致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究现状及展望

致密砂岩气藏渗流机理是开发致密气的理论基础。通过对致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究进展进行调研,总结了目前致密气渗流机理的研究现状。并对苏里格致密砂岩气田的岩样进行应力敏感性实验研究。结合目前低渗砂岩气藏的研究现状,提出了致密砂岩气藏渗流机理研究的展望。致密气的有效应力表达式、压裂气井的高速非达西渗流、含水致密气藏的启动压力梯度和水膜厚度对气藏开采的影响,致密气的储层物性分析是今后研究的方向。     

考虑启动压力梯度的致密气藏压裂井产能分析

本文通过室内实验和数值模拟方法,探讨致密砂岩气藏启动压裂梯度的现象及其对产能的影响,对影响产能的多参数进行敏感性分析和优化。实验测试表明,DLK致密砂岩气藏存在动压力梯度,储层渗透率增加,启动压力梯度减小,二者呈指数关系变化,并绘制形成了启动压力梯度和渗透率的关系图版。本文建立了考虑启动压力梯度的两相三维渗流数学模型,通过产量拟合计算表明,储层的渗透率、裂缝长度、生产压差是影响压后效果的关键因素,启动压力梯度虽然存在但是对产能的影响较小。     

渭北长3裂缝性致密储层渗流特征及产能研究

为了研究基质与天然裂缝系统的渗流特征及其对产能的影响,以渭北油田长₃典型裂缝性致密储层为研究对象,通过核磁共振和室内测试综合实验,测定了储层渗流启动压力梯度的大小,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙结构随围压的变化规律,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙度随有效应力的变化规律及应力敏感系数,建立并验证了考虑启动压力梯度、基质与裂缝应力敏感差异的多级压裂水平井产能模型,分析了启动压力梯度、基质和裂缝应力敏感性对产能的影响规律。结果表明,拟启动压力梯度随着岩芯流度的降低而不断增加;裂缝岩芯的孔隙度应力敏感及渗透率敏感性均强于基质岩芯;基质应力敏感性对产能的影响更显著。因此,渭北长₃裂缝性致密储层的有效开发,应该考虑降低基质应力敏感性和启动压力梯度的影响。     

考虑启动压力梯度的致密气藏压裂井产能分析

通过室内实验和数值模拟方法,探讨致密砂岩气藏启动压裂梯度的现象及其对产能的影响。对影响产能的多参数进行敏感性分析和优化。实验测试表明,DLK致密砂岩气藏存在动压力梯度,储层渗透率增加,启动压力梯度减小,二者呈指数关系变化,并绘制形成了启动压力梯度和渗透率的关系图版。建立了考虑启动压力梯度的两相三维渗流数学模型。通过产量拟合计算表明,储层的渗透率、裂缝长度、生产压差是影响压后效果的关键因素。启动压力梯度虽然存在但是对产能的影响较小。     

柴达木盆地英西地区E_3~2储层孔隙特征及宏观微观渗流特征

为探究不同孔隙结构类型对碳酸盐岩储层油水两相渗流特征的影响,以柴达木盆地英西地区E_3~2储层为例,通过对储层孔隙结构组合方式的分类,结合核磁共振T_2谱,开展了单相和油水两相启动压力梯度实验以及宏观微观油水两相渗流实验。结果表明:研究区储层可以分为裂缝型、溶孔型和基质孔隙型,裂缝和溶孔发育程度越高,大尺寸孔喉数量越多,样品物性越好。3类岩心油水两相渗流差异明显,裂缝和溶孔是主要的渗流空间,大尺寸孔喉连通性好,驱油效率高;基质孔隙型岩心的渗流能力与裂缝型和溶孔型岩心的渗流能力相差10～10~3倍,且大尺寸孔喉连通性差,驱油效率低。溶孔型和裂缝型的单相和油水两相启动压力梯度较低,变化幅度不大;而基质孔隙型的单相启动压力梯度最高,且油水两相启动压力上升明显,验证了基质孔隙型水驱油效果差、渗流能力弱的特点。     

考虑介质变形和启动压力梯度的低渗压裂气井产能分析

低渗储层孔吼狭窄,储层物性差,基本无自然产能,需压裂才能经济开发。存在启动压力梯度并且由于有效应力改变有介质变形现象;针对低渗气藏物性特征,基于稳定渗流理论,利用保角变换原理,推导出考虑启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应以及人工压裂缝的气藏垂直井产能计算模型;分析不同应力敏感系数和启动压力梯度以及人工裂缝长度对气井产能影响。该研究对低渗气藏垂直压裂井合理产能确定有一定指导意义。     

致密砂岩气藏渗流机理及开发技术

致密砂岩气藏具有相对复杂的渗流规律,明确其储层条件下的渗流机理有利于制订合理、有效的开发方案。通过总结国内外相关的研究成果,并有针对性地进行了补充实验研究,取得了致密砂岩气藏渗流机理的一些新认识:1实际生产过程中,由于受到孔喉半径较小、废弃地层压力较高的限制,无需考虑其滑脱效应和高速非达西渗流对渗流特征及开发效果的影响;2其阈压梯度和应力敏感程度随着储层渗透率的降低而增大,随着储层含水饱和度的升高而增大;3压力梯度可以显著的影响气水两相的渗流能力,随着压力梯度的增大,气相相对渗透率逐渐降低,水相相对渗透率逐渐升高。基于渗流机理的认识和美国致密砂岩气藏的开发情况,总结了有效的开发技术对策:大型水力压裂技术、井网加密技术、小井眼钻井及欠平衡钻井技术、控压开采技术。     

西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征

研究西湖凹陷某构造渐新统花港组致密砂岩储层的渗流特征,旨在为该气藏的高效开发提供指导性意见。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜资料,综合分析物性测试、压汞、核磁共振、水驱气等实验数据,研究西湖凹陷某构造花港组致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构、气水渗流特征及其影响因素。该区致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以粒间溶孔为主,孔喉半径细小,且孔喉分选性差,排驱压力高;致密砂岩储层束缚水饱和度高,两相渗流区窄,气相相对渗透率较低,且见水后急剧下降,残余气饱和度较高,最终采收率低,且无水期采收率占最终采收率的比例很大,应充分重视储层见水前的天然气开采。储层渗流特征受物性、孔隙结构、原始含水饱和度以及润湿性等多种因素的影响,其中孔隙结构影响最大。     

体积压裂裂缝分布扩展规律及压裂效果分析—以鄂尔多斯盆地苏53区块为例

体积压裂技术为致密砂岩气藏大规模经济有效开发提供了新的途径。为了分析裂缝在体积改造中的分布和扩展规律,基于鄂尔多斯盆地苏53区块储层特征和渗流-应力耦合理论,采用RFPA-flow软件建立了储集层砂岩体的流固耦合模型,模拟分析了引导裂纹、天然裂缝、围压对体积压裂中裂缝扩展的影响。然后通过对比区块内体积压裂井、普通压裂井和未压裂井的实施效果,体现出体积压裂在致密砂岩气藏开发中的明显优势。     

体积压裂致密油藏注水吞吐产能影响因素

致密油藏储层致密,地层压力系数一般较低,开发非常困难,而注水吞吐对补充油层压力和实现稳产具有明显优势.针对体积压裂致密油藏,采用嵌入式离散裂缝模型描述复杂体积压裂缝网,建立考虑应力敏感和启动压力梯度的致密油藏油水两相渗流模型,并采用有限体积法建立相应的数值求解方法.通过数值模拟方法模拟了12个吞吐轮次下单个压裂段致密油藏的开采过程,分析了基质和裂缝性质对致密油藏注水吞吐开发产能的影响.研究结果表明:当基质渗透率、微裂缝渗透率和微裂缝密度升高时,基质中含水饱和度波及范围变大,累积采油量显著升高;水力裂缝渗透率升高对基质含水饱和度分布影响不大,但累积采油量明显上升,而当水力裂缝上升到一定程度时,累积采油量上升幅度变小.可见基质和裂缝性质对致密油藏注水吞吐开发效果均有显著的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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