SEFA-PCR法克隆灵芝鲨烯合酶基因启动子及其序列分析

鲨烯合酶是灵芝三萜生物合成的关键酶,灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的表达和活性的高低决定了灵芝中三萜含量的高低。根据已经获得的灵芝鲨烯合酶全长cDNA序列设计一对专一引物,通过PCR扩增得到了灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的基因组全长,序列长1984bp,含有3个内含子。根据其基因组序列设计引物,采用SEFA-PCR的方法,以总DNA为模板,克隆了灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的启动子序列,长1042bp。序列分析发现灵芝鲨烯合酶基因启动子中没有明显的TATA和CAAT框,但是含有CCAAT-bindingfactor、GATA-1、GC-box、TFⅡD等重要的转录因子的结合位点,以及在人和酿酒酵母鲨烯合酶基因启动子中发现的甾醇调节相关的顺式调控元件。     

基于转录组测序对油茶角鲨烯合酶基因的克隆及分析

油茶是中国重要的木本油料树种,而角鲨烯在茶籽油中含量多少是茶油品质的重要指标,为提高油茶角鲨烯含量,以油茶种子转录组测序为基础,根据Unigene设计SQS基因RACE引物,克隆出基因全长共1 490 bp,开放阅读框1 266 bp,编码422个氨基酸,将氨基酸序列与其他植物SQS进行比对,构建进化树,分析物种间进化关系,进行蛋白质的生物信息学分析,包括蛋白质结构特点、理化性质、氨基酸组成及稳定性分析; 跨膜区域分析; 信号肽识别位点; 磷酸化位点; 二级结构及功能; 结构域分析。通过转录组测序和荧光实时定量分析了SQS基因在油茶种子发育各时期表达量变化规律,并提取各时期油脂,测定角鲨烯含量,发现两种基因表达量分析方法的结果有一致的变化趋势,且与各月份间角鲨烯含量有相同的变化规律。证明了转录组测序的有效性,并推测油茶角鲨烯合酶基因的表达量变化与角鲨烯含量的多少有直接关系,为后续从分子手段提高茶籽油中角鲨烯含量提供了理论基础。     

白皮黄瓜鲨烯合酶基因cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

为认识葫芦科植物中葫芦素生物合成途径所需鲨烯合酶基因结构特征,克隆白皮黄瓜鲨烯合酶(squalene synthase,SS)基因c DNA并进行生物信息学分析。根据葫芦科植物绞股蓝、罗汉果、红花栝楼等的鲨烯合酶基因cDNA序列,设计白皮黄瓜鲨烯合酶引物,分别采用3'RACE和5'RACE技术扩增鲨烯合酶基因3'端和5'端。获得白皮黄瓜鲨烯合酶基因的两个cDNA克隆,命名为CsSS1和CsSS2,其cDNA序列全长分别为1 627 bp和1 534 bp,都编码417个氨基酸残基,分子质量为47.6 k D。成功克隆得到白皮黄瓜鲨烯合酶基因全长cDNA序列并对其进行序列分析,后续可用于葫芦素生物合成途径所需鲨烯合酶基因正选择位点功能分析。     

青皮苦瓜鲨烯合酶基因ORF序列的克隆和正选择分析

为研究葫芦科植物中三萜皂苷生物合成通路中的关键酶鲨烯合酶的分子进化,克隆青皮苦瓜鲨烯合酶基因的c DNA序列,并进行正选择分析。根据葫芦科植物之间的同源性设计青皮苦瓜鲨烯合酶引物。采用3'RACE和5'RACE快速扩增技术分两步进行巢式PCR扩增鲨烯合酶ORF序列。根据克隆出来的青皮苦瓜编码框序列以及在Gen Bank数据库中完整的陆生植物鲨烯合酶编码框序列信息,用贝叶斯方法和PAML4软件进行鲨烯合酶的正选择分析。青皮苦瓜鲨烯合酶基因c DNA的克隆,命名为Mc SS,其c DNA序列全长为1 548 bp,ORF 1 251 bp,编码417个氨基酸残基。通过正选择运算,检测到33个正选择位点,其正选择位点主要集中在第二跨膜区及其两侧。本研究成功克隆得到青皮苦瓜鲨烯合酶基因全长c DNA序列并对其正选择分析,在三萜合成通路上为鲨烯合酶的定点突变提供重要参考。     

麻疯树鲨烯合酶基因SQS的克隆及生物信息学分析

以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)总RNA为模板,根据已报道的鲨烯合酶基因序列设计简并引物,用RACE方法克隆得到麻疯树鲨烯合酶基因全长cDNA,命名为JcSQS。JcSQS全长1609 bp,包含1个1242 bp的开放阅读框,预测麻疯树鲨烯合酶基因编码的蛋白含有413个氨基酸。JcSQS具有鲨烯合酶类的保守结构域,JcSQS 蛋白与蓖麻、柿、木榄等植物中SQS基因编码的氨基酸序列具有高度同源性。这为研究麻疯树萜烯类物质的生物合成和调控机制奠定了基础。     

茶树花粉特异蛋白基因CsPSP1的分离及序列分析

利用cDNA-AFLP技术比较了茶树[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze cv.Wulong]花蕾发育早期和晚期的基因表达,结果表明存在明显差异。以E12和M20为引物对在晚期发育花蕾中筛选出一条281 bp特异表达的差异条带TDF53(transcipt-derived-fragment,TDF)。RT-PCR分析表明该片段只在晚期发育花蕾中特异表达。用RACE方法延伸其末端序列,克隆并测序获得全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:DQ887753)。该基因全长2079 bp,开放阅读框1701 bp,编码567个氨基酸,其分子量为63 kDa。序列和结构的同源性分析表明:该基因编码的氨基酸序列与烟草、油菜的花粉特异蛋白等同源性较高,由此推定,该基因为编码茶树花粉特异蛋白的基因,并将分离到的花粉特异蛋白基因命名为CsPSP1。     

花生NBS-LRR类基因的克隆及表达特性分析

基于花生转录组及基因组数据,克隆获得一个花生的NBS-LRR类抗逆基因的全长序列,该基因与大豆抗病性蛋白基因(KHN40407.1)的相似性为79%,命名为AhNDrp基因。该基因不含内含子,cDNA全长2 832 bp,有5个典型的抗逆性蛋白保守结构域,其中DomainⅤ是富含亮氨酸的重复序列。荧光定量PCR分析表明,AhNDrp基因在花生根中特异性表达,且黄曲霉处理后该基因表达量显著上升,说明该基因可能参与抗病反应。     

苎麻小分子G蛋白Racl基因的克隆及表达分析

植物Rac是植物中特有的小分子G蛋白,我们从苎麻转录组中获得一个小分子G蛋白基因eDNA,．5部分序列,设计引物后采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆了该基因的cDNA。序列分析表明,所克隆的RaclcDNA全长为l043bp,包括594bp开放阅读框、214bp的3’端非编码区和235bp的5’端非编码区,能编码一个197氨基酸的推导蛋白。该蛋白包含G蛋白典型的效应因子结合位点、GTP／GDP结合位点和碱性氨基酸区,c末端具有保守的异戊烯基化位,CSIL。采用半定量RT-PCR分析了该基因在5个苎麻品种及不同组织器官中的表达情况,结果表明Racl基因在苎麻根、茎、叶中均有表达,其中在叶中的表达量最高。纤维木质素含量不同的品种中,Racl基因的表达量存在明显差异。木质素含量高的品种具有较高的Racl基因表达,表明该基因可能在苎麻木质素合成过程中发挥作用。     

柽柳(Tamarix androssowii)Tadir基因的克隆及分析

在柽柳cDNA文库测序中获得了Tadir基因的全长cDNA序列,去除PolyA后,该基因全长724bp。其中5′非翻译区26bp,3′非翻译区143bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长555bp,编码184个氨基酸。基因编码蛋白的分子量为19.69kD,理论等电点为6.96。疏水性分析表明,蛋白的前41个氨基酸为亲水性的。该基因的Genbank登录号为DQ462418(基因),ABE73781(蛋白)。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,0.4mol·L-1NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫后该基因表达量发生变化,其可能与柽柳的耐盐性有关。     

青蒿鲨烯合酶基因的克隆、结构分析与大肠杆菌表达

用RT-PCR方法从青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)中克隆了一个1 539 bp全长鲨烯合酶cDNA.青蒿鲨烯合酶氨基酸序列与拟南芥、烟草、人类、酵母鲨烯合酶的一致性分别为70%、77%、44%和39%.青蒿鲨烯合酶基因组DNA结构很复杂,包括14个外显子和13个内含子.全长的或C末端截短的鲨烯合酶cDNA被克隆进原核表达载体pET30a并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中诱导表达.但在含有全长的鲨烯合酶cDNA的大肠杆菌中并没有观察到预期大小的鲨烯合酶表达,而C末端截短疏水区30个氨基酸的鲨烯合酶可在大肠杆菌中过量表达.     

Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and promoter analysis of squalene synthase from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) is a rich repository of large number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites known as withanolides. Though the plant has been well characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, but there is sparse information about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a gene encoding squalene synthase (EC 2.5.1.21) from a withaferin A rich variety of W. somnifera, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Squalene synthase catalyses dimerization of two farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) molecules into squalene, a key precursor for sterols and triterpenes. A full-length cDNA consisting of 1765 bp was isolated and contained a 1236 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 411 amino acids. Recombinant C-terminus truncated squalene synthase (WsSQS) was expressed in BL21 cells (Escherichia coli) with optimum expression induced with 1mM IPTG at 37°C after 1h. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that squalene synthase (WsSQS) expressed in all tested tissues including roots, stem and leaves with the highest level of expression in leaves. The promoter region of WsSQS isolated by genome walking presented several cis-acting elements in the promoter region. Biosynthesis of withanolides was up-regulated by different signalling components including methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid and 2, 4-D, which was consistent with the predicted results of WsSQS promoter region. This work is the first report of cloning and expression of squalene synthase from W. somnifera and will be useful to understand the regulatory role of squalene synthase in the biosynthesis of withanolides.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of the yew gene encoding squalene synthase from Taxus cuspidata

The enzyme squalene synthase (EC 2.5.1.21) catalyzes a reductive dimerization of two farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) molecules into squalene, a key precursor for the sterol and triterpene biosynthesis. A full-length cDNA encoding squalene synthase (designated as TcSqS) was isolated from Taxus cuspidata, a kind of important medicinal plants producing potent anti-cancer drug, taxol. The full-length cDNA of TcSqS was 1765 bp and contained a 1230 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 409 amino acids. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the deduced TcSqS protein had high similarity with other plant squalene synthases and a predicted crystal structure similar to other class I isoprenoid biosynthetic enzymes. Southern blot analysis revealed that there was one copy of TcSqS gene in the genome of T. cuspidata. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis and northern blotting analysis showed that TcSqS expressed constitutively in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in roots. The promoter region of TcSqS was also isolated by genomic walking and analysis showed that several cis-acting elements were present in the promoter region. The results of treatment experiments by different signaling components including methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid and gibberellin revealed that the TcSqS expression level of treated cells had a prominent diversity to that of control, which was consistent with the prediction results of TcSqS promoter region in the PlantCARE database.     

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from Ganoderma lucidum

This report provides the complete nucleotide sequences of the full-length cDNA encoding squalene synthase (SQS) and its genomic DNA sequence from a triterpene-producing fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. The cDNA of the squalene synthase (SQS) (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494674) was found to contain an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,404 bp encoding a 468-amino-acid polypeptide, whereas the SQS genomic DNA sequence (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494675) consisted of 1,984 bp and contained four exons and three introns. Only one gene copy was present in the G lucidum genome. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ganoderma lucidum squalene synthase (Gl-SQS) exhibited a high homology with other fungal squalene synthase genes and contained six conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. lucidum SQS belonged to the fungi SQS group, and was more closely related to the SQS of U. maydis than to those of other fungi. A gene expression analysis showed that the expression level was relatively low in mycelia incubated for 12 days, increased after 14 to 20 days of incubation, and reached a relatively high level in the mushroom primordia. Functional complementation of Gl-SQS in a SQS-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that the cloned cDNA encoded a squalene synthase.     

Cloning, expression and characterization of squalene synthase from Inonotus obliquus

The chaga mushroom Inonotus obliquus has been widely used as a folk medicine in Russia, Poland and most of the Baltic countries. The total triterpene saponins of I. obliquus have significant pharmacological activity. Though the triterpene component has been well characterized in terms of its pharmaceutical activity, there is little information on the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these compounds in I. obliquus. Squalene synthase represents a potential branching point and the first committed step to diverge the carbon flux from the main isoprenoid pathway towards sterol biosynthesis. In this study, we cloned and characterized squalene synthase from I. obliquus. A 1476-bp full-length cDNA consisting of the entire coding region of squalene synthase (GenBank accession number is KC182754) was cloned by RT-PCR. The DNA sequence showed as much as 76 % similarity with the sequence of Fomitiporia mediterranea squalene synthase, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that it is most closely related to F. mediterranea squalene synthase at both DNA and protein levels. I. obliquus squalene synthase was actively expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris as a secreted form and purified by gel filtration using Superdex G-75 column. The purified recombinant squalene synthase was able to convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to squalene in an NADPH-dependent reaction. The result of this study could serve as an important step toward the manipulation of triterpenoids biosynthesis in I. obliquus at the level of squalene through engineering better SQS for reintroduction into the mushroom.     

浙贝母角鲨烯合酶全长cDNA的克隆及功能分析

鲨烯是甾醇和其他三萜类化合物的关键代谢中间体,其生物合成由鲨烯合酶（squalene synthase,SQS）催化,该酶将2分子法呢基焦磷酸转化为鲨烯。浙贝母异甾体生物碱的生物合成途径与三萜类化合物类似。在本研究中,基于cDNA末端的快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆了浙贝母鲨烯合酶 (FtSQS）基因的全长cDNA,GenBank登录号为KF551097.2。通过生物信息学方法对FtSQS进行详细表征,包括保守区检测、序列同源分析、二级和三级结构预测及系统发育树分析。结果表明,其开放阅读框（ORF）为1 230 bp,编码409个氨基酸,FtSQS氨基酸序列与印度甘松、截形苜蓿、紫衫、马铃薯、柴胡、金铁锁和拟南芥的SQS氨基酸同源性分别达到73.84%、73.23%、72.24%、70.66%、70.66%、69.44%和68.14%。启动子分析表明,FtSQS的5′上游区域具有与生理和环境因素相关的各种潜在因素。为了获得可溶性FtSQS表达,从羧基末端截断24个疏水氨基酸,构建了原核表达载体pGEX-2T-FtSQSΔTM,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。SDS-PAGE检测到约66 kD的重组FtSQSΔTM蛋白。体外酶促反应证明,FtSQS可以催化FPP转化成鲨烯。qRT-PCR分析FtSQS mRNA在叶中的表达量最高,茎、根次之,而在鳞茎中表达水平最低。这提示,叶子是浙贝母碱生物合成的主要活性器官。FtSQS的鉴定及功能研究为浙贝母次生代谢产物的研究提供了重要依据。     

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a squalene synthase gene from a medicinal plant, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.

Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., which is also known as a medicinal plant, produces a large amount of alkaloids, phytosterols and triterpenes. In this study, we reported on the cDNA cloning and characterization of a novel squalene synthase (SQS) from E. pekinensis. Squalene synthase catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce squalene (SQ), the first committed precursor for sterol and triterpene biosynthesis. The full length cDNA named EpSQS (Genbank Accession Number JX509735) contained 1,614 bp with an open reading frame of 1,236 bp encoding a polypeptide of 411 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the EpSQS named EpSQS exhibited a high homology with other plant SQSs, and contained a single domain surrounded by helices. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EpSQS belonged to the plant SQS kingdom. Tissue expression analysis revealed that EpSQS expressed strongly in roots, weakly in stems and leaves, implying that EpSQS was a constitutive expression gene. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and detected by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that EpSQS could catalyze the reaction from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to squalene.     

Molecular cloning,prokaryotic expression and promoter analysis of squalene synthase gene from Schizochytrium Limacinum

Squalene synthase (SQS) is an important enzyme in the steroid biosynthetic pathways which condenses two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate into a squalene. In this study, the gene encoding SQS was isolated from Schizochytrium limacinum and characterized. The full-length cDNA of S. limacinum SQS gene (SlSQS) is 1605 bp in length, it contains a 1293 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 430 amino acids. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment showed that the SlSQS protein sequence shared 5 conserved signature domains and a hydrophobic carboxy-terminal part with other known SQS protein sequences. C-terminal-truncated SlSQS was constructed into expression vector pGEX and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The expressed fusion protein was confirmed to have SQS activity. In addition, a 724 bp promoter region of SlSQS was also cloned and several cis-acting elements were predicted. These results might be helpful to understand the structure and expression regulation of SQS in S. limacinum.     

巴西橡胶树鲨烯合酶基因的克隆与序列分析

鲨烯合酶(SQS )是植物甾醇和三萜化合物生物合成途径中的关键酶。以巴西橡胶树为试验材料,提取胶乳总 RNA,利用 RT-PCR 以及 RACE 的方法克隆橡胶树鲨烯合酶 cDNA 编码区片段,并进行序列分析。结果表明：橡胶树鲨烯合酶 cDNA 编码区为1239 bp,编码413个氨基酸,命名为 HbSQS 。荧光定量分析表明鲨烯合酶基因在不同组织里表达水平存在明显差异,且受乙烯调控。