An investigation on the spray characteristics of DME with variation of ambient pressure using the common rail fuel injection system

We investigated the DME spray characteristics about varied ambient pressure and fuel injection pressure using the common rail fuel injection system when the nozzle holes diameter is varied. The common rail fuel injection system and fuel cooling system were used since DME has compressibility and vaporization at atmospheric temperature. The fuel injection quantity and spray characteristics were measured. The spray was analyzed for spray shape, penetration length, and spray angle at the six nozzle holes. There are two types of injectors: 0.166 mm diameter and 0.250 mm diameter. The ambient pressure, which was based on gage pressure, was 0, 2.5, and 5 MPa. The fuel injection pressure was varied by 5 MPa from 35 to 70 MPa. By comparing with the common injector, using the converted injector it was shown that the DME injection quantity was increased 127% but it didn??t have the same low heating value. Both the common and converted injectors had symmetric spray shapes. In case of converted injector, there were asymmetrical spray shapes until 1.2 ms, but after 1.2 ms the spray shapes were symmetric. Also, the converted injector had shorter penetration length and wider spray angle than the common injector.     

Measurement and analysis of injection characteristics among each nozzle hole within a heavy-duty diesel engine

The mass flow rate from each injector nozzle hole of a diesel engine influences the distribution, atomization, and combustion of fuel in the chamber. Thus affecting the power, the fuel economy, and the emission quality of the diesel engine. A spray momentum flux test bench was built and used to measure the injection rate from each nozzle hole of a multi-hole nozzle in this study. Selected force sensors used for data acquisition were one of the integral parts of the set-up. The influence of the force sensors’ installed position (location in the set-up) on measured results, were analyzed and the optimum position that ensures independence of the results, determined. Additionally, the effects of injection pressure, injection pulse width and injection hole diameter on the injection characteristics were also investigated. Furthermore, in this research, the reliability and robustness of Strain sensor and Piezoelectric sensors were analyzed with regards to their response. The analysis showed that, strain sensors have weak dynamic response characteristic compared to piezoelectric sensors also, the measured result obtained from strain sensors fluctuated greatly. Piezoelectric force sensor gave a more reliable and stable measurement, comparatively. The accuracy of the results were affected by the installation position of the sensors. A distance of 16 mm (between nozzle hole exit and sensor surface) was determined to be adequate for the acquisition of reliable experimental data. As the injection pressure gets higher (during injection), the rate of mass flow increased, the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient and nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient of injection quantity decreased. Hence, improving the consistency of each cycle and the uniformity of each hole. In addition, increasing the injection pulse width decreased the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient. Also, nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient had minimal or no influence with regards to injection pressure. At 80 MPa, the uniformity of injection from the multi-hole nozzle improved significantly. In summary, the larger the hole diameters, the higher the maximum value of mass flow rate and the fuel injection quantity.     

Numerical research on influence of structural parameters of common-rail injector on injection rate of each nozzle hole

Performance of diesel engines are influenced by fuel spray distribution, fuel-air mixture formation and combustion, which are also influenced by hole-to-hole fuel injection rate from multi-hole injectors. In this study, a customized spray momentum flux experimental test rig was used to measure the transient injection rates from a two-layered 8-hole diesel injector. The results indicated that the fuel injection rate and the cycle fuel injection quantities of the lower-layered nozzle holes were 3–15% higher than the fuel injection rates and the cycle fuel injection quantities of the upper-layered nozzle holes. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the two-layered 8-hole diesel injection nozzle was developed and validated by analyzing the relative error between the numerical results obtained from the model and the experimental results measured with the test injector. The simulation results showed that the relative average deviation of hole-to-hole cycle injection quantities were less than ±1%, which is the result of 5% increment in the cross-sectional area of the upper-layered holes.     

The effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions on the transient fuel spray behavior

Effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure, and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details inside model nozzle and real nozzle were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. For the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.     

不同燃油温度下柴油机喷嘴空穴流动特性试验研究

作为喷射系统的终端,喷油器内部的空穴流动对燃油雾化具有重要影响。采用比例放大透明喷嘴,研究不同燃油温度对喷嘴内空穴流动及其对近场喷雾的影响。引入无单位参数空穴数表征喷油器内燃油空化程度,研究发现燃油温度升高,其空穴初生时的压力减小,同一空穴数下,空穴程度更强烈。同时,试验观察到喷嘴内空穴区域的不对称性,喷孔管壁下壁面的空穴分布远大于上壁面的空穴分布;发生超空穴之后,随着空穴数的增加,试验结果中喷嘴内部的空穴流动变化不太明显,但仿真结果中看出喷孔出口流速减小。相同燃油温度下,随着空穴数增加,体积流量增加,流量系数减小,空穴相对面积增加,近场喷雾锥角增大;相同空穴数下,燃油温度增加使体积流量和流量系数都增加,空穴相对面积逐渐增大,近场雾化效果更好。     

Model-based optimization of injection strategies for SI engine gas injectors

A mathematical model for the prediction of the mass injected by a gaseous fuel solenoid injector for spark ignition (SI) engines has been realized and validated through experimental data by the authors in a recent work [1]. The gas injector has been studied with particular reference to the complex needle motion during the opening and closing phases. Such motion may significantly affect the amount of injected fuel. When the injector nozzle is fully open, the mass flow depends only on the upstream fluid pressure and temperature. This phenomenon creates a linear relationship between the injected fuel mass and the injection time (i.e. the duration of the injection pulse), thus enabling efficient control of the injected fuel mass by simply acting on the injection time. However, a part of the injector flow chart characterized by strong nonlinearities has been experimentally observed by the authors [1]. Such nonlinearities may seriously compromise the air-fuel mixture quality control and thus increase both fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (SI engine catalytic conversion systems have very low efficiency for non-stoichiometric mixtures). These nonlinearities arise by the injector outflow area variation caused by needle impacts and bounces during the transient phenomena, which occur in the opening and closing phases of the injector. In this work, the mathematical model previously developed by the authors has been employed to study and optimize two appropriate injection strategies to linearize the injector flow chart to the greatest extent. The first strategy relies on injection pulse interruption and has been originally developed by the authors, whereas the second strategy is known in the automotive engine industry as the peak and hold injection. Both injection strategies have been optimized through minimum injection energy considerations and have been compared in terms of linearization effectiveness. Efficient linearization of the injector flow chart has been achieved with both injection strategies, and a similar increase in injector operating range has been observed. The main advantage of the pulse interruption strategy lies on its ease of implementation on existing injection systems because it only requires a simple engine electronic control unit software update. Meanwhile, the peak and hold strategy reveals a substantial lack of robustness and requires expressly designed injectors and electronic components to perform the necessary voltage commutation.     

A mathematical model for the prediction of the injected mass diagram of a S.I. engine gas injector

A mathematical model of gaseous fuel solenoid injector for spark ignition engine has been realized and validated through experimental data. The gas injector was studied with particular reference to the complex needle motion during the opening and closing phases, which strongly affects the amount of fuel injected. As is known, in fact, when the injector nozzle is widely open, the mass flow depends only on the fluid pressure and temperature upstream the injector: this allows one to control the injected fuel mass acting on the “injection time” (the period during which the injector solenoid is energized). This makes the correlation between the injected fuel mass and the injection time linear, except for the lower injection times, where we experimentally observed strong nonlinearities. These nonlinearities arise by the injector outflow area variation caused by the needle bounces due to impacts during the opening and closing transients [1] and may seriously compromise the mixture quality control, thus increasing both fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, above all because the S.I. catalytic conversion system has a very low efficiency for non-stoichiometric mixtures. Moreover, in recent works [2, 3] we tested the simultaneous combustion of a gaseous fuel (compressed natural gas, CNG, or liquefied petroleum gas, LPG) and gasoline in a spark ignition engine obtaining great improvement both in engine efficiency and pollutant emissions with respect to pure gasoline operation mode; this third operating mode of bi-fuel engines, called “double fuel” combustion, requires small amounts of gaseous fuel, hence forcing the injectors to work in the non-monotonic zone of the injected mass diagram, where the control on air-fuel ratio is poor. Starting from these considerations we investigated the fuel injector dynamics with the aim to improve its performance in the low injection times range. The first part of this paper deals with the realization of a mathematical model for the prediction of both the needle motion and the injected mass for choked flow condition, while the second part presents the model calibration and validation, performed by means of experimental data obtained on the engine test bed of the internal combustion engine laboratory of the University of Palermo.     

低温表面大流量无沸腾喷雾冷却试验研究

对低表面温度大流量无沸腾喷雾冷却技术进行了实验研究.实验以水作为冷却工质,在常温常压下进行,流量范围在0.65～1.1L/min间.发现在相同喷雾高度下,喷雾压力越大,喷雾传热性能越好;在一定喷雾高度范围内,喷雾在待冷却表面形成的圆正好与待冷表面相切时,传热性能最优.此时,喷雾压力0.46MPa条件下,表面温度仅31℃时,最大热流密度达到34W/cm2.     

Fuel spray dynamic characteristics of GDI high pressure injection system

In order to improve the fuel consumption and exhaust emission for gasoline engines,gasoline direct injection (GDI) system is spotlighted to solve these requirements.Thus,many researchers focus on the i...     

垂直多孔喷嘴内部空穴两相流动的三维数值模拟分析

对完全发展了的空穴流动建立起多维空穴两相流动数学模型,对多孔垂直喷嘴进行了喷孔内部空穴两相流动的三维数值模拟。首次提出将计算区域的出口边界延伸至气缸内部,以减小出口对喷孔内部求解区域的影响。对针阀偏心时各喷孔内部空穴流动特性进行了深入的分析研究,阐明了喷孔内部空穴流动特性及其对喷孔出口流动分布的影响乃至对喷雾油束雾化所产生的作用。     

Effects of needle response on spray characteristics in high pressure injector driven by piezo actuator for common-rail injection system

The common-rail injection systems, as a new diesel injection system for passenger car, have more degrees of freedom in controlling both the injection timing and injection rate with the high pressure. In this study, a piezo-driven injector was applied to a high pressure common-rail type fuel injection system for the control capability of the high pressure injector’s needle and firstly examined the piezo-electric characteristics of a piezo-driven injector. Also in order to analyze the effect of injector’s needle response driven by different driving method on the injection, we investigated the diesel spray characteristics in a constant volume chamber pressurized by nitrogen gas for two injectors, a solenoid-driven injector and a piezo-driven injector, both equipped with the same injection nozzle with sac type and 5-injection hole. The experimental method for spray visualization was based on back-light photography technique by utilizing a high speed framing camera. The macroscopic spray propagation was geometrically measured and characterized in term of the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray tip speed. For the evaluation of the needle response of the above two injectors, we indirectly estimated the needle’s behavior with an accelerometer and injection rate measurement employing Bosch’s method was conducted. The experimental results show that the spray tip penetrations of piezodriven injector were longer, on the whole, than that of the solenoid-driven injector. Besides we found that the piezo-driven injector have a higher injection flow rate by a fast needle response and it was possible to control the injection rate slope in piezo-driven injector by altering the induced current.     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a plasma spray gun

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for analyzing fluid flow patterns in a plasma spray gun is presented in this study. It is coupled with a heat transfer simulation of the plasma spray gun. Based on CFD and heat transfer theory, the numerical model of the nozzle in the plasma spray gun is developed, and the coupled simulation of the flow fluid and heat transfer is carried out with the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) method. Local turbulence, which will lead to appearance of a static-water region, is found at the front corner of the cooling channel in the nozzle. The locations insufficiently cooled are found in the wall near the heat source and in the gasket in the rear of the nozzle. Then, cooling processes with different parameters of cooling water are analyzed. The optimal velocity and direction of cooling water, which efficiently cool the nozzle and improve the service life of the plasma jet, are obtained .     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a plasma spray gun

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for analyzing fluid flow patterns in a plasma spray gun is presented in this study. It is coupled with a heat transfer simulation of the plasma spray gun. Based on CFD and heat transfer theory, the numerical model of the nozzle in the plasma spray gun is developed, and the coupled simulation of the flow fluid and heat transfer is carried out with the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) method. Local turbulence, which will lead to appearance of a static-water region, is found at the front corner of the cooling channel in the nozzle. The locations insufficiently cooled are found in the wall near the heat source and in the gasket in the rear of the nozzle. Then, cooling processes with different parameters of cooling water are analyzed. The optimal velocity and direction of cooling water, which efficiently cool the nozzle and improve the service life of the plasma jet, are obtained .     

两股互击式喷嘴雾化数值模拟研究

数值研究了两股互击式喷嘴的雾化性能,模拟中以水为介质,气相使用湍流模型,采用粒子轨道法计算颗粒的轨迹,时间上采用时间推进法求解.引入粒子碰撞和破碎模型,分析了撞击后沿轴向流场下游的液雾粒径分布情况,结果表明,喷射撞击压力越大,雾化效果越好,在一定的喷射压力下,雾化撞击角度存在最佳值,同时一定范围内喷射喷嘴的长径比对雾化性能的影响很小.     

新型细水雾灭火喷嘴的仿真及试验

为了解决细水雾喷头喷雾保护半径小的问题,研制了一种新颖的两级雾化高压细水雾灭火喷嘴。计算了索太尔雾滴直径DSM、喷嘴流速、流量和充分雾化距离。在CFD仿真中,将两级雾化喷嘴的速度场和水体积分数分布与单级雾化喷嘴的对应仿真结果分别进行对比,并优化了两级雾化喷嘴的结构参数。试验测量了DSM、喷雾速度、喷雾密度分布并和仿真结果进行对比验证。研究表明,优化设计后两级雾化喷嘴的喷雾保护半径为0.34 m,喷雾密度分布均匀;具有多喷嘴的两级雾化细水雾喷头的喷雾保护半径可以超过2 m,在消防领域具有实用价值。     

高压节气喷嘴在高压喷气—填料蒸发冷却空调机组中的作用

为了得到高压节气喷嘴对高压喷气—填料蒸发冷却空调机组性能的影响和对压缩空气消耗量的影响,本文讨论了该高压节气喷嘴的特点及其与蒸发冷却相结合的作用。分析了压缩空气从高压节气喷嘴喷出后,与周围新风卷吸、掺混,并冷却干燥新风,同时总结出其与喷水室喷嘴的不同点,最终得到高压节气喷嘴不仅可以提高压缩空气的利用率,而且有助于被处理新风在高压喷气段的热湿交换。     

A study on the spray characteristics of a piezo pintle-type injector for DI gasoline engines

We studied the spray flow initiated from a piezo pintle-type injector for DI gasoline engines in an environment supplied by a constant volume vessel by means of laser diagnostics. To fully grasp the effects of the characteristic parameters, including designed spray angle, needle lift, injection pressure (P _inj ) and ambient pressure (P _b ), on the spray atomization and mixture preparation, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) are used in the experiment, respectively. The gas perpendicularly enters into the outer periphery of the conical spray injected through the pintle-type injector activated by piezo, which creates two large-scale vortices: the vortex A and vortex B. The velocity standard deviation of the spray field is introduced to analyze the gas flow motion in the vicinity of nozzle. The droplet information of spray field is also recorded by PDA in variable boundary conditions. The time dividing method is used to study the droplet characteristics in four parts of spray. The injector with 98° designed spray angle has smaller droplet mean diameter (D10 and D32), due to a larger spray distribution. When the droplet velocity of the spray field is close to 0 m/s, the D10 and D32 hold at around 10 μm and 20 μm, respectively, in atmospheric pressure condition, which are about 20 μm and 40 μm, respectively, at ambient pressure of 1.1 MPa.     

用于海水淡化的双螺杆膨胀压缩机热力性能研究

为了研究用于机械压汽海水淡化系统的双螺杆蒸汽膨胀压缩机热力性能,建立了压缩机和膨胀机热力模型。根据已知参数求解压缩机喷水量和轴功率,膨胀机进气温度和质量流量,将计算结果与热力压汽淡化系统进行比较。通过改变压缩机进、排气压力和膨胀机进气压力,对膨胀压缩机进行变工况性能分析。结果显示,压缩机进、排气压力会对压缩机喷水量和轴功率产生不同影响;膨胀机进气压力决定进气温度的高低,且存在最佳值。     

撞击型雾化喷嘴流量特性及喷雾降温性能试验研究

针对空冷机组在夏季高温天气不能满发的问题,采用喷雾增湿以降低入口空气的干球温度,选用撞击型雾化喷嘴AM4进行流量特性及喷雾降温特性的实验研究。分析试验数据拟合得到撞击型喷嘴流量与喷雾压力的关系,并计算得出喷嘴的流量系数。通过对不同类型喷嘴组合喷雾降温效果的比较,得到加入1排AM4有利于冷却效果的提高;加入两排AM4的喷雾降温效果并没有明显提高,且由于撞击式喷嘴价格较高,加入两排AM4的经济性较差。     

高压共轨喷油器测试电路设计及其检测平台开发研究

为了检测高压共轨喷油器的工作性能,改善汽车尾气的排放质量,对高压共轨喷油器的动作原理及其检测波形进行了分析,并对喷油器的喷油量进行了计算。采用PLC技术,利用PWM方法,设计了一种喷油器检测电路及其测试平台,可以检测各类型号的高压共轨喷油器在怠速及全油门状态下的喷油状况,对其喷油质量给出判定,该平台也可进行喷油嘴驱动电路的优化研究。