马衔山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

研究半干旱地区土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,了解其空间变化规律,有助于揭示半干旱地区C、N、P循环对全球气候变化的响应。本研究以半干旱区的马衔山为对象,选择5个海拔的7个样地,采集0～15、15～30 cm层的土壤,测定其有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、pH、含水率等理化性质,分析其SOC、TN、TP化学计量与土壤理化因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1) 0～15 cm土壤SOC、TN、TP含量高于15～30 cm土壤。表层土壤SOC、TN含量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,TP含量随海拔升高变化较小。(2) C∶N随海拔增加呈先增加后降低趋势,C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高均呈增加趋势。(3)在0～15 cm土壤中,pH与SOC、TN含量及C∶P呈显著负相关,在15～30 cm土层中,pH与SOC、TN、TP含量及化学计量特征关系不显著;土壤含水率与0～15、15～30 cm层土壤中SOC、TN含量均呈极显著正相关。本研究显示,在半干旱区的马衔山地区,土壤含水率随海拔增加而增加,而SOC、TN含量及C∶P、N∶P也呈增加趋势,土壤养分含量及化学计量均受土壤含水率影响。     

不同海拔云南松林土壤养分及其生态化学计量特征

以云南东北部不同海拔云南松天然次生林为研究对象,比较不同海拔土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)及其化学计量特征.结果 表明:海拔间土壤C、N、P、K、AN、AP、AK的值分别为7.85～31.61 g·kg-1、1.08～2.11 g·kg-1、0.19...     

贺兰山东坡不同海拔梯度土壤酶化学计量特征

土壤胞外酶是生物地球化学循环的主要参与者,与微生物的代谢需求和养分供应密切相关。然而,对干旱区山地生态系统沿海拔梯度土壤微生物养分限制状况及其驱动因素尚不清楚。基于此,以贺兰山海拔1300-2700m范围内7个海拔梯度的土壤为研究对象,揭示贺兰山土壤理化性质、胞外酶活性及微生物养分限制的海拔分布格局,分析影响微生物养分限制的驱动因素。结果表明：随着海拔梯度的升高,土壤含水率（SWC）和有机碳（SOC）含量逐渐增加,容重（BD）和pH整体呈现逐渐降低的趋势。海拔显著影响土壤胞外酶活性,五种参与土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）循环的酶活性随着海拔的升高整体呈现逐渐上升的变化趋势,总体表现出中低海拔酶活性较低,高海拔酶活性较高。胞外酶矢量分析显示,矢量长度在中低海拔处较高,而矢量角度则在高海拔处较高,表明贺兰山土壤微生物在中低海拔和高海拔分别具有相对较强的C和P限制。土壤含水率、容重、C、N、P含量与土壤胞外酶活性及其化学计量比显著相关,是调控土壤胞外酶活性随海拔变化的主要因子,说明胞外酶在旱区山地生态系统土壤物质循环过程中具有重要的作用。该研究结果对揭示土壤微生物和胞外酶之间养分元素循环的耦合机理,为深入探讨贺兰山森林生态系统物质循环和不同海拔梯度植被有效管理提供科学依据。     

广西猫儿山不同海拔土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探究我国华南地区山地土壤有机碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量垂直分布特征,阐明土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征对海拔和土层深度的响应,以广西猫儿山为研究对象,选取不同海拔的10个地点,采集了不同发生层的土壤,测定有机C、N、P、pH、容重和机械组成等土壤性质,探讨了不同海拔及深度土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 随着海拔升高,土壤C、N、C/P、N/P均呈增加趋势,土壤P呈先增后降趋势,C/N则呈先增后保持平稳趋势;随着土壤深度增加,土壤C、N、P、C/P、N/P均呈显著降低趋势,C/N无显著变化,C、N在不同发生层土壤间具有较高的耦合性(C/N变异系数为4.0%);土壤P在空间上的变异较小(不同海拔、发生层间变异系数分别为31.0%和22.0%).冗余分析结果显示,前2个排序轴反映了土壤C、N、P化学计量特征变异信息量的74.8%,土壤pH、容重和海拔对土壤C、N、P化学计量特征有显著影响,而黏粒、粉粒和砂粒影响效果不显著.     

武夷山不同海拔黄山松细根碳、氮、磷化学计量特征对土壤养分的适应

细根的生态化学计量特征承载着植物生存环境的变化信息,从而为探索全球变化对植物内在机制的影响提供理论依据。以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区内五个不同海拔梯度(1200、1400、1600、1800、2000 m)的黄山松为对象,运用挖掘法采样后测定细根C、N、P含量及化学计量比特征,研究不同的海拔下细根对土壤养分变化的适应规律。结果表明:(1)黄山松细根C含量年平均值为(486.27±64.32)mg/g,海拔对其没有显著的影响,与土壤养分之间不存在显著的相关关系。(2)细根N含量年平均值为(9.26±2.09)mg/g,海拔对其没有显著的影响,但与土壤C含量存在显著的正相关关系。(3)细根P含量年平均值为(0.39±0.13)mg/g,与海拔梯度及土壤P含量均存在极显著正相关关系,而与土壤碳氮比呈显著负相关关系。(4)细根氮磷比为26.94±12.51,与海拔梯度、土壤P含量及土壤碳氮比均显著负相关。因此,黄山松细根吸收N是以消耗C为代价;细根P主要受土壤P供应量的限制;武夷山地区N沉降将进一步增加植物的氮磷比,加剧黄山松生长的P限制。     

武功山山地草甸不同海拔凋落物-土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

以江西省武功山海拔1500~1900 m山地草甸为研究对象,研究不同海拔凋落物-土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征,并对其相关性进行分析.结果表明:不同海拔下凋落物C、N、P含量分别为397.5~458.24、11.59~17.12、1.05~2.19 mg·g^-1,凋落物C含量随海拔升高不断减小,凋落物N、P含量随海拔升高先下降后升高.土壤C、N、P含量分别为51.64~80.01、3.30~4.77、0.44~1.09 mg·g^-1,土壤C、N、P含量随海拔升高先增加后降低,土壤全P含量变异较小.不同海拔凋落物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为24.73~40.36、203.65~463.08、7.16~13.80,并随海拔升高先升高后下降.不同海拔土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P分别为14.95~16.95、56.87~162.52、3.69~10.58,土壤C∶N随海拔升高没有显著变化,土壤C∶P、N∶P随海拔升高先升高后下降,在海拔1600~1700 m处达到最大.武功山山地草甸凋落物与土壤C、N、P含量随海拔升高的变化规律不同,不同海拔凋落物C、N、P均值,以及C∶N、C∶P和N∶P大于土壤.     

贺兰山不同海拔土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征

探讨干旱区脆弱山地森林生态系统土壤酶活性及其化学计量比沿海拔的变化特征及影响机制,对研究脆弱生态系统养分循环具有重要意义.本研究以贺兰山不同海拔(1380～2438 m)土壤为对象,分析土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及酶化学计量比沿海拔的变化及其影响因素.结果 表明:β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG...     

中国南亚热带不同造林模式碳汇林土壤碳、氮、磷的积累及化学计量特征

碳汇林的固碳效益十分显著,是实现“碳中和”的主要碳增汇途径之一,在研究南亚热带地区不同造林模式碳汇林土壤碳汇的同时,研究碳汇林土壤氮、磷储量及土壤碳、氮、磷的生态化学计量特征,能够为不同造林模式碳汇林的土壤碳、氮、磷储量的评估提供科学依据。采取单因素随机区组设计,选择立地条件基本一致的研究区和4种造林模式(新造林、封山育林、补植套种、更新改造)的碳汇林,分析了不同造林模式土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)的含量、储量、生态化学计量比,以及微生物生物量碳(MBC)的变化特征。结果表明,不同造林模式碳汇林的土壤理化性质,碳氮磷储量、化学计量比及微生物生物量碳含量差异显著,且土壤碳氮磷储量随土壤深度增加而减少,表现出明显的垂直变化特征。4种造林模式下碳氮比(C/N)介于11.11—17.86,碳磷比(C/P)介于17.00—242.59,氮磷比(N/P)介于1.18—15.99之间,在0—60 cm土层上均以更新改造模式林最低,封山育林模式下C/P和N/P均显著高于其他造林模式。土壤SOC与TN、N/P呈极显著正相关关系,土壤TN与C/P呈极显著正相关关系。综合来看,封山育林模...     

大兴安岭北部不同海拔天然林土壤胞外酶化学计量特征及其季节动态

研究了大兴安岭北部奥克里堆山不同海拔(750～1420 m)天然林土壤胞外酶活性(EEA)和酶计量比的变化特征及影响机制。结果表明:海拔、季节及其交互作用对β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性均存在显著影响。5月,BG和NAG活性随海拔升高呈逐渐增大趋势,AP活性随海拔升高呈先升高后降低的趋势。7月,NAG活性随海拔升高而增大,AP活性则先升高后降低。9月,不同海拔上NAG活性变化幅度较大,在1420 m处活性最高,为124.22 nmol·h^-1·g^-1。随着海拔的升高,酶化学计量比ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP)呈降低的趋势。除海拔830 m外,7月化学计量比值最高。土壤C、N、P转化酶活性对数转换后的比值为1∶1.25∶0.82。海拔和土壤温度是影响土壤胞外酶的主要因素,土壤温度与BG、NAG和AP呈显著正相关。ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP)和ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)与pH分别呈显著正相关和负相关,与DOC分别呈显著负相关和正相关,而ln(...     

施钾对甘薯氮素转移分配及氮代谢酶活性的影响

利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了施钾对甘薯发根结薯期、薯块膨大期地上和地下部氮素转移分配、光合特性及氮代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 在发根结薯期,施钾显著提高¹⁵N向地上部的转移分配,其中K₃(K₂O, 300 mg·kg^-1)处理与对照相比¹⁵N向叶片转移速率提高了76.2%,¹⁵N积累量提高了92.1%.在薯块膨大期,随施钾量增加地上部叶片¹⁵N总分配率由33.7%降低至24.4%,块根¹⁵N分配率由5.8%升高至17%,其中K₃处理块根¹⁵N积累量是对照的3倍.两个关键生长期硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酰胺合酶、谷氨酸合酶和净光合速率(P_n)均随施钾量的增加而提高.逐步回归分析表明,氮代谢酶活性和P_n是影响甘薯¹⁵N转移和分配的主要因素(R分别为0.965和0.942),通径分析表明,在发根结薯期主要通过促进硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶介导的氮素催化能力促进氮素向地上部分配;在薯块膨大期主要通过提高谷氨酰胺合酶/谷氨酸合酶循环介导的氮素同化能力促进氮素向地下部分配.     

Effect of Azotobacter strains on sugar beet callus proliferation and nitrogen metabolism enzymes

The effect of five Azotobacter chroococcum strains and nitrogen content in nutrient media on callus growth of two Beta vulgaris L. cultivars were investigated, as well as the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in inoculated callus tissue. On medium with full nitrogen content (1 N) the inoculation with A. chroococcum strain A2 resulted in the highest calli mass, while strains A8 and A14 maximally increased NR activity. On media with 1/8 N the highest effect on calli growth, GS and GDH activity had the strain A8. The strain A2/1 significantly increased callus proliferation on medium without N. Asymbiotic association between sugar beet calli and Azotobacter depended on genotype/strain interaction and was realised in presence of different nitrogen levels. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bottle gourd rootstock-grafting affects nitrogen metabolism in NaCl-stressed watermelon leaves and enhances short-term salt tolerance

The plant growth, nitrogen absorption, and assimilation in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Mansf.) were investigated in self-grafted and grafted seedlings using the salt-tolerant bottle gourd rootstock Chaofeng Kangshengwang (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) exposed to 100 mM NaCl for 3 d. The biomass and NO₃⁻ uptake rate were significantly increased by rootstock while these values were remarkably decreased by salt stress. However, compared with self-grafted plants, rootstock-grafted plants showed higher salt tolerance with higher biomass and NO₃⁻ uptake rate under salt stress. Salinity induced strong accumulation of nitrate, ammonium and protein contents and a significant decrease of nitrogen content and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in leaves of self-grafted seedlings. In contrast, salt stress caused a remarkable decrease in nitrate content and the activities of GS and GOGAT, and a significant increase of ammonium, protein, and nitrogen contents and NR activity, in leaves of rootstock-grafted seedlings. Compared with that of self-grafted seedlings, the ammonium content in leaves of rootstock-grafted seedlings was much lower under salt stress. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was notably enhanced in leaves of rootstock-grafted seedlings, whereas it was significantly inhibited in leaves of self-grafted seedlings, under salinity stress. Three GDH isozymes were isolated by native gel electrophoresis and their expressions were greatly enhanced in leaves of rootstock-grafted seedlings than those of self-grafted seedlings under both normal and salt-stress conditions. These results indicated that the salt tolerance of rootstock-grafted seedlings might (be enhanced) owing to the higher nitrogen absorption and the higher activities of enzymes for nitrogen assimilation induced by the rootstock. Furthermore, the detoxification of ammonium by GDH when the GS/GOGAT pathway was inhibited under salt stress might play an important role in the release of salt stress in rootstock-grafted seedlings.     

Changes in the activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes ofLolium perenne L. during regrowth after cutting

The activities of key enzymes involved in N assimilation were investigated after defoliation of 6-week-old ryegrass plants grown in water culture conditions. In a first experiment, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were measured in roots, stubble and leaves on the day of cutting and at 7-day intervals over the following 5-week period of regrowth. Ammonia assimilation enzymes showed little change whereas the nitrate reductase activity sharply decreased 2 weeks after clipping. In a second experiment, the nitrate reductase activity was measured at 2- or 3-day intervals 1 week before and 3 weeks after clipping.In vivo andin vitro assays both showed an increasing activity in leaves up to 8 days after cutting while root activity decreased. The opposite changes then occurred and both organs recovered their initial nitrate reductase activity levels after 12–14 days of regrowth. These fluctuations in nitrate reductase activity were considered to be related to the capacity for C assimilation and the nitrate availability.     

不同形态氮素对专用型小麦花后氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了氮素形态对不同专用型小麦开花后氮素同化关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:不同专用型小麦氮素同化关键酶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶对氮素形态的反应不同。强筋小麦豫麦34施用酰胺态氮对旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性具有明显的促进作用,最终籽粒蛋白质含量较高;中筋小麦豫麦4 9在施用铵态氮时,3种氮素同化关键酶活性均有较大增强,籽粒蛋白质含量最高;弱筋小麦豫麦5 0硝酸还原酶活性以铵态氮处理最高,而籽粒和旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性在酰胺态氮处理下明显增强,酰胺态氮对籽粒中蛋白质含量的增加具有明显的促进作用。相关性分析表明,籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性和籽粒GOGAT活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与旗叶NR活性和GS活性、籽粒GOGAT活性相关性不显著     

Can genetic manipulation of plant nitrogen assimilation enzymes result in increased crop yield and greater N-use efficiency? An assessment

The literature on the relations between plant nitrogen (N) assimilation enzymes and plant/crop N assimilation, growth and yield is reviewed to assess if genetic manipulation of the activities of N assimilation enzymes can result in increased yield and/or increased N use efficiency. The available data indicate that (I) levels of N assimilation enzymes do not limit primary N assimilation and hence yield; (II) root or shoot nitrate assimilation can have advantages under specific environmental conditions; (III) for cereals, cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) is a key enzyme in the mobilisation of N from senescing leaves and its activity in senescing leaves is positively related to yield; and (TV) for rice (Oryza sativd), NADH-glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) is important in the utilisation of N in grain filling and its activity in developing grains is positively related to yield. In our opinion, selection of plants, from either a genetically manipulated population or genetic resources, with expression of nitrate reductase/nitrite reductase primarily in the root or shoot should increase plant/crop growth and hence yield under specific environmental conditions. In addition for cereals the selection of plants with high GS1 in senescing leaves and in some cases high NADH-GOGAT in developing grains could help maximise the retrieval of plant N in seeds.     

Investigation of the site of synthesis of chIcoroplastic enzymes of nitrogen metabolism by the use of heat-treated 70S ribosomedeficient rye leaves

The activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (GOGAT; EC 1.4.7.1), glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) were compared in light-grown green or etiolated leaves of rye seedlings ( Secale cereale L. cv. Halo) raised at 22°C, and in the bleached 70S ribosome-deficient leaves of rye seedlings grown at a non-permissive high temperature of 32°C. Under normal permissive growth conditions the activities of most of the enzymes were higher in light-grown, than in dark-grown, leaves. All enzyme activities assayed were also observed in the heat-treated 70S ribosome-deficient leaves. Glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase occurred in purified ribosome-deficient plastids separated on sucrose gradients. For glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase four multiple forms were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from leaf extracts. The chloroplastic form of this enzyme was also present in 70S ribosome-deficient leaves. It is concluded that the chloroplast-localized enzymes nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase, or their chloroplast-specific isoenzyme forms, are synthesized on cytoplasmic 80S ribosomes.     

Nitrogen assimilation in opaque and normal sorghum during grain development

Activity of key nitrogen assimilating enzymes was studied in developing grains of high-lysine opaque sorghum P-721 and normal sorghum CSV-5. The higher percentage of protein in opaque sorghum was mainly due to lower starch content since protein per grain was less than in CSV-5. During grain development, albufn and globulin decreased while prolafne and glutelin increased. Prolafne content in CSV-5 was higher than in opaque sorghum. Average nitrate reductase activity in flag and long leaf were similar in both the varieties. The nitrate reductase activity decreased during grain development. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher during early development and lower at later stages in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity was higher and glutamine synthetase lower in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5 grains during development. Glutamate synthase activity was higher in opaque sorghum up to day 20 and lower thereafter than in CSV-5. It is suggested that reduced activities of glutamine synthetase as well as glutamate synthase in opaque sorghum as compared to CSV-5 during later stages of development may restrict protein accumulation in the former.     

松嫩平原草甸三种植物叶片N、P化学计量特征及其与土壤N、P浓度的关系

测定了松嫩平原草甸3种主要植物羊草(Leymus chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和尖叶胡枝子(Lespedeza hedysaroides)叶片全氮、全磷浓度,并分析了它们与土壤全氮、全磷浓度的关系.结果表明:3种植物叶片全氮浓度种间差异显著(P＜0.05),而全磷浓度种间差异不显...