Influences of coastal underground reservoir construction and utilization on saltwater and freshwater transport law in aquifersEI北大核心CSCD

In order to reveal the impact of underground reservoir construction and extraction methods on the saltwater and freshwater transport law in coastal aquifers, a 300m × 900m × 30m conceptual numerical model was established. The variable density current simulation method of unconfined aquifer was used to analyze the saltwater and freshwater transport law in coastal aquifer under different extraction scenarios before and after the construction of underground dam. The results show that the construction of underground dam can significantly reduce the scope and degree of seawater intrusion. Groundwater extraction can accelerate the intrusion and diffusion of residual saltwater in underground reservoirs within a certain time range. The coefficient of saltwater intrusion is exponentially related to extraction scale and the distance between extraction wells and underground dams. Reasonable layout of the location and scale of extraction wells can effectively reduce the negative impact of groundwater extraction on water salinity in the reservoir area. © 2023, Editorial Board of Water Resources Protection. All rights reserved.     

Coupled Sharp-interface and Density-dependent Model for Simultaneous Optimization of Production Well Locations and Pumping in Coastal Aquifer

The main management challenge in coastal aquifers is to prevent saltwater intrusion, ensuring ample freshwater supply. Saltwater intrusion happens due to unregulated pumping from production wells. Therefore, it is essential to have an effective management policy, which ensures the requisite amount of freshwater to be withdrawn from coastal aquifers without causing saltwater intrusion. A methodology for optimizing production well locations and maximizing pumping from production wells is presented to achieve these conflicting objectives. The location of production wells directly affects the amount of freshwater pumped out of the coastal aquifer. Simultaneous optimization of production well locations and pumping from the same is achieved by linking mathematical simulation models with the optimization algorithm. A new methodology using coupled sharp-interface and density-dependent simulation models is developed to find optimal well locations and optimize the amount of freshwater pumped from the coastal aquifer. The performance of the developed methodology is evaluated for saltwater intrusion in the coastal city of Puri, India. The performance evaluation results show the developed methodology's applicability for managing saltwater intrusion while maximizing freshwater pumping in coastal aquifers under constraints of well location.

     

A Cost-Effective Method to Control Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers

Intrusion of seawater into coastal aquifers is considered one of the most important processes that degrade water-quality by raising the salinity to levels exceeding acceptable drinking standards. Therefore saltwater intrusion should be prevented or at least controlled to protect groundwater resources. This paper presents a cost-effective method to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. This methodology ADR (Abstraction, Desalination and Recharge) includes; abstraction of saline water and recharge to the aquifer after desalination. A coupled transient density-dependent finite element model is developed for simulation of fluid flow and solute transport and used to simulate seawater intrusion. The simulation model has been integrated with an optimization model to examine three scenarios to control seawater intrusion including; abstraction, recharge and a combination system, ADR. The main objectives of the models are to determine the optimal depths, locations and abstraction/recharge rates for the wells to minimize the total costs for construction and operation as well as salt concentrations in the aquifer. A comparison between the combined system (ADR) and the individual abstraction or recharge system is made in terms of total cost and total salt concentration in the aquifer and the amount of repulsion of seawater achieved. The results show that the proposed ADR system performs significantly better than using abstraction or recharge wells alone as it gives the least cost and least salt concentration in the aquifer. ADR is considered an effective tool to control seawater intrusion and can be applied in areas where there is a risk of seawater intrusion.     

陆源淡水流量对海岸水库海水入侵的影响

采用平板水槽系统开展了室内物理模型试验,探究了陆源地下水流量与入库地表水流量对海岸水库海水入侵的影响。结果表明:海岸水库的下盐水楔入侵长度与陆源淡水流量呈对数下降关系,随着陆源淡水流量的增大,下盐水楔入侵长度减小趋势减弱;与陆源地下水相比,入库地表水对海岸水库海水入侵的抑制作用更显著;随着陆源淡水流量增大,海岸水库库底盐分减少,上盐水楔比下盐水楔先减小、消失;通过减少地下水的开采和采取调水入库的手段可以抑制海岸水库海水入侵,缓解水库水体的咸化。     

Simulation-Optimization Modeling for Sustainable Groundwater Development: A Moroccan Coastal Aquifer Case Study

A transient simulation model characterizing groundwater flow in the coastal aquifer of Rhis-Nekor was constructed and calibrated. The flow model was then used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm based optimization model to explore the optimal pumping schemes that meet current and future water demands while minimizing the risks for several adverse environmental impacts, such as saltwater intrusion prevention, avoiding excessive drawdown, as well as controlling waterlogging and salinity problems. Modeling results demonstrate the importance of this combined simulation-optimization methodology for solving groundwater management problems associated with the Rhis-Nekor plain.     

Groundwater Circulation Well for Controlling Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal aquifers: Numerical study with Experimental Validation

Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers has become a prominent environmental concern worldwide. As such, there is a need to prepare and implement proper remediation techniques with careful planning of freshwater withdrawal systems for controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal marine and estuarine environments. This paper investigates the performance of groundwater circulation well (GCW) in controlling saltwater intrusion problems in unconfined coastal aquifers. The GCWs have been established as a promising in-situ remedial technique of contaminated groundwater. The GCW system creates vertical circulation flow by extracting groundwater from an aquifer through a screen in a single well and injecting back into the aquifer through another screen. The circulation flow induced by GCW force water in a circular pattern between abstraction and recharge screens and can be as a hydraulic barrier for controlling saltwater intrusion problem in coastal aquifers. In this study, an effort has been made to investigate the behavior of saltwater intrusion dynamics under a GCW. An experiment has been conducted in a laboratory-scale flow tank model under constant water head boundary conditions, and the variable-density flow and transport model FEMWATER is used to simulate the flow and transport processes for the experimental setup. The evaluation of the results indicates that there is no further movement of saltwater intrusion wedge towards the inland side upon implementation of GCW, and the GCW acts as a hydraulic barrier in controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The present study reveals the GCWs system can effectively mitigate the saltwater intrusion problem in coastal regions and could be considered as one of the most efficient management strategies for controlling the problem.

     

基于FVCOM的磨刀门水道盐水入侵三维数值模拟

该文采用非结构化有限体积近岸海洋三维模型FVCOM(Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model),建立了磨刀门水道至伶仃洋盐水入侵数值模型,模拟2004年、2005年及2007年枯季的长序列流场过程,观察其水动力特性,研究盐度的时空变化规律,分析其垂向分层现象。结果表明仅对该文模拟范围的建模也能达到模拟珠江四口门或八口门时磨刀门水道的准确度,从而减少了建模工作量和模型计算量。对三个工况的模拟显示盐水入侵最远距离在2005年1月最大,越过了全禄水厂,2007年3月最小。垂向分层方面,由于盐水上溯的最远距离均处于内河道处,盐度垂向分层不明显,底表层盐水最远入侵距离的差距随入侵距离的增加而减小。海平面平均每升高1 cm,磨刀门水道咸潮入侵平均上移距离为0.85 km。     

Elitist Continuous Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Management of Coastal Aquifers

This paper presents an evolutionary based approach to achieve optimal management of a coastal aquifer to control saltwater intrusion. An improved Elitist Continuous Ant Colony Optimization (ECACO) algorithm is employed for optimal control variables setting of coastal aquifer management problem. The objectives of the optimal management are; maximizing the total water-pumping rate, while controlling the drawdown limits and protecting the wells from saltwater intrusion. Since present work is one of the first efforts towards the application of an ECACO algorithm, sharp interface solution for steady state problem is first exploited. The performance of the developed optimization model is evaluated through application examples available in the literature. The comparisons indicate the applicability of the ECACO algorithm. In the second approach, the numerical simulation is combined with ECACO algorithm. In this model, through some simple schemes, such as continuity equations in the porous media cells and existing hydraulic systems in the study area, further details can be investigated. The evaluation results show the potential applicability of the proposed numerical based model for optimal management of coastal aquifers.     

Managing Saline Water Intrusion in the Lower Indus Basin Aquifer

In view of the declining surface water sources for irrigated agriculture in Pakistan, farmers are compelled to extract groundwater in order provide to security against uncertain canal supplies during critical crop growth periods. However saline water intrusion can be a major hindrance to the sustainable groundwater development. Against this background, a study was conducted with a three dimensional finite element model (FEMGWST) based on the Galerkin weighted residual method being developed to simulate groundwater flow and the saline water intrusion from underlying poor quality aquifer in response to groundwater pumping through low capacity partially penetrated wells. The model was calibrated with field data collected in the district Khairpur of the Lower Indus Basin. The stability of the model for transient groundwater flow and solute transport against different time marching schemes were evaluated. This study showed that the explicit and the Crank-Nicolson time marching schemes developed the numerical oscillating, the global error and the convergence problem. The calibrated model was applied to predict the impacts of different well configurations on the pumped water quality and on the development of saline water mound at the bottom of the well. It was observed that the saline water intrusion into the fresh groundwater layer was directly related to the well discharge, pumping time and inversely to the thickness of fresh-saline water interface and the number of well strainers installed. The model results suggested that intermittent pumping through multi strainer wells could effectively be used to suppress the saline water intrusion. However multi strainers wells were found to induce saline water intrusion when the thickness of fresh-saline water interface was reduced to 4 m.     

Optimal Groundwater Management in Deltaic Regions using Simulated Annealing and Neural Networks

This study deals with the optimal management of groundwater in deltaic aquifer systems with some reference to east coastal hydro-geo-climatic conditions of India. A system of cooperative wells is proposed to supplement surface water sources to meet the demand during the non-monsoon season, without inducing excessive saltwater intrusion. The management models are solved as nonlinear, non-convex, combinatorial problems. The management models are solved by interfacing simulated annealing (SA) algorithm with an existing SHARP interface flow model to determine an optimal policy for location and pumpages of cooperative wells. Computational burden arising from SA algorithm is managed within practical timeframes by replacing the simulator with an artificial neural network (ANN).     

Impacts of Receding of the Lakes Located in the Arid and Semi-arid Areas on the Coastal Groundwater: Integrated Modeling and Experimental Study

The dropping of the water level of the lakes located in the arid lands leads to salt concentration increase. In this study, a combined experimental-computational method is developed to explore the effect of seawater concentration on the elevation of groundwater table and the rate of saltwater intrusion, while the lake water level is dropping. At the laboratory tank scale, we have collected experimental data by varying the saltwater concentration by 2.0 and 2.5 times its initial value while measuring the height of the groundwater table. Our simulation has shown an unexpected increase in height of groundwater by 5.0 and 13.0% relative to the head difference at the boundaries of the domain. Also, the intrusion rate of saltwater wedge increased by 2.0 and 3.0 times, respectively. We have used the verified model for a field state and found that if density variations are neglected in simulation, the calculated groundwater level is affected more than 2 times in response to fluctuation of lake water level (relative to simulations by including the effect of fluid density changes). Based on the results density variations can counteract; even reverse, the effect of water table changes. Remarkably, our simulations have shown that despite a severe decrease in the water level of a saline lake over time, the saltwater wedge has indeed intruded further because of the substantial increase in the density of the lake water due to the rising salinity. Based on the findings, to reach a reasonable result in the study of interaction between saline water of shrinking lakes with coastal groundwater, saltwater concentration as well as saline water density in the modeling must be considered.

     

Optimal Management of Coastal Aquifers Using Linked Simulation Optimization Approach

Saltwater intrusion management models can be used to derive optimal and efficient management strategies for controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. To obtain physically meaningful optimal management strategies, the physical processes involved need to be simulated while deriving the management strategies. The flow and transport processes involved in coastal aquifers are difficult to simulate especially when the density-dependent flow and transport processes need to be modeled. Incorporation of this simulation model within an optimization-based management model is very complex and difficult. However, as an alternative, it is possible to link a simulation model externally with an optimization-based management model. The GA-based optimization approach is especially suitable for externally linking the numerical simulation model within the optimization model. Further efficiency in computational procedure can be achieved for such a linked model, if the simulation process can be simplified by approximation, as very large number of iterations between the optimization and simulation model is generally necessary to evolve an optimal management strategy. A possible approach for approximating the simulation model is to use a trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as the approximate simulator. Therefore, an ANN model is trained as an approximator of the three dimensional density-dependent flow and transport processes in a coastal aquifer. A linked simulation – optimization model is then developed to link the trained ANN with the GA-based optimization model for solving saltwater management problems. The performance of the developed optimization model is evaluated using an illustrative study area. The evaluation results show the potential applicability of the developed methodology using a GA- and ANN-based linked optimization – simulation model for optimal management of coastal aquifer.     

海水入侵模拟理论与方法研究进展

对海水入侵模拟研究涉及的海水入侵监测指标、数学模型及数值方法、临海边界处理和海水入侵防治对策研究等方面做了全面总结,并指出海水入侵数值模拟研究进一步发展的方向和研究中亟待解决的问题。认为变密度过渡带模型将是海水入侵研究的主流模型,而自适应欧拉拉格朗日方法是求解此类模型最有效的数值方法。另外,指出硼同位素特别适合于水文地质条件复杂的滨海含水层海水入侵的监测。     

咸潮影响区的水资源优化配置研究

针对咸潮影响区水资源的特点,以珠海市为例,建立了咸潮影响区的水资源优化配置模型,并用1956~2000年的长系列来水、需水等基础资料对珠海市2010、2020、2030三个不同水平年的水资源配置进行求解和分析。结果表明,若不受咸潮影响,有着丰富且优质过境水的珠海是不可能存在资源性缺水,而在咸潮影响下,3个水平年的枯水期均存在一定资源性缺水,这与实际情况相符。在适当优化调度水库、泵站等水利工程以及增加、扩大一定工程规模的条件下,珠海市的缺水问题可以得到缓解。     

Modeling Groundwater Flow and Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Wadi Ham,UAE

Groundwater pumping from Kalbha and Fujairah coastal aquifer of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has increased significantly during the last two decades to meet the agriculture water demands. Due to the lack of natural replenishment from rainfall and the excessive pumping, groundwater levels have declined significantly causing an intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. As a result, many pumping wells in the coastal zone have been terminated and a number of farms have been abandoned. In this paper, MODFLOW was used to simulate the groundwater flow and assess the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. The model was calibrated against a five-year dataset of historical groundwater levels and validated against another eleven-year dataset. The effects of pumping on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion were investigated. Results showed that reducing the pumping from Khalbha well field will help to reduce the seawater intrusion into the southeastern part of the aquifer. Under the current groundwater pumping rates, the seawater will continue to migrate inland.     

三峡水库运行以来入海径流与盐水入侵响应研究

为研究三峡水库运行以来盐水入侵对长江河口的影响,采用自行编译完成的Delft3D 4.01.01版本源代码,建立了大通到长江口外的二维水流盐度数学模型,综合分析入海径流量与盐水入侵的响应机制。研究表明Ddlft3D 4.01.01源代码能很好地模拟计算长江口水动力盐度分布,验证误差仅有10%~15%。从计算结果可以看出,盐水入侵情况与径流量关系明显,当大通站径流量为5 000 m~3/s时,长江口南支与北支均发生盐水入侵。随着径流量增大,淡水区域面积由南支右岸向下游进一步扩大。当径流量超过30 000 m~3/s时,南支基本不存在盐水入侵情况,可以保证水库正常取水安全。当存在风力作用时,盐水入侵明显,盐水浓度达到3.5 ppt以上,而无风情况下,盐水入侵趋势减弱,长江口南支河段区域的盐度一般满足灌溉水的标准(2.2‰)。     

基于数值模拟的傍河水源地潜在污染水力调控优化技术

傍河饮用水源地污染控制技术是我国环境保护与饮水安全领域的研究热点。选取松花江流域佳木斯七水源大型水源地为研究区,综合分析其水文地质条件,应用数值模拟方法拟合研究区水动力学场及水化学场。在此基础上运用MGO模块的模型基础,采用全局寻优算法——遗传算法,分析不同抽水量及井位对七水源-废醪池污染羽进行水力调控的效果,得出最优井位及抽水量。同时通过分析清除污染源和未清除污染源情况下,不同观测井中污染物浓度的变化趋势,探讨了水力调控优化控制技术对傍河水源地污染控制的有效性,为傍河水源地的安全供水提供技术保障。     

滨海盆地变密度地下水流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型研究

针对滨海含水层的复杂性,以北部湾经济区合浦盆地地下水资源应急潜力评价为例,通过概化出合浦盆地水文地质概念模型的基础上,采用SEAWAT模块建立了合浦盆地变密度地下水流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型。在对模型进行识别、验证的基础上,假设2025年10月出现极端干旱,在保证不发生海水入侵的条件下,获得了度过整个枯水期各水源地地下水资源应急潜力。结果表明:合浦盆地地下水资源应急潜力为83.13万m~3/d,集中开采区中心地下水水头下降3～8 m, 2 a后水位基本恢复;集中开采区降落漏斗远离海岸线,不受到海水入侵的影响。该方法将滨海水源地地下水应急供水预测和盆地的水文地质结构及当地发展规划紧密结合起来,为合浦盆地地下水资源的合理开发利用和应急能力建设提供了可靠依据。     

Quantifying a Sustainable Management Space for Human Use of Coastal Groundwater under Multiple Change Pressures

In the densely populated coastal regions of the world, loss of groundwater due to seawater intrusion, driven by changes of climate, sea level, land use and water use, may critically impact many people. We analytically investigate and quantify the limits constraining a coastal aquifer’s sustainable management space, in order to avoid critical loss of the coastal groundwater resource by seawater intrusion. Limiting conditions occur when the intrusion toe reaches the pumping wells, well intrusion, or the marine-side groundwater divide, complete intrusion; in both cases the limits are functions of the seaward groundwater flow remaining after the human groundwater extractions. The study presents a screening-level approach to the quantification of the key natural and human-determined controls and sustainability limits for the human use of coastal groundwater. The physical and geometrical characteristics of the coastal aquifer along with the natural conditions for recharge and replenishment of the coastal groundwater are the key natural controls of the sustainable management space for the latter. The groundwater pumping rates and locations are the key human-determined controls of this space. The present approach to combining and accounting for both of these types of controls is simple, yet general. The approach is applicable across different scales and regions, and for historic, current and projected future conditions of changing hydro-climate, sea level, and human freshwater use. The use of this approach is also concretely demonstrated for the natural and human-determined controls and limits of the sustainable management space for two specific Mediterranean aquifers.     

滨海地下水库功能的价值评估

黄水河地下水库建成于1995年,是典型的滨海地下水库,由补源渗井、河道拦蓄工程、地下挡水坝、工业废水排放系统、供水工程、监测管理系统六部分组成,具有调蓄水资源、防止海水入侵、提高地下水位等多种功能。对水库功能的价值评估结果表明:黄水河地下水库功能的直接价值为1 925万元,间接价值为15 533.4万元;调蓄水资源和防止海水入侵的价值尤为突出,体现了黄水河地下水库巨大的生态环境效益。