江苏省海岸线时空动态变化遥感监测关键技术研究概述

海岸线是海洋与陆地的分界线,海岸线的准确确定对于海岸带空间资源的使用与管理具有重要意义。针对现有的海岸线遥感提取方法存在的技术缺陷,提出从构建海岸线遥感分类体系、改进海岸线遥感推算方法、建立可操作性强的海岸线遥感提取与推算技术体系方面,系统开展海岸线时空动态变化遥感监测的关键技术与应用研究,形成完整可靠的海岸线遥感推算、岸线岸滩动态变化遥感监测技术体系并开展业务化应用,可为海岸带空间资源的合理开发利用提供基础数据支撑和决策分析依据。     

天津海域遥感图像解译应用系统

在对多源遥感数据处理、地物特征识别与解译、专题信息提取等方法研究的基础上,开发了天津海域遥感图像解译应用系统,并在天津市海岸线和海岸带变化监测、海域环境遥感监测等方面进行了示范应用;系统对提高海洋管理工作的科学性和信息的时效性,具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

基于遥感和GIS的福建省海岸线的提取和变化研究

海岸线是陆地和水体交界的重要标识,海岸带是我国第一海洋经济区域,研究海岸线的变化对海岸带生态环境研究具有重要的意义.本研究利用遥感和GIS技术获取了福建省2002、2006、2010年3个时期的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像数据,采用目视解译和自动解译的方法分别提取出了各时期的福建省海岸线,进行叠加分析,对比统计3个时期福建省海岸线的变化特征和变化程度,总结分析了其变化趋势和变化原因.结果表明,在2002~2010的8a时间里,福建省的海岸线长度整体为增长趋势,共计增长了291.84 km,三沙湾区域和泉州附近变化较大,厦门岛内变化也较大.其中泥沙淤积、填海造地、港口建设和渔业设施建设这4个因素为主要增长因素.     

福建围填海及其对海洋环境影响的遥感初探

把遥感技术应用于海岸带现状的动态研究和遥感海洋环境反演是当前遥感应用的热点之一。文章主要利用美国资源卫星专题扫描仪(thematic mapper,TM)遥感影像研究福建围填海状况及大陆海岸线的变化,通过ENVI、ArcGIS软件对研究区遥感影像进行处理,实现海岸线的自动提取、土地分类,以监测福建围填海的动态变化。通过相同季节的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)遥感影像反演福建海域海水表层温度及叶绿素浓度等海洋参数来了解围填海对海洋环境的可能影响。     

海岸线提取技术研究

海岸线位置的确定是海岸带和海岛礁测绘的重要内容。快速而准确地监测海岸线的动态变化对于海域的使用管理具有十分重要的意义。遥感技术具有快速、动态、大范围、宏观等突出优势。重点介绍了基本遥感影像提取瞬时水边线,通过潮位校正进而提取海岸线的研究进展,提出了基于潮间带DEM和潮汐模型的海岸线提取方法,分析了各种提取方法的优缺点,并就其存在的不足展望了今后的研究方向。     

广西北部湾海岸带开发利用变化监测研究

为了更好地理解海岸带的变化,促进海岸带资源和环境的管理开发,基于广西地理国情普查数据,按照设计的指标体系,采用遥感监测的方法,提取了2015～2017年广西北部湾沿海岸线、地表覆盖、地理要素、围填海等数据,对广西北部湾海岸带开发利用变化开展了监测研究,获得了2015～2017年广西大陆海岸线、地表覆盖、围填海、人工养殖池等统计结果,为北部湾海岸带地区的下一步开发利用与保护提供参考依据。     

近20年来烟台典型地区海湾海岸线的变化

利用多时相卫星遥感图像复合的方法,对烟台四个时相的TM影像进行处理并比较四个时相的海岸线长度和海湾面积的变化。结果表明,自1986年到2004年近20年的时间里,龙口湾、套子湾和芝罘湾三个海湾的海岸线总体趋势是增长的,海湾面积则呈减少趋势。认为人为因素是烟台海岸线长度波动和海湾面积变化的主要原因并分析了这些变化对海岸环境和海岸生态系统的影响,对本地区海岸带的可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。     

基于RS的海岸线动态监测研究进展

海岸线是指海水面与陆地接触的分界线,它随潮水的涨落而变动位置。海岸线的变迁受海岸侵蚀、海平面升降、海岸淤积等因素的影响,海岸线动态监测对海岸带防护、海岸带资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。论述了利用遥感技术监测海岸线变迁的研究进展,总结了利用遥感技术监测海岸线的数据选取、技术方法等问题。     

基于多源遥感的1987-2021年广西海岸线变迁分析

海岸线的变迁直接影响海岸带生态环境的变化,具有重要的研究意义。以广西海岸带为研究区,通过多景遥感卫星影像,在基于半自动化提取的基础上,利用MNDWI阈值分割技术和潮位校正原理,获取了近35年间广西海岸线的总长度变化。结果表明：广西海岸线的长度在近35年来呈现出先减后增的趋势,其中人工岸线的比重不断增长,淤泥岸线比重不断减小,其他的生物岸线、砂质岸线和基岩岸线长度总体趋势呈减小状态。其中,淤泥沉积、海潮波浪侵蚀和气象灾害是主要的自然驱动力,围海造陆、破坏红树林、修建海堤等为主要的人为驱动力。     

多光谱与纹理特征结合的WorldView-2影像海岸线提取方法研究——以马来西亚棉花岛为例

海岸线是海岛海岸带研究的基础要素,对于海岸带资源开发利用具有重要意义。遥感技术凭借其宏观、多光谱且周期短等特点成为快速提取海岸线的重要技术手段。本文采用高分辨率遥感数据WorldView-2对海岸线两侧地物的表观反射率进行分析,并开展特征分析,构建了海岸线提取指数。在此基础上,进一步结合纹理特征提取方法,成功提取了马来西亚棉花岛的海岸线。基于线目标匹配法对提取结果进行精度评价,其中长度误差为-1.38%,在缓冲半径为6个像素单位时,完整度为96.96%,正确度为95.37%。结果表明,用该方法提取的海岸线精度较高,可满足遥感调查的需要。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.