磷酸二氢钾结晶过程研究

研究了搅拌速度、降温方式、pH值及晶种对磷酸二氢钾结晶影响规律.搅拌速度为400 r/min时,料浆悬浮均匀,所得粒径最大;自然降温方式所得晶体平均粒度较大;pH值等于3.0时,介稳区宽度最小,结晶量最大;随着晶种加入量的增大,产品粒度分布趋于集中,加入晶种且过饱和度为3%时可得到较好的粒度分布.     

磷酸二氢钾结晶性质研究

采用间歇结晶实验方法,研究了结晶器型式、搅拌速度、降温方式与降温速率、pH值及晶种对磷酸二氢钾结晶影响规律.结晶器挡板数为4,搅拌速度为400r/min时,料浆悬浮均匀,所得粒径最大;线性降温方式所得晶体粒度分布较窄,随着降温速率的增加,析晶温度及平均粒径逐渐减小;pH值等于3.0时,介稳区宽度最小,结晶量最大,晶体规则,流动性和分散性好;随着晶种加入量的增大,产品粒度分布趋于集中,加入晶种的温度在56℃时可得到较好的粒度分布.     

氧化法、氨法脱硫、脱硝副产物硫酸铵、硝酸铵结晶研究

运用氧化和氨法脱硫相结合的烟气同时脱硫、脱硝技术得到的副产物中主要含有硫酸铵和硝酸铵。在原有硫酸铵单独结晶的基础上加入了硝酸铵,利用激光粒度分布仪、XRD、扫描电镜对产物进行了分析,考察了蒸发温度、pH、搅拌速度、飞灰含量对二者混合结晶的影响。结果发现:混合结晶的产物为立方晶型;当结晶的pH控制在5左右、温度为60℃、搅拌速度为200 r/min、无飞灰存在时得到的晶体粒径分布均匀;飞灰含量为4 g/L时得到的晶体的平均粒径最大。     

黄磷炉渣浸出液制备硫酸钙结晶动力学

采用间歇动态法测定了黄磷炉渣HNO3浸出液中硫酸沉钙的硫酸钙结晶动力学参数。通过结晶生长速率方程和成核速率方程的计算回归,得到了一定搅拌速度下的结晶生长速率和成核速率方程。研究表明:温度为20℃、搅拌速度250 r/min时生长速率常数和成核速率常数分别为1.440×10-4和5.530×1011;温度为20℃、搅拌速度350 r/min时生长速率常数和成核速率常数分别为5.526×10-5和1.085×109;温度为20℃、搅拌速度450 r/min时生长速率常数和成核速率常数分别为2.512×10-5和7.114×1010。说明增加搅拌速度对硝酸浸出液体系中硫酸钙结晶动力学有较明显的影响。     

搅拌反应器中氯化钠的结晶动力学研究

氯化钠广泛应用于多个领域,为更好地了解氯化钠的结晶原理,优化其结晶过程,对氯化钠在搅拌反应器中的结晶动力学进行了实验模拟,以研究氯化钠晶体在30℃条件下搅拌结晶过程中晶体的成核过程和生长过程,以及搅拌速度、过饱和度和悬浮密度对氯化钠晶体结晶过程的影响,并通过测得的多组数据采取多元非线性拟合的方法构建氯化钠晶体的成核和生长动力学模型。     

高纯硼酸制备过程中的结晶动力学

采用HCl气体液相酸化硼砂的中和反应,并结合重结晶法与离子树脂交换法,制备了高纯H3BO3产品. 实验考察了H3BO3-NaCl-H2O体系中溶液过饱和度、结晶温度、结晶时间、搅拌速度及溶液中所含杂质等因素对H3BO3结晶过程的影响. 结果表明,溶液浓度为18.26%、结晶温度为10℃、结晶时间为480 min、搅拌速度为300 r/min,并选取适当的降温方式有利于H3BO3析晶,结晶率大于83%,晶体呈细小颗粒状. 体系中所含的NaCl杂质促进了H3BO3析晶. 由实验数据得到该体系中H3BO3的结晶动力学曲线,并建立了结晶动力学方程,结晶反应级数为2.     

硫铵蒸发结晶的影响因素研究与优化

就硫铵蒸发结晶过程中的几个重要影响因素进行了实验研究,包括溶液pH值、溶液蒸发温度及搅拌速度,得出较优结晶工艺操作条件:溶液pH值为3.0、蒸发温度为70℃、搅拌速度为100 r/min。将该操作条件下得到的硫铵晶体与上海石化股份有限公司化工部丙烯腈装置硫铵回收单元的产品相比较,发现在粒径和粒径分布方面,实验所得晶体优于工业产品。结果表明,该优化条件具有可行性,可应用于硫铵工业生产。     

氯乙酸连续结晶过程研究

我国氯乙酸结晶一直沿用的是降温结晶工艺,属于间歇操作,存在结晶颗粒粒度小且不可控、纯度很难提高、质量偏低等问题。研究了氯乙酸在恒温条件下连续结晶的可能性;考察了结晶温度、停留时间及搅拌速度对连续结晶过程产品粒度分布及质量的影响。得出了最适宜的连续结晶条件:结晶温度为28℃,停留时间为30h,结晶釜中搅拌速度为40r/min。结晶颗粒平均粒度大于0.8mm,并且一氯乙酸含量及二氯乙酸含量都能满足化工行业标准一等品的要求。     

氨法脱硫中硫酸铵结晶过程影响因素的研究

针对氨法脱硫系统中副产硫酸铵晶体细小的问题,建立了硫酸铵蒸发结晶实验装置,考察了温度、搅拌速率、p H以及亚硫酸铵、硝酸铵、尿素等杂质对硫酸铵晶体粒径和晶形的影响。研究结果表明,适宜的结晶条件为:温度80℃、搅拌速率250 r/min、p H=3,亚硫酸铵对硫酸铵晶体粒径和晶形的影响十分显著,硝酸铵含量2%时对硫酸铵结晶的影响较小,添加2%的尿素会导致硫铵晶体呈棒状或针状。     

氨法烟气脱硫副产物硫酸铵蒸发结晶实验研究

结合氨法烟气脱硫工艺的特点,对硫酸铵结晶过程进行了实验研究,考察了温度、p H、搅拌速度、飞灰、真空度和杂质离子(Fe3+)对硫酸铵结晶过程的影响。结果表明,当温度70℃,p H 4.66,搅拌速度300 r/min,飞灰含量8.8 g/L,真空度-0.005 MPa时,得到的硫酸铵晶体平均粒径最大,约为2 170μm。当溶液中含有1 mg/L的Fe2(SO4)3时,得到的硫酸铵晶体粒径较小,且呈不规则粉末状;可调节溶液的p H为弱碱性(p H约7.5)消除Fe3+对硫酸铵结晶的不利影响。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.