Magnetoexciton in semiconductor concentric double rings

We investigate theoretically the magnetoexciton states in semiconductor concentric quantum double rings using the multi-band effective mass theory. We find that a perpendicular magnetic field can lead to oscillations in the exciton energy which appear as kinks in the magneto-photoluminescence (PL) spectra as the magnetic field increases. The spatial distribution of the exciton over the rings depends sensitively on the thicknesses of the inner and outer rings. The tunneling coupling between the inner and outer rings and the heavy-hole and light-hole mixing results in different anticrossing behaviors. Exciton can be converted into a spatially separated type-II exciton by tuning the thickness, the inner and/or outer ring radius and the magnetic field. We show that this type I–type II transition is reflected in the oscillator strength of the PL spectrum which will be the experimental signature that will provide us with information about the spatial distribution of the exciton.     

Evidence for dark excitons in a single carbon nanotube due to the Aharonov-Bohm effect

We studied exciton structures and the Aharonov-Bohm effect in a single carbon nanotube using micro-photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy under a magnetic field at low temperatures. A single sharp PL peak from the bright exciton state of a single carbon nanotube was observed under zero magnetic field, and the additional PL of dark exciton state appeared below the bright exciton peak under high magnetic fields. It was found that the split between the bright and dark exciton states is several millielectron volts at zero field. The tube diameter dependence of the splitting arises from the intervalley short-range Coulomb interaction.     

掺杂ZnSe/BeTe Ⅱ型量子阱结构中带电激子的磁场效应

报道了n型掺杂ZnSe/BeTe/ZnSe Ⅱ型量子阱(type-Ⅱ QW)在极低温 (5—10 K)条件下的各种光学性质. 磁场中(Farada配置)ZnSe层的反射光谱展示了一个典型的负的带电激子(X^-)的跃迁特征. 对于空间间接光致发光(spacially indirect PL)光谱,它的主发光峰显示了一个反玻尔兹曼分布的非对称性,并且在磁场中(Voigt配置)它的峰值能量随磁场的增加而降低. 这些实验结果显示了该掺杂样品的空间间接PL是来自Ⅱ型QW结构所特有的带电激子的跃迁. 关键词： 光致发光 二维电子气 带电激子 Ⅱ型量子阱     

Angular distribution of photoluminescence as a probe of bose condensation of trapped excitons

Recent experiments on two-dimensional exciton systems have shown that excitons collect in shallow in-plane traps. We find that Bose condensation in a trap results in a dramatic change of the exciton photoluminescence (PL) angular distribution. The long-range coherence of the condensed state gives rise to a sharply focused peak of radiation in the direction normal to the plane. By comparing the PL profile with and without Bose condensation, we provide a simple diagnostic for the existence of a Bose condensate. The PL peak has strong temperature dependence due to the thermal order parameter phase fluctuations across the system. The angular PL distribution can also be used for imaging vortices in the trapped condensate. Vortex phase spatial variation leads to destructive interference of PL radiation in certain directions, creating nodes in the PL distribution that imprint the vortex configuration.     

Angle-dependent spin wave spectra of permalloy ring arrays

We investigated the angle-dependent spin wave spectra of permalloy ring arrays with the fixed outer diameter and various inner diameters by ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy and micromagnetic simulation. When the field is obliquely applied to the ring, local resonance mode can be observed in different parts of the rings. And the resonance mode will change to perpendicular spin standing waves if the magnetic field is applied along the perpendicular direction. The simulation results demonstrated this evolution and implied more resonance modes that maybe exist. And the mathematical fitting results based on the Kittel equation further proved the existence of local resonance mode.     

Eccentricity effects on the quantum confinement in double quantum rings

This work presents a theoretical study of the energy spectrum of GaAs/AlGaAs concentric double quantum rings, under an applied magnetic field directed perpendicular to the ring plane. The Schrödinger equation for this system is solved in a realistic model consisting of rings with finite barrier potentials. Numerical results show that increasing the magnetic field intensity leads to oscillations in the ground state energy which, in contrast to the usual Aharonov-Bohm oscillations, do not have a well defined period, due to the coupling between inner and outer ring states. However, when one considers an elliptical geometry for the rings, the energy spectra of the inner and outer ring states are decoupled and the periodicity of the oscillations is recovered.     

Nonlinear optical properties in a nanoring: quantum size and magnetic field effect

We have studied the nonlinear optical absorption and the nonlinear optical rectification of an exciton in a nanoring in the presence of magnetic flux. The calculation results show that one can control the properties of nonlinear optical absorption and nonlinear optical rectification of a nanoring by tuning the outer and inner radius. Moreover, we find that the nonlinear optical properties of a nanoring can be modulated by the magnetic flux through the nanoring.     

Magnetic-field effects on exciton–polaron in a CdSe quantum disk

We study theoretically the interaction between excitons and longitudinal optical (LO) phonons in a cylindrical disk-like semiconductor quantum dot under an applied magnetic field. Due to the intensity of the interaction in the strong coupling regime, a composite quasi-particle called exciton–polaron is formed. We focus on the effect of the disk size and an external magnetic field on the exciton–phonon interaction energy and the exciton–polaron modes. The numerical computation for a CdSe quantum disk have shown that the exciton–phonon interaction energy is very significant and is even dominant when the disk height is small, which leads to a large Rabi splitting between the exciton–polaron modes. We investigate also the effect of the temperature on the integrated photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and show that at relatively high temperature the LO phonons have a noticeable effect on it. This physical parameter also shows a great dependence on quantum disk size and on magnetic field.     

Semiconductor concentric double rings in a magnetic field

We report a theoretical study on the magnetooptical properties of recently synthesized concentric quantum double rings, as a function of the inner-outer ring coupling. The transition from a single to a double ring, as it is reflected in the the changes of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillation periods of the energy levels, is shown. It is found that, even when the system can be described as a single quantum ring with a small cleft, the electron energy levels show two different Aharonov-Bohm oscillation periods, which indicate that the carriers are localized in either the inner or the outer ring. For most distances between the rings, the electron and hole energy levels show almost identical Aharonov-Bohm oscillation periods. However, there is a short distances range in which they do not localize in the same ring, showing very different periods. In this region, the exciton ground state becomes dark.     

Direct observation of dark exciton states in single carbon nanotubes

We have studied magneto-photoluminescence (PL) spectra of a single carbon nanotube at low temperatures. A single PL peak arising from optically allowed (bright) exciton state was observed under the zero-magnetic field, and an additional PL peak from optically forbidden (dark) exciton state was enhanced with increasing the magnetic field. Excitons populate in the lower dark state at low temperatures, and the optically forbidden transition is observed due to the Aharonov-Bohm effect.     

Aharonov–Bohm effect in non-uniform crater-like quantum dot with double rim

We study electron energies in a double concentric quantum ring with anisotropy in the rims heights in the presence of the external magnetic field applied along the symmetry axis. To this end, we consider a model in which the thickness grows linearly from the axis up to the inner rim with a slope different from one between the inner and the outer rims. The anisotropy in the rims heights originated by the presence in the structure of various valleys we simulate by periodic dependence of the slope on the radial direction. We show that the wave functions of the electron confined in such structure can be found analytically if the slopes in all radial directions are the same, and by using a simple exact diagonalization procedure otherwise. The behavior of the electron energies as functions of the magnetic field, rings radii and rims heights, as well as the number of the valleys and their depths is consistently described with our formalism. The entanglement of the states with different radial and orbital quantum numbers, the period and the amplitude of the Aharonov–Bohm oscillations are very sensible to any variations of the rims heights.     

Shaping of focal field with controllable amplitude,phase, and polarization

We propose a method for configuring the distribution of amplitude, phase, and polarization in the focal region of vector beams. The polarization and phase of incident beam is spatially tailored so that it can produce a focal field that has elaborately prescribed shapes. Our work focuses on the design of a special focus structure with two oval rings, wherein a phase gradient and polarization gradient exist in the inner and outer rings, respectively. The incident light yielding the desired focal field is determined based on an iterative scheme involving vectorial diffraction calculations and fast Fourier transforms. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the generation of a focal field with phase and polarization gradients, which may find applications in optical manipulation.     

考虑磁透镜边缘场的质子成像系统优化设计

高能质子照相系统由四极磁透镜和准直器组成,实际透镜的边缘场将影响成像系统的性能.本文将含边缘场的磁场梯度用贝尔函数近似,提出了一种含边缘场的成像系统优化方法.通过Geant 4程序模拟了能量为1.6 GeV的质子成像系统,并通过优化方法给出了考虑边缘场的优化后的系统参数.研究了考虑边缘场时的成像系统参数对准直器孔径的影响.通过对比理想成像系统和优化前后的成像系统在使用准直器时的客体通量分布,研究了边缘场对质子通过客体的通量影响.结果表明,优化后的成像系统可以减小质子通过客体后的通量误差,并且积分差值在10^–2量级时,准直器的孔径参数变化亦在10^–2量级.     

Magneto-optical properties and exciton dynamics in diluted magnetic semiconductor nanostructures

Nanostructures of diluted magnetic semiconductors were fabricated to study novel magneto-optical properties that are derived from quantum confined band electrons interacting with magnetic ions. Quantum dots (QDs) of Cd_0.97Mn_0.03Se were grown by the self-organization on a ZnSe substrate layer. QDs of Zn_0.69Cd_0.23Mn_0.08Se and quantum wires (QWRs) of Cd_0.92Mn_0.08Se and Zn_0.69Cd_0.23Mn_0.08Se were fabricated by the electron beam lithography. A single quantum well (QW) of ZnTe/Zn_0.97Mn_0.03Te and double QWs of Cd_0.95Mn_0.05Te–CdTe were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Magneto-optical properties and the formation and relaxation dynamics of excitons were investigated by ultrafast time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Excitons in these nanostructures were affected by the low-dimensional confinement effects and the interaction with magnetic ion spins. The exciton luminescence of the Cd_0.97Mn_0.03Se QDs shows the confined exciton energy due to the dot size of 4–6 nm and also shows marked increase of the exciton lifetime with increasing the magnetic field. The QDs of Zn_0.69Cd_0.23Mn_0.08Se fabricated by the electron beam lithography display narrow exciton PL spectrum due to the uniform shape of the dots. The exciton luminescence from the QWRs of Cd_0.92Mn_0.08Se and Zn_0.69Cd_0.23Mn_0.08Se shows the influence of the one-dimensional confinement effect for the exciton energy and the luminescence is linearly polarized parallel to the wire direction. The transient PL from the ZnTe/Zn_0.97Mn_0.03Te QWs displays, by the magnetic field, the level crossing of the exciton spin states of the nonmagnetic and magnetic layers and the spatial spin separation for the excitons. Cd_0.95Mn_0.05Te–CdTe double QWs show the injection of the spin polarized excitons from the magnetic well to the nonmagnetic QW.     

Time-resolved polarized photoluminescence spectroscopy of confined donors in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells

We report on the recombination dynamics of band edge photoluminescence (PL) in GaAs/Al_xGa_1-xAs multiple quantum wells which have been selectively doped with Si donors at a variety of positions across the well. We observe PL lines associated with the ground state n = 1 light and heavy hole exciton transitions, as well as several bound exciton states and a donor-to-continuum transition which occur below the dominant heavy hole excitons. The recombination lifetime of the donor-to-continuum (Si(c)→VB) transition is significantly longer than that measured for the excitonic transitions. The Si(c)→VB transition is 20 times longer than the lifetime of the hhX. This result clearly suggests that this line is not an exciton-related transition and may be consistent with what is expected for a localized donor-to-continuum transition. Measurements of the lifetime as a function of temperature and a measure of the recombination dynamics as a function of magnetic field support this conclusion.     

柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验中的磁扩散过程

利用一维磁流体力学程序MC11D,对套筒材料为不锈钢的柱面内爆磁通量压缩实验进行了数值模拟,研究了其中的磁扩散过程。计算结果表明:当套筒空腔中的磁场被压缩到350 T左右时,峭面磁扩散波开始形成,磁扩散波的波前从套筒内壁开始以0.75 km/s的平均速度向外快速推进,给磁场的压缩带来了不利影响;随着套筒内壁温度迅速升高,内壁附近会形成一个电阻率仅有0.3 mcm左右的等离子体保护层,又极大地减缓了空腔磁场向套筒中扩散的速度。在磁压缩过程中,峭面磁扩散波和等离子体层对于空腔磁场的扩散起着相反的作用,两者在发展的过程中相互竞争,在不同的阶段分别起着主导作用。     

The photoexcited spin-aligned state of high-density exciton magnetic polarons and the effect of magnetic field in semimagnetic semiconductor Cd(0.8)Mn(0.2)Te

In Cd(0.8)Mn(0.2)Te, nonlinear photoluminescence (PL) appears only when localized excitons are selectively excited to high-density states. Here, the effect of a magnetic field is compared between nonlinear PL and PL due to localized magnetic polarons. Nonlinear PL shows a shift towards lower energy under an applied magnetic field, whereas PL of a localized magnetic polaron band shows a slight shift towards higher energy. The experimental results support the hypothesis that the origin of the nonlinear PL is a spin-aligned state of high-density exciton magnetic polarons. In the spin-aligned state, most spins of electrons (holes) in many magnetic polarons point in the same direction. In this new high-density photoexcited state, the s, p-d exchange interaction between photoexcited electrons (holes) and magnetic ions plays an important role.     

Aharanov-Bohm interference and fractional statistics in a quantum Hall interferometer

We compute the temperature, voltage, and magnetic field dependences of the conductance oscillations of a model interferometer designed to measure the fractional statistics of the quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The geometry is the same as that used in recent experiments. With appropriate assumptions concerning the relative areas of the inner and outer rings of the interferometer, we find the theoretical results, including the existence of super periodic Aharonov-Bohm oscillations, to be in remarkably good agreement with experiment. We then make additional experimental predictions with no adjustable parameters which, if verified, would confirm the proposed interpretation of the experiment as a measurement of fractional statistics.     

Electric and magnetic dipole couplings in split ring resonator metamaterials

In this paper, the electric and the magnetic dipole couplings between the outer and the inner rings of a single split ring resonator (SRR) are investigated. We numerically demonstrate that the magnetic resonance frequency can be substantially modified by changing the couplings of the electric and magnetic dipoles, and give a theoretical expression of the magnetic resonance frequency. The results in this work are expected to be conducive to a deeper understanding of the SRR and other similar metamaterials, and provide new guidance for complex metamaterials design with a tailored electromagnetic response.     

Optical detection of the Aharonov-Bohm effect on a charged particle in a nanoscale quantum ring

We study spectroscopically the current produced by a charged particle moving in a nanosize semiconductor quantum ring subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. Several Aharonov-Bohm oscillations are observed in the emission of a charged exciton confined in a single ring structure. The magnetic field period of the oscillations correlates well with the size of the rings.