直接前入路与其他入路行人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折患者疗效的Meta分析

目的:用Meta分析的方法对国内外已发表较高质量的有关直接前入路(DAA)与其他入路行人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折患者的临床疗效进行系统评价。方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMBASE、Web of science、万方、中国知网数据库。检索中英文公开发表的文献。检索时间为建库至2019年5月20日,由2位作者严格按照纳入和排除标准独立筛选文献,提取资料和评价纳入研究质量。应用Cochrane关于RCT偏倚风险评估工具评价纳入的RCT文献质量。non-RCT采用NOS量表评价文献质量。采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.3软件对纳入研究结果进行Meta分析,并对数据进行异质性检验。结果:最终纳入文献9篇,总样本量901例。其中DAA组429例,对照组472例。DAA组与对后侧、后外侧入路亚组比较,在脱位率上差异有统计学意义[OR=0.19,95%CI(0.06,0.61),P=0.005],DAA组脱位率更低。与外侧、前外侧入路亚组比较,脱位率无明显差异[OR=1.08,95%CI(0.20,5.76),P=0.93]。在感染率[OR=1.07,95%CI(0.47,2.43),P=0.88]、围手术期骨折率[OR=0.95,95%CI(0.36,2.50),P=0.92]、再手术率[OR=0.76,95%CI(0.30,1.89),P=0.55]、总并发症发生率[OR=0.88,95%CI(0.63,1.22),P=0.44]、死亡率[OR=1.33,95%CI (0.84,2.11),P=0.23]、手术时间[MD=1.43,95%CI (-5.85,8.71),P=0.70]上比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:基于有限的资料,直接前入路较后侧、后外侧入路行人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折,术后脱位率显著性降低,与外侧、前外侧入路脱位率无显著性差异。     

阿霉素载药微球与传统的碘化油经导管动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌疗效的Meta分析

目的比较阿霉素载药微球TACE(DEB-TACE)与传统的碘化油TACE(cTACE)治疗原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)的近期疗效。方法计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库、PubMed、CochraneLibrary、EMBASE,检索日期为2000年12月—2013年6月有关DEB-TACE与cTACE治疗HCC的随机对照试验(RCT)文献,依据Jadad评价手册评价文献质量。根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献。对纳入文献提取原始数据,采用RevManManager 5.1软件进行Meta分析,计算合并OR值及95%可信区间(95%CI)。结果最终纳入8篇文献,共885例患者。Meta分析结果显示:完全缓解[OR:1.67,95%CI(1.21,2.31),P=0.10];部分缓解[OR:1.16,95%CI(0.85,1.60),P=0.90];病变稳定[OR:0.70,95%CI(0.45,1.07),P=0.17];6个月生存率[OR:1.62,95%CI(0.82,3.21),P=0.96];12个月生存率[OR:1.65,95%CI(1.04,2.61),P=0.74]。结论 DEB-TACE与cTACE对于治疗HCC的近期疗效差异无统计学意义,但能提高1年生存期。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼用于椎管内麻醉的安全性和有效性Meta分析

目的系统评价小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼与常规剂量布比卡因两种方式用于椎管内麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase,Medline、WOS、CNKI、CBM和万方数据库、维普数据库(1990.01~2015.07),收集小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼(研究组)与常规剂量布比卡因(对照组)两种方式用于椎管内麻醉安全性和有效性的文献。按照纳入和排除标准,由两位研究人员独立选择文献、提取资料,然后采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入13个随机对照研究共573例患者。Meta分析结果显示:两组麻醉失败率差异无统计学意义[OR=0.54,95%CI(0.20,1.48)];两组术后镇痛时间差异无统计学意义[WMD=6.08,95%CI(-3.64,15.80)];研究组的低血压发生率明显低于对照组[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.12,0.34),P0.01];两组心动过缓发生率差异无统计学意义[OR=0.41,95%CI(0.06,2.90)];两组恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义[OR=0.28,95%CI(0.08,1.05)];研究组的皮肤瘙痒发生率明显高于对照组[OR=13.29,95%CI(5.44,32.49),P0.01];研究组的尿潴留发生率明显低于对照组[OR=0.11,95%CI(0.04,0.30),P0.01];研究组腰骶部疼痛发生率明显低于对照组[OR=0.14,95%CI(0.04,0.46),P0.01]。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼可降低低血压、尿潴留及腰骶部疼痛的发生率,但会增加皮肤瘙痒的发生率。     

国内应用低分子肝素治疗急性胰腺炎临床疗效的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析的方法对低分子肝素治疗急性胰腺炎(AP)的临床疗效进行评价。方法计算机检索VIP(1989~2014年)、WANFANG(1999~2014年)、CNKI(1994~2014年)、CAJD数据库中关于低分子肝素治疗AP的临床随机对照试验(RCT),对符合要求的RCT进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入13篇RCT,有960例患者符合纳入标准。Meta分析结果显示,低分子肝素治疗组的治愈时间[总效应Z=2.79,MD=-1.69,95%CI(-2.88~-0.50),P=0.005],重症化例数[总效应Z=4.19,OR=0.35,95%CI(0.21~0.57),P0.0001],手术例数[总效应Z=2.24,OR=0.54,95%CI(0.31~0.93),P=0.03],并发症[总效应Z=4.28,OR=0.28,95%CI(0.16~0.51),P0.0001],死亡率[总效应Z=2.37,OR=0.40,95%CI(0.21~0.77),P=0.006],均明显优于对照组(P0.05,差异具有统计学意义)。结论在综合治疗基础上,低分子肝素对AP疗效确切,其可缩短AP的治愈时间,减少重症化及手术治疗例数,降低并发症及死亡率的发生。     

清热凉血法治疗脑卒中后应激性溃疡的Meta分析

目的 对国内外已发表的有关中医清热凉血法治疗脑卒中后应激性溃疡的临床疗效及优势进行 Meta分析。方法:计算机检索中国医学文献数据库、维普数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、PubMed、Cochrane Library数据库,检索时限为建库至2022年11月,由2名评价者独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价纳入研究偏倚后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入10项随机对照试验(RCT)文献,纳入病例总数1 044例,其中观察组488例,对照组566例。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组比较,中医凉血止血法联合常规西医治疗脑卒中后应激性溃疡患者总有效率更高[OR = 3.99,95%CI(2.40,6.63),P < 0.001]、病死率更低[OR = 0.43,95%CI(0.28,0.66),P< 0.001]、止血时间更快[MD = -15.73,95%CI(-19.40,-12.06),P < 0.001]、恢复清醒率更高[OR = 2.59,95%CI(1.58,4.23),P < 0.001]、恢复清醒时间更短[MD = -18.58,95%CI(-28.48,-8.67),P < 0.001]、不良反应发生率更低[OR = 0.19,95%CI(0.08,0.49),P < 0.001]。在治疗后胃液pH值方面,观察组和对照组未见明显差异[MD = 0.77,95% CI(-0.07,1.60),P = 0.07]。结论:清热凉血法联合常规西医治疗可以提高治疗有效率、降低病死率、降低不良反应发生率、缩短止血时间、提高昏迷患者恢复清醒率及缩短恢复清醒时间。但纳入文献质量偏低,尚需更高质量RCT研究进行验证。     

血液透析患者中心静脉置管抗生素与肝素封管预防导管相关感染效果比较的Meta分析

目的系统评价血液透析患者中心静脉置管抗生素与肝素封管预防导管相关感染的临床效果。方法检索MEDLINE、PubMed、The Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、万方等数据库,搜集比较抗生素封管和肝素封管效果的随机对照试验,通过2位研究者独立筛选文献,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计分析。结果共纳入40篇随机对照试验文献,其中31篇英文文献,9篇中文文献。Meta分析结果显示,抗生素组导管相关感染发生率低于肝素组,差异具有统计学意义[OR=0.34,95%CI(0.30～0.38),I~2=39%,P0.01]。亚组分析显示,抗生素组置管出口感染率低于肝素组,但差异不具有统计学意义[OR=0.83,95%CI(0.67～1.02),I~2=0%,P=0.07];抗生素组患者365日无导管感染存活率高于肝素组,差异有统计学意义[OR=-5.43,95%CI(3.53～8.35),I~2=0%,P0.01];抗生素组导管留置时间长于肝素组,差异具有统计学意义[SMD=1.04,95%CI(0.27～1.82),I~2=100%,P0.01];抗生素组导管内血栓发生率低于肝素组,差异具有统计学意义[OR=0.65,95%CI(0.46～0.90),I~2=32%,P0.05];抗生素组导管感染死亡率低于肝素组,差异具有统计学意义[OR=0.53,95%CI(0.38～0.74),I~2=42%,P0.01]。结论本研究结果表明,中心静脉置管的患者使用抗生素封管预防导管相关感染的效果优于纯肝素封管,但尚需对使用抗生素的可行性做进一步的探讨。     

胃空肠吻合和自膨式金属支架置入治疗恶性胃出口梗阻的meta分析

目的通过meta分析的方法评价胃空肠吻合和自膨式金属支架置入(简称"金属支架")治疗胃出口梗阻的疗效和安全性。方法全面检索了PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Clinical Trial、维普、中国知网、万方数据等数据库,纳入了评价胃空肠吻合和金属支架治疗胃出口梗阻研究的文献,提取资料并评价后用RevMan 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果最终纳入12篇文献共1 505例患者,其中胃空肠吻合组620例,金属支架组885例;3篇随机对照试验(RCT),9篇非RCT。meta分析结果显示,金属支架组的住院时间和术后恢复饮食时间明显短于胃空肠吻合组[MD=5.83,95%CI(4.24,7.42),P0.000 01;MD=3.41,95%CI(1.79,5.03),P0.000 1];虽然胃空肠吻合组的并发症率明显高于金属支架组[OR=1.85,95%CI(1.27,2.70),P=0.001],但是胃空肠吻合组的技术成功率和临床成功率明显高于金属支架组[OR=2.72,95%CI(1.13,6.53),P=0.03;OR=1.86,95%CI(1.35,2.57),P=0.000 2],且其生存时间也明显长于金属支架组[MD=38.31,95%CI(28.98,47.64),P0.000 01]。2组非RCT研究亚组分析均与总体结果一致,而RCT研究亚组分析仅住院时间和术后恢复饮食时间与总体结果一致。结论支架置入在恢复饮食能力、住院时间、并发症率等疗效方面更具优势,而胃空肠吻合术在生存时间、技术成功率和临床成功率方面的疗效更好。在临床实践的过程中,可根据患者的具体情况选择不同的术式。     

添加生长激素对卵巢低反应患者IVF-ET妊娠结局影响的Meta分析

目的探讨卵巢低反应患者行IVF-ET过程中添加生长激素(GH)对其妊娠结局的影响。方法采用Meta分析的方法,利用计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science,中国知网、维普网、万方数据库,检索时间自建库至2018年12月,检索关于卵巢低反应患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)过程中,加用GH对其妊娠结局影响的相关研究,按照纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选。对于纳入研究进行质量评价和数据提取后,利用stata 15.1软件进行统计学分析。结果本研究共纳入12篇RCT文献,共纳入1 197名受试者,其中GH组601人,对照组596人。Meta分析的结果显示:(1)GH组的临床妊娠率显著高于对照组[OR=1.56,95%CI(1.16,2.10),P=0.003];亚组分析结果提示:长方案促排卵亚组中,GH组的临床妊娠率显著高于对照组[OR=1.90,95%CI(1.18,3.05),P=0.008],而拮抗剂方案、微刺激方案和短方案3个亚组中GH组和对照组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。(2)GH组的获卵数、MⅡ期卵母细胞数、移植的胚胎个数和HCG日E2水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),GH组的Gn天数和Gn剂量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论卵巢低反应患者在IVF-ET过程中添加GH可以改善其妊娠结局,但该结论仍需更多的大样本量、多中心的RCT研究加以佐证。     

十一酸睾酮治疗LOH的疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的:应用Meta分析的方法评价十一酸睾酮治疗迟发性性腺功能减退(LOH)的疗效及安全性。方法:计算机检索Pubmed(至2014年4月1日)、Embase(至2014年3月28日)、Cochrane library(至2014年4月17日)、中国生物医学文献数据库(2001年1月1日至2014年2月2日)、中国期刊全文数据库(2001年1年1至2014年2月2日)、万方数据库(2000年1月1日到至2014年2月2日)、维普数据库(2000年1月1至2014年2月2日)。检索已经阅读的文献的参考文献。纳入十一酸睾酮(TU)治疗LOH的随机对照试验。采用Rveman5.2软件对纳入的文献进行质量评价及Meta分析。结果:筛选后纳入文献14篇,共1686例患者,Meta分析显示:与安慰剂或空白对照组相比,经十一酸睾酮治疗后的血清总睾酮升高[SMD=6.22,95%CI(3.99,8.45),P0.01];血清游离睾酮升高[SMD=4.35,95%CI(1.86,6.85),P0.01];黄体生成素下降[WMD=-2.23,95%CI(-4.03,-0.42),P0.01];性激素结合球蛋白下降[WMD=2.00,95%CI(1.38,2.63),P0.05];PADAM症状量表评分降低[WMD=-9.29,95%CI(-12.96,-6.03),P0.01];AMS症状量表评分降低[WMD=-2.76,95%CI(-4.85,-0.66),P0.05],血红蛋白升高[SMD=2.35,95%CI(0.29,4.41),P0.05],血细胞压积升高[SMD=4.35,95%CI(1.36,7.33),P0.01];谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、前列腺特异抗原、前列腺体积等无显著性差异(P均0.05)。结论:十一酸睾酮能显著改善LOH患者的血清雄激素水平及临床症状,且未发现严重的不良反应;但由于纳入的研究数量较少,质量偏低,上述结论应用于临床需谨慎。     

中医药治疗IgA肾病的meta分析

目的:Meta分析方法评价中医药治疗IgA肾病的疗效和安全性。方法:运用Pub Med和中国知网全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊维普数据库(database for chinese technical periodicals,VIP)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)检索中医药治疗IgA肾病的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCT),对符合标准的文献进行质量评价和Meta分析。结果:共收集国内9个随机对照研究,纳入642例患者,中西药组与西药组比较的总有效率、完全缓解率、部分缓解率,结果显示中西药组与西药组的总有效率差异有统计学意义[OR=2.23,95%CI(1.53,3.24),P<0.000 1]。中西药组与西药组的完全缓解率差异有统计学意义[OR=2.09,95%CI(1.40,3.13),P=0.000 3]。中西药组与西药组的部分缓解率差异无统计学意义[OR=1.26,95%CI(0.91,1.72),P=0.16]。结论:尽管本Meta分析结果肯定了中西结合在治疗IgA肾病中的肾保护作用及用药安全性方面优势,由于目前尚缺乏中医药治疗IgA肾病的大样本RCT,本研究纳入的文献数量和患者人数较少,进行评价所纳入的9篇RCT质量不高。因此尚需大样本、多中心完全随机对照的临床试验证明中医药治疗IgA肾病的疗效和安全性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.