对模型进行优化。结果 药材样品中水分和醇溶性浸出物预测最佳波段分别为4 450.32～7 350.01 cm^-1和6 163.92～3 984.71 cm^-1。定量模型校正集相关系数分别为0.997 2和0.962 4,校正均方差分别为0.039 6和0.776 0;验证集的相关系数为0.962 4和0.988 4,验证均方差分别为0.173和0.595。结论 该方法准确、快速、无污染,可用于三七药材中水分和醇溶性浸出物含量的快速测定。     

硫酸羟氯喹颗粒水分近红外光谱在线定量模型的建立

目的 为实时检测硫酸羟氯喹颗粒在流化床干燥过程中的水分含量变化,建立颗粒水分的在线近红外光谱定量模型.方法 物料颗粒在流化床的干燥过程中,实时取样并用水分测定仪测量颗粒水分,采用多元散射校正(multiplicative signal correction,MSC)、一阶导数和Karl Norris平滑的光谱预处理方法...     

注射用磷霉素钠近红外定量分析通用性模型的建立

摘 要 目的： 利用近红外光谱法,建立注射用磷霉素钠含量快速检定方法。方法: 采集注射用磷霉素钠的近红外（NIR）光谱,建立近红外定量模型。结果: 以矢量归一化和多元散射校正法对光谱进行预处理、选择谱段范围为11 995.8～7 428.9及6 734.6～5 454 cm^-1,回归方法为偏最小二乘法。结论: 该近红外定量分析模型可用于注射用磷霉素钠快速定量分析。     

地稔水提液中6种活性成分含量的近红外光谱快速预测方法研究

目的 研究基于近红外光谱的地稔水提液中6种活性成分含量的快速预测方法。方法 采用HPLC测定地稔水提液中没食子酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、山奈酚的含量；采集4 000~10 000 cm^-1的近红外光谱；分别优化光谱预处理方法和波数范围，建立6种活性成分含量与近红外光谱的偏最小二乘回归模型。采用Visual Basic开发应用软件，将所建模型嵌套入软件，为后续待测溶液中6种活性成分含量的快速预测提供工具。结果 基于所开发的应用软件，采集待测溶液的近红外光谱后点击软件中的"预测"按钮，可在20 s内自动计算得到6种活性成分含量的预测结果。验证集中6种活性成分近红外光谱预测含量和HPLC测定含量的相关系数分别为0.966，0.983，0.850，0.946，0.977和0.979，预测均方根误差分别为9.23，0.496，4.07，0.059 6，0.023 4，0.039 9 μg·mL^-1。结论 近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘回归算法可用于准确、快速分析地稔水提液中没食子酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、山奈酚的含量，可为地稔的快速质量评价提供依据。     

近红外光谱结合化学计量学快速测定蓝芩口服液原药材水分含量

目的 通过近红外光谱法建立蓝芩口服液板蓝根、栀子、黄芩、黄柏、胖大海原药材中水分的快速定量方法，同时研究了水分通用模型的可行性。方法 采用了多种预处理方法进行模型优化，选用竞争自适应重加权采样法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling，CARS）进行关键变量筛选，建立了5种药材的专属、通用偏最小二乘回归（partial least square regression，PLSR）模型。结果 5个原药材的专属、通用CARS-PLS模型Rc值>0.96，RSEP值<5%。与专属模型相比，通用模型的预测准确度稍有下降，但仍满足应用要求。此外，通过配对t检验验证模型预测能力，6个PLSR模型预测值与HPLC测得的参考值皆不存在显著性差异。结论 近红外光谱与化学计量学相结合建立通用模型是一种可靠的方法，可用于蓝芩口服液5种原药材的水分含量快速检测。对于水分含量检测，选用药材的通用模型比专属模型更为简便，更符合高效化的生产需求。     

苦参饮片的近红外光谱特征分析

摘 要 目的： 探讨来自不同产地的苦参饮片及其主要成分含量与其近红外光谱特征的相关性,确定苦参饮片的近红外光谱特征谱段。方法: 测定苦参提取物近红外光谱,确定主成分特征吸收,同时用高效液相色谱法测定苦参饮片中主要成分含量,对比分析不同产地苦参饮片的近红外光谱特征。结果:不同产地苦参饮片的近红外光谱特征既有差异,又有共性,其近红外光谱特征与其物质组成及主要成分含量有密切关系。结论: 结合苦参提取物的近红外光谱,可以有效的识别不同产地苦参饮片的特征谱段,有利于建立合理有效的近红外定性分析模型。     

基于近红外光谱技术的红参多指标成分快速分析

目的 利用近红外光谱（near infrared spectroscopy,NIR）技术对红参药材中的水分、人参皂苷和糖类成分进行快速分析,实现红参药材质量的快速评价。方法 用62批红参样品作为校正集,分别建立水分、人参皂苷和糖类成分的定量模型,对模型进行系统的优化,并用另外38批样品作为验证集对建立的模型进行验证和评价。结果 所建的模型对红参水分含量、人参皂苷Rg₁和Re总含量、人参皂苷Rb₁含量及麦芽糖和蔗糖总含量均有较好的预测能力,预测相对偏差均<15%,所建NIR快速检测方法的精密度和重复性结果均较好。结论 该方法可以对红参药材的关键质控指标进行快速检测,结果可靠,是对传统分析方法的有效补充,可以有效地指导后道工序的生产,从而避免因药材质量不合格而造成不必要的浪费。     

近红外光谱法定量分析半夏鲜品中水分含量

摘 要 目的：采用近红外光谱技术定量分析半夏中水分的含量,用于种植种苗培育、半夏品质判定等。方法: 采用近红外光谱法进行建模,用烘干法测量水分,用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型。结果:建立的定量模型,相关系数达到0.990 3,均方根偏差RMSECV为0.205,内部交叉验证和外部验证,预测偏差均小于1.0%。结论:建立的模型可以准确地预测半夏中水分的含量,可以用于种子种苗培育和药材储存管理及质量控制。     

近红外光谱法测定盐酸环丙沙星片中环丙沙星

目的 利用近红外光谱（NIR）分析技术和化学计量学方法对盐酸环丙沙星片进行无损、快速定量分析。方法 以不同生产企业生产的盐酸环丙沙星片为分析对象,用光纤探头测定其近红外漫反射光谱;定量模型的预处理方法为二阶导数,波长范围为6 101.9～4 555.2 cm^-1,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立分析模型。结果 定量分析模型由93批样品经内部交叉验证建立,177批样品进行外部验证,环丙沙星质量分数范围为54.20%～82.54%,相关系数为0.986 3,交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）为1.06,外部验证均方差（RMSEP）为0.92。结论 该方法快速、简便具有一定的专属性,可用于盐酸环丙沙星片中环丙沙星的快速定量分析。     

Determination of fluidized bed granulation end point using near-infrared spectroscopy and phenomenological analysis

Simultaneous real-time monitoring of particle size and moisture content by near-infrared spectroscopy through a window into the bed of a fluidized bed granulator is used to determine the granulation end point. The moisture content and particle size determined by the near-infrared monitor correlates well with off-line moisture content and particle size measurements. The measured particle size is modeled using a population balance approach, and the moisture content is shown to follow accepted models during drying. Given a known formulation, with predefined parameters for peak moisture content, final moisture content, and final granule size, the near-infrared monitoring system can be used to control a fluidized bed granulation by determining when binder addition should be stopped and when drying of the granules is complete.     

Mechanistic modelling of fluidized bed drying processes of wet porous granules: A review

Fluidized bed dryers are frequently used in industrial applications and also in the pharmaceutical industry. The general incentives to develop mechanistic models for pharmaceutical processes are listed, and our vision on how this can particularly be done for fluidized bed drying processes of wet granules is given. This review provides a basis for future mechanistic model development for the drying process of wet granules in pharmaceutical processes. It is intended for a broad audience with a varying level of knowledge on pharmaceutical processes and mathematical modelling. Mathematical models are powerful tools to gain process insight and eventually develop well-controlled processes. The level of detail embedded in such a model depends on the goal of the model. Several models have therefore been proposed in the literature and are reviewed here. The drying behaviour of one single granule, a porous particle, can be described using the continuum approach, the pore network modelling method and the shrinkage of the diameter of the wet core approach. As several granules dry at a drying rate dependent on the gas temperature, gas velocity, porosity, etc., the moisture content of a batch of granules will reside in a certain interval. Population Balance Model (ling) (PBM) offers a tool to describe the distribution of particle properties which can be of interest for the application. PBM formulation and solution methods are therefore reviewed. In a fluidized bed, the granules show a fluidization pattern depending on the geometry of the gas inlet, the gas velocity, characteristics of the particles, the dryer design, etc. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allows to model this behaviour. Moreover, turbulence can be modelled using several approaches: Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes Equations (RANS) or Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Another important aspect of CFD is the choice between the Eulerian–Lagrangian and the Eulerian–Eulerian approach. Finally, the PBM and CFD frameworks can be integrated, to describe the evolution of the moisture content of granules during fluidized bed drying.     

Recent developments in drug-eluting dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds

Introduction: Granulation is a key unit process in the production of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms and involves the agglomeration of fine particles with the aid of a binding agent. Fluidized bed granulation, a classic example of spray granulation, is a technique of particle agglomeration brought about by the spray addition of the binding liquid onto a stationary bed of powder particles that is transformed to a fluid-like state by the passage of air through it.

Areas covered: The basic working principles, equipment set-up, advantages and challenges of fluidized bed granulation are introduced in this review. This is followed by an overview of the formulation and process-related variables affecting granulation performance. Technological advances, particularly in the application of process analytical tools, in the field of fluidized bed granulation research are also discussed.

Expert opinion: Fluidized bed granulation is a popular technique for pharmaceutical production, as it is a highly economical and efficient one-pot process. The research and development of process analytical technologies (PAT) has allowed greater process understanding and control to be achieved, even for the lesser known fluidized bed techniques, such as bottom spray and fluidized hot melt granulation. In view of its consistent mixing, as well as continuous and concurrent wetting and drying occurring throughout processing, fluidized bed granulation shows great potential for continuous production although more research is required to fully implement, validate and integrate the PAT tools in a production line.     

Evaluation of Risk and Benefit in the Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Monitor the Granule Coating Process

The purpose of this article is to study risk and benefit in the application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the coating process of granules to monitor the process for determining the coating end point. Cylindrical granules or spherical granules were used as core granules and were coated using a fluidized bed coating apparatus by spraying coating suspension. During the coating run, samples of granules were pulled at regular intervals and amount of talc or lactose, which were the components of the film layer, were estimated by NIR spectroscopy.

When the coating layer of granules was thin like the case of the spherical granules, it was possible to monitor and understand the coating process well by an application of NIR spectroscopy, because it was possible to estimate some components in the coating layer simultaneously.

However, it was found that as the coating layer became thick like the case of the cylindrical granules, NIR light was scattered by titanium dioxide in the coating layer, and that the increase of the coating layer estimated from NIR spectroscopy showed the misunderstanding saturation. NIR spectroscopy could not be used for the estimation of the granule coating process even if the formulation and amount applied for the coating was same as the spherical granules.

When NIR spectroscopy is intended to be used to control granule coating process, it is necessary to check the impacts of the formulation applied for coating, the amount of the coating layer, and the thickness of the coating layer on the estimations.     

Use of the Near-Infrared Reflectance Method for Measurement of Moisture Content During Granulation

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of a near-infrared (NIR) method for in-process control of a placebo formulation. An NIR setup with a multichannel detector was applied in the measurement of water during fluidized bed granulation. The effects of two critical granulation parameters were studied using the central composite design. The present NIR setup with three wavelengths proved applicable for in-line moisture measurement. The 1990 nm signal was used for measurement of water and the 1745 and 2145 nm signals were used to correct the change in spectra baseline during granulation. Variations in inlet air conditions proved to be critical factors, explaining differences in the granule size distributions. Differences in granule moistening and drying rates resulting from varying inlet air conditions could be measured with the NIR setup. The moisture content of granules at the end of the spraying phase explained part of the differences in granule size distributions. The moisture content of granules at the end of the drying phase affected the tableting behavior of granules. The results suggested that direct measurement of granule moisture content facilitates the in-process control of the granulation.     

Dehydration studies using a novel multichamber microscale fluid bed dryer with in-line near-infrared measurement

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of two process parameters (temperature and moisture content) on dehydration behavior of different materials using a novel multichamber microscale fluid bed dryer with a process air control unit and in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The materials studied were disodium hydrogen phosphates with three different levels of hydrate water and wet theophylline granules. Measured process parameters of fluid bed drying were logged, including in-line NIR signals. Off-line analyses consisted of X-ray powder diffraction patterns, Fourier transform NIR spectra and moisture contents of studied materials. During fluid bed drying, the stepwise dehydration of materials was observed by the water content difference of inlet and outlet air, the pressure difference over the bed, and the in-line NIR spectroscopy. The off-line analysis confirmed the state of solid materials. The temperature and the moisture content of the process air were demonstrated to be significant factors for the solid-state stability of theophylline. The presented setup is a material and cost-saving approach for studying the influence of different process parameters on dehydration behavior during pharmaceutical processing.     

Evolution of granule structure and drug content during fluidized bed granulation by X-ray microtomography and confocal Raman spectroscopy

The distribution of the drug in the granular end product is a critical quality attribute in fluidized bed spray granulation of pharmaceuticals. The evolution of drug content inhomogeneity in a case study was examined as a function of granulation time. Intragranular structure was also investigated using confocal Raman spectroscopy and computerized X-ray microtomography. A principal component analysis was conducted on the results to investigate granule structure-drug content relationships. Inhomogeneity increased at the beginning of the process but later it was found to decrease. Changes in the homogeneity were accompanied by significant changes in the intragranular structure. It was concluded that segregation of the primary components explained the observed inhomogeneity at low saturation levels when the granules grow by layering, but at elevated moisture levels, granule growth is mediated by the coalescence of agglomerates, which promotes homogeneous distribution of the drug particles.     

复方羊蛇颗粒处方药材提取工艺的优化研究

目的 优化医院制剂复方羊蛇颗粒处方药材的提取工艺。方法 建立处方中有效成分去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯、阿魏酸的高效液相定量方法,并以去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯、阿魏酸的含量以及提取物干浸膏得率为指标,采用星点设计—效应面法对复方羊蛇颗粒处方的浸膏提取工艺进行优化。结果 建立的复方羊蛇颗粒中有效成分的高效液相定量方法符合方法学验证要求。通过星点设计—效应面法优化的最佳提取工艺为：提取溶媒的用量为处方药材量的12倍,醇沉浓度为73%,提取时间为每次60分钟。结论 本研究成功建立了复方羊蛇颗粒有效成分的高效液相色谱定量方法,经优化后的提取工艺操作简单易行、重复性良好。     

Moisture and drug solid-state monitoring during a continuous drying process using empirical and mass balance models

Classically, the end point detection during fluid bed drying has been performed using indirect parameters, such as the product temperature or the humidity of the outlet drying air. This paper aims at comparing those classic methods to both in-line moisture and solid-state determination by means of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools (Raman and NIR spectroscopy) and a mass balance approach. The six-segmented fluid bed drying system being part of a fully continuous from-powder-to-tablet production line (ConsiGma™-25) was used for this study. A theophylline:lactose:PVP (30:67.5:2.5) blend was chosen as model formulation. For the development of the NIR-based moisture determination model, 15 calibration experiments in the fluid bed dryer were performed. Six test experiments were conducted afterwards, and the product was monitored in-line with NIR and Raman spectroscopy during drying. The results (drying endpoint and residual moisture) obtained via the NIR-based moisture determination model, the classical approach by means of indirect parameters and the mass balance model were then compared. Our conclusion is that the PAT-based method is most suited for use in a production set-up. Secondly, the different size fractions of the dried granules obtained during different experiments (fines, yield and oversized granules) were compared separately, revealing differences in both solid state of theophylline and moisture content between the different granule size fractions.