脉冲振荡法测定支气管哮喘患者呼吸阻抗的临床意义

目的探讨呼吸阻抗对支气管哮喘的诊断价值。方法185例健康人和192例支气管哮喘患者进行脉冲振荡肺功能（IOS）测定，并与常规肺通气功能比较。结果支气管哮喘患者与健康人相比，Zrs、Re、Rp、Fres、R均显著增高，X明显降低。支气管哮喘患者Zrs、Rp、Fres、R5、R5～R20与肺通气功能呈显著负相关，与Fres的相关性最为密切。结论IOS测定可用于支气管哮喘的诊断，Fres为诊断支气管哮喘气流阻塞最敏感的指标。     

总气道阻力与FEV_1在检测哮喘气道可逆性中的比较

目的目前国内常用的诊断哮喘的方法为呼吸量检查法,但是其存在一定缺点,比如哮喘或阻塞性肺疾病患者急性加重期时无法配合。而脉冲振荡肺功能测量法的优点就是不需要用力呼吸,平静呼吸下就可以测量。本研究通过对呼吸总阻抗等指标与FEV1相比较,对脉冲振荡肺功能进行了更详细的应用研究。方法入选2015年2月到12月我院呼吸内科急性哮喘发作成年患者120名,在用药前后同时进行呼吸量肺功能法和脉冲振荡肺功能法的测量,对两种不同方法测量结果的相关性进行比较,比较两种肺功能在检测哮喘患者用药前后改善率的敏感性。结果用药后FEV1有较大的幅度的升高,而脉冲振荡技术所得的R5敏感度明显优于FEV1(P0.05)。结论在检测哮喘患者用药前后的改善率方面,R5能够更为准确的反应哮喘患者的气道可逆性的改善率,且脉冲振荡肺功能操作简单,更适合支气管哮喘急性发作期的患者。     

Neutrophilic airway inflammation and association with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in children with asthma and wheezing

Asthma is a leading chronic childhood illness in the US. To gain further insight into the pathophysiology of childhood asthma, we studied markers of airway inflammation and possible triggers such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 18 children with chronic asthma and persistent wheezing who underwent clinically indicated bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We predominantly found neutrophilic airway inflammation associated with increased levels of IL-8, metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. A significant correlation was found between levels of LPS in BAL and airway neutrophils in BAL from a subgroup of children who had a tendency of increased levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, suggesting that increased LPS levels in BAL may contribute to chronic airway inflammation and early remodeling. Our data highlight the importance of defining chronic triggers of early airway inflammation in children and characterizing their inflammation, considering the use of bronchoscopy and BAL. Increased knowledge of airway inflammation in children may help prevent a more severe asthma phenotype and lead to environmental control measures and new treatment strategies to intervene against the establishment of irreversible inflammation.     

脉冲振荡法在评价支气管哮喘患者小气道功能中的应用

目的探讨脉冲振荡法（IOS）在支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）患者小气道功能中的应用价值。方法选取40例哮喘患者分别于急性发作期和缓解期应用IOS法和肺通气法检测其肺功能,并与40例健康者相关指标进行比较。结果IOS检测指标R5、Fre5、X5、R5-R20急性发作组明显高于缓解组和健康对照组（P〈0．05）;R5—R20等缓解组亦高于健康对照组（P〈0．05）,而R20两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;FVC、FEV1／FVC、FEV1、FVC％pred、PEF、PEF％pred、FEF5。％在急性发作期低于缓慢期和健康组,而缓解组和健康组间差异无统计学意义。结论哮喘缓解期患者通气功能恢复正常,但其小气道功能仍然存在异常;IOS法是哮喘病情监测有效的工具,较常规肺通气法其对小气道功能的检测尤为敏感。     

克拉霉素对儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘气道炎症的影响及疗效分析

目的分析克拉霉素对儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘气道炎症的影响以及疗效,探讨其临床适用性。方法选取从2011年5月至2013年9月于我院接受治疗的92例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿作为研究资料,按照随机数表法将患者随机分为治疗组和对照组两组,对照组采用基础治疗方案进行治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上采用克拉霉素进行治疗。观察并记录两组患儿治疗前后肺功能和ACT评分,治疗后两组患儿诱导痰中各种白细胞数量、炎性细胞因子水平以及临床疗效,并进行比较。结果两组患者治疗后肺部功能以及ACT评分明显高于治疗前,治疗组患儿肺部功能以及ACT评分明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组患儿诱导痰中各种白细胞数量明显低于对照组,而炎性细胞因子水平中IL-2高于对照组,TNF-α、IL-6低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组患儿总有效率为84.8%,而对照组为65.2%,两组对比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论克拉霉素对儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘疗效显著,可以减少气道炎症,改善肺功能,适合临床长期推广应用。     

脉冲振荡技术在COPD与支气管哮喘鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨脉冲振荡法(IOS)对COPD、支气管哮喘(哮喘)的鉴别诊断价值。方法 102例受试者(其中AECOPD40例,哮喘急性发作期36例,以及健康者26例)完成脉冲振荡法检查、肺通气功能(PFT)。比较三组间肺通气功能参数、脉冲振荡的全呼吸相阻抗以及吸气-呼气相阻抗的差别。结果 (1)肺通气功能结果:COPD组、哮喘组均表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍,FEV1%pred、FEV1/FVC、PEF%pred差异无统计学意义。(2)哮喘组代表中心气道阻力的指标R20高于COPD组(P<0.01)。(3)COPD组、哮喘组、健康组吸气-呼气相阻抗比较:仅COPD组的呼气相R5-20大于吸气相R5-20、呼气相X5小于吸气相X5(P值分别为0.041、0.017)。另外COPD组的吸气-呼气相的R5-20变化值(ΔR5-20)、X5变化值(ΔX5)大于哮喘组(均P<0.01)。结论脉冲振荡法有助于支气管哮喘与AECOPD的鉴别诊断。     

Risk versus regulation: an update on the state of e‐cigarette control in Australia

E‐cigarettes are increasingly common around the world, particularly among youth. Ingestion of nicotine‐containing e‐liquid, while relatively rare, is the major toxicological risk associated with their use. Current Australian regulation has nicotine for use in e‐cigarettes listed as a dangerous poison in Schedule 7, with its supply or sale illegal in all states and territories, while regulation on the sale of e‐cigarettes and accessories varies by state. However, with increasing evidence that e‐cigarettes produce far fewer toxic by‐products than their combustible counterparts perhaps it is time to review this regulation.     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道可逆性与气道炎症关系的研究

目的了解稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)气道炎症与气道可逆性的关系。方法入选34例稳定期COPD门诊病人。测定其气道可逆性。检测痰液与血清中干细胞因子(SCF)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)浓度。结果支气管舒张试验阳性组与阴性组比较,两者的IL-8浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05),但与SCF、ECP浓度无显著性差异。结论稳定期COPD病人的气道可逆性与IL-8浓度有关,而与嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞关系不明显。     

支气管哮喘急性发作缓解前后的小气道功能测定

目的肺功能检测在支气管哮喘治疗前后小气道功能的评价作用研究。方法选择31例急性期支气管哮喘患者和30名健康志愿者作为对照,测定其急性期和缓解期肺功能,并加以比较。结果 31例支气管哮喘患者,在哮喘急性发作期测舒张实验全部阳性,哮喘组患者急性发作期和缓解期FEV1占预计值%及FEV1/FVC比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);哮喘组患者缓解期和健康对照组受试对象FEV1占预计值%和FEV1/FVC比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性期哮喘患者均存在大、小气道功能异常,缓解期哮喘患者大气道功能恢复,小气道功能虽有一定恢复,但与正常健康对照组比较仍存在异常。     

嗜酸细胞趋化因子在哮喘、嗜酸细胞性支气管炎患者诱导痰中的表达及其与气道炎症的关系

目的探讨嗜酸细胞趋化因子（eotaxin）在支气管哮喘、嗜酸细胞性支气管炎患者气道炎症发生中的作用以及在两者间的区别。方法分别收集支气管哮喘（A组）、嗜酸细胞性支气管炎（EB组）、单纯慢性支气管炎（CB组）缓解期/稳定期患者13例、11例、12例和健康对照者（C组）9例。诱导痰并经处理后进行分类细胞记数,并用夹心法酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）其诱导痰上清液中eotaxin浓度。结果诱导痰嗜酸细胞占白细胞百分比（Eos/Leu%）、eotaxin浓度A组[（19.2±9.7）%;（0.251±0.118）g/L]、EB组[（11.4±6.1）%;（0.146±0.079）g/L]分别与CB组[（0.9±0.6）%;（0.043±0.036）g/L]、C组[（0.8±0.4）%;（0.031±0.013）g/L]比较,差异有显著性（P均〈0.05）;A组Eos/Leu%、eotaxin浓度与EB组比较,差异也有显著性（P均〈0.05）。结论 eotaxin可能通过对Eos的选择性趋化作用参与了支气管哮喘和嗜酸细胞性支气管炎患者气道炎症的发生机制,这种作用机制对于支气管哮喘和嗜酸细胞性支气管炎在程度上可能是不同的。     

Exhaled nitric oxide for monitoring childhood asthma inflammation compared to sputum analysis, serum interleukins and pulmonary function

The level of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is significantly elevated in uncontrolled asthma and decreases after anti-inflammatory therapy. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the behavior of FENO in the follow-up and management of the inflammation in asthmatic pediatric patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), compared to sputum cellularity, serum interleukins (IL), and pulmonary function. Twenty-six clinically stable asthmatic children aged from 6 to 18 years, previously treated or not with ICS were included. Following an international consensus (GINA), the patients were submitted to standard treatment with inhaled fluticasone for 3 months according to the severity of the disease. During this period, each patient underwent three assessments at intervals of approximately 6 weeks. Each evaluation consisted of the measurement of FENO, determination of serum interleukins IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon gamma (INF-gamma), spirometry and cytological analysis of spontaneous or induced sputum. A significant reduction in mean FENO and IL-5, without concomitant changes in FEV1, was observed along the study. There was no significant correlation between FeNO and FEV1 in the three assessments. A significant correlation between FeNO and IL-5 levels was only observed in the third assessment (r = 0.499, P = 0.025). In most patients, serum IL-10, IL-13, and INF-gamma concentrations were undetectable throughout the study. Sputum samples were obtained spontaneously in 11 occasions and in 56 by induction with 3% hypertonic saline solution (success rate: 50.8%), with 39 (69.9%) of them adequate for analysis. Only two of the 26 patients produced adequate samples in the three consecutive evaluations, which impaired the determination of a potential association between sputum cellularity and FeNO levels throughout the study. In conclusion, among the parameters of this study, it was difficult to perform and to interpret the serial analysis of spontaneous or induced sputum. Serum interleukins, which remained at very low or undetectable levels in most patients, were not found to be useful for therapeutic monitoring, except for IL-5 that seems to present some correlation with levels of FeNO exhaled. Monitoring of the mean FEV1 indicated no significant variations during the treatment, demonstrating that functional stability or the absence of obstruction may not reflect the adequate management of asthma. Serial measurement of FeNO seemed to best reflect the progressive anti-inflammatory action of ICS in asthma.