高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵系统性能实验研究

为研究变转速压缩机对复叠式热泵系统的影响,本文搭建了高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵实验台。通过实验研究了不同运行工况下系统排气温度、中间温度、制热量、功率及COP随高温压缩机转速的变化规律。结果表明:在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-35℃～-10℃时,压缩机运行安全可靠;在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-25℃,高温压缩机转速从1 200 r/min增至6 000 r/min,制热量提升了129. 7%,低温压缩机功率减少43.4%; COP随高温压缩机转速的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,存在最大COP和对应的最佳高温压缩机转速。     

纯电动公交车热泵型空调系统设计与实验研究

针对纯电动公交车设计了一套热泵型空调系统,并对其运行特性进行了实验研究,分析了环境温度、压缩机转速和室内外风速对制冷/制热量、COP/EER和排气温度的影响。研究结果表明,设计的热泵型空调系统具有较好的制冷/制热性能,在制冷工况转速为2700r/min时COP最高,而制热工况下EER随转速增加而减小。在制热工况下,EER随室外风机转速增加而降低,因此较低的室外风机转速更有利于系统的节能。     

电动汽车热泵系统低温工况的制热性能实验研究

为研究低温时电动汽车热泵空调系统的制热性能,本文通过搭建空气源热泵空调系统实验台,实验研究了电动汽车热泵空调系统在环境温度为-10~0℃的低温工况下的制热性能,分析了压缩机转速(2000~5000 r/min)、HVAC总成进风量(300~400 m^3/h)和环境温度对该热泵系统性能的影响,最后通过推导公式,估算电动汽车在使用空调系统后的续航里程。实验结果表明:随着压缩机转速的增加,压缩机排气温度、排气压力和系统制热量均增加,而COP下降;当保持压缩机转速和环境温度不变时,HVAC总成进风量从300 m^3/h增至400 m^3/h,制热量增加约13.3%~26.0%,COP增加约0.03~0.80;在其他条件不变时,当环境温度从-10℃升至0℃,热泵空调系统的制热量增加约60.9%~71.0%,COP增加约0.51~0.63;通过公式进行计算,当环境温度为-10~0℃时,在达到相同制热量条件下,热泵空调系统可在PTC加热器的基础上使续航里程提高13.5%~20.8%。     

闪发器热泵系统设计及试验研究

提出一种带有平行流换热器的闪发器热泵系统,在高温工况下利用平行流换热器对系统的控制电路板进行冷却。通过标准焓差实验室对不同工况下系统的性能进行测试,结果表明:在制热工况下,系统的制热量、功耗和制热COP分别对应一个最佳中间压力;随着环境温度的升高,其制热COP逐渐增大,但与常规热泵系统相比,其增加的幅度逐渐减小;当室外环境温度高于7℃时,其COP反而比常规热泵系统低,由此可见,该系统在低温环境下具有更优的制热性能;在高温制冷工况下,采用平行流换热器冷却控制电路板,可以使压缩机频率降低的幅度减小,从而间接增加制冷量,但压缩机的不可逆损失增大,造成系统的功耗增加,制冷EER减小,排气温度上升。     

滑板补气滚动转子式压缩机性能试验研究

针对采用常规滚动转子式压缩机的空气源热泵系统冬季制热量不足,在极限制冷、制热工况下制热与制冷性能较差的问题,研发带有滑板补气结构的滚动转子式压缩机并对其进行测试。结果表明:与相同气缸容积的单级压缩机相比,在蒸发温度为-10℃,冷凝温度为45℃和过冷度为5℃的条件下,滑板补气滚动转子式压缩机的制热量提升12.4%,制热COP提升2%,制冷量提升13%,制冷EER提升1.3%。     

热泵型纯电动汽车空调系统特性

本文以R134a为制冷剂并采用三换热器设计了热泵汽车空调系统,搭建了热泵系统台架,并在制冷和制热5种工况下进行了性能测试,研究了压缩机转速、风量及环境工况对系统的影响,分析了该系统用于电动汽车的可行性。测试结果表明:温度越低,系统效率越低。-20℃压缩机转速为3 000 r/min时,系统性能系数COP约为1.5;相同工况下,系统COP随压缩机转速的增加而先增大后减小;相同工况下,系统COP随换热器风量的增加而增加。压缩机采用热泵系统,可以节约电能从而提高电动汽车续航里程。     

动力电池液冷系统设计与试验研究

动力电池热管理对电池的运行效率、寿命、可靠性至关重要。基于客户要求设计一款额定制冷量及制热量分别约为7 kW和12 kW的热管理机组,并对其性能进行试验研究。结果表明:制冷量及COP随进水温度、进水流量的增大而增大,在压缩机转速为4 000 r/min时,制冷量最高可达9. 5 kW,COP最大可达2. 5;当环境温度在30℃以下时,COP随压缩机转速的增大先增大后减小,当环境温度在30℃以上时,COP随压缩机转速的增大而减小;系统的平均降温速率约为2℃/min;当PTC的设定功率大于6 kW时,PTC的实际功率与设定功率的误差在10%以内。     

带闪蒸器补气的R134a准二级压缩制冷/热泵系统实验研究

为增加空气源热泵运行的稳定性及提高其性能系数,本文提出了以R134a为工质的涡旋压缩机闪蒸器补气制冷/热泵系统。搭建了实验台对压缩机排气温度、功耗、制冷量、制热量及制冷、制热性能系数进行研究。结果表明:当冷凝温度为45℃,蒸发温度为-20~0℃时,与采用相同工质的单级系统相比,补气系统的排气温度降低了6.2℃,功耗增加1.4%~2.8%,制冷量和制冷COPc分别提高19.8%和17.6%,制热量和制热COPh分别提高15.3%和13.2%。     

纯电动汽车两种热泵空调系统的实验研究

为解决纯电动汽车采暖时采用电加热方式导致能源利用率低,降低纯电动车的续航里程这一问题,本文设计了分别采用四通阀和阀组的热泵空调系统并搭建了实验台,通过实验测试了系统的制冷量、制热量及耐振动性能。结果表明:采用四通阀的热泵空调系统与采用阀组的热泵空调系统在名义工况下制冷量和制热量约为2 kW,两套系统制冷模式时的出风温度皆为15.3℃,制热模式时的出风温度分别为41.3℃和38.2℃;两种热泵空调系统在低温工况下制热量均降至800 W左右;采用四通阀的热泵空调系统在振动状态下易出现窜气导致系统工作不稳定,损坏压缩机;采用阀组的热泵空调系统在振动状态下运行稳定。     

适用于-20℃环境的CO_2汽车热泵系统的开发及性能测试

开发CO_2跨临界汽车热泵,是解决R134a汽车热泵在低温环境下制热量不足、无法正常工作问题的有效措施。本文理论分析了影响CO_2汽车热泵性能的关键因素,在最低为-20℃的环境温度下实验研究了CO_2汽车热泵的性能。结果表明:开发的CO_2汽车热泵系统在低温环境下稳定运行,具有较好的制热性能;在相同压缩机转速条件下,室内进风温度对制热COP(COP_h)影响更大,室外环境温度对制热量影响更大;在-20℃环境冷启动工况下COP_h可达到3.15、制热量为3.6 k W;进风(Tg,a,in)和出风(Tg,a,out)温度分别为20℃和40℃时,COP_h最低为1.72。因此,与R134a相比,CO_2车用热泵系统的低温制热性能有显著的优势,该系统在电动汽车上具有较好的应用潜力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.