QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚

建立QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中20种多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚残留量方法。样品采用酸化乙腈振荡提取,无水硫酸镁与氯化钠盐析,经十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶和乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷净化,并利用气相色谱-串联质谱在选择反应监测模式下进行检测,外标法定量。1~6溴代联苯及联苯醚的线性范围为0.05~5.0 mg/L、7~8溴代联苯及联苯醚为0.1~5.0 mg/L、9~10溴代联苯和联苯醚为0.2~5.0 mg/L;相关系数(r)均大于0.99,方法检出限范围为0.30~17.67 ng/kg。在3种不同蔬菜基质中3个添加水平(0.25、0.5、2.5 mg/kg)的平均回收率为70.5%~118.9%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~11.2%。该方法前处理简单快速、灵敏度高,具有良好的回收率和稳定性,适用于蔬菜中多种多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚残留量的测定与确证。     

A GC-EI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 15 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Fish and Shellfish Tissues

This paper describes the development and validation of an analytical method to determine 15 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and shellfish tissues with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS). A QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)-like procedure was applied; the extract was cleaned up on an acidic Extrelut-NT3 column connected on top of a silica cartridge and further purified with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The SIM acquisition proved to yield better results than traditional MRM approach for octa-, nona-, and deca-brominated congeners. The validation study was carried out in inter-laboratory conditions. The average recoveries were in the range 66–118%, with relative standard deviations generally lower than or equal to 22%. Quality assurance and quality control practices were thoroughly described and highlighted. These long and tedious practices are fundamental to obtain reliable quantitative data during food monitoring programs and, therefore, to support daily intake assessments. Finally, the procedure was applied to the analysis of marine fish samples collected in local markets. Mackerel and mullet were the most contaminated species.     

北京地区鸡蛋中多溴联苯醚及甲氧基衍生物污染特征及其膳食风险评估

为揭示北京地区鸡蛋中多溴联苯醚（polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs）及其甲氧基衍生物（methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers,MeO-PBDEs）的污染特征,本实验利用气相色谱-负化学电离源-质谱分析了北京地区65 个鸡蛋样品中12 种PBDEs及5 种MeO-PBDEs的污染水平与组成特征。结果表明,鸡蛋中ΣPBDEs和ΣMeO-PBDEs的含量水平分别为ND（未检出）～2.21 μg/kg（以全蛋湿质量计,下同）和ND～0.89 μg/kg,检出率分别为15.38%和4.62%,与国内外相关研究相比处于较低水平。PBDEs中BDE-71的检出质量浓度较高,MeO-PBDEs以MeO-85为主要检出成分,其中蛋黄中的PBDEs和MeO-PBDEs的检出种类数量及含量均高于蛋白。通过膳食风险评估,表明北京市售鸡蛋产品中PBDEs的污染水平和膳食暴露均在可接受的范围内。     

多溴联苯醚在食品中的污染及其危害研究进展

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物,其具有生物蓄积、长距离迁移和污染持久等特点,引起人们的广泛关注。本文概述PBDEs的特性,总结食品中PBDEs的污染来源主要存在于大气、土壤和水体等环境介质中,剖析PDBEs在饮用水、肉类、蛋类、水产品和蔬菜类等食品中的污染状况,进而从甲状腺、神经系统、肝脏和生殖发育毒性等方面总结PBDEs对人体健康的毒性和危害。在此基础上提出控制食品中PBDEs污染的四个具体措施,包括制定PBDEs处理标准、发展新型溴代阻燃剂、加强PBDEs降解方法研究和完善检测分析方法。最后基于现有研究状况展望了PBDEs未来的研究方向,以期为治理食品中PBDEs的污染提供一定参考。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水中多溴联苯醚残留量

建立一套准确、高效、快捷的水中多溴联苯醚（polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs）残留量的检测方法。样品采用二氯甲烷提取,氮吹浓缩,正己烷定容,然后以气相色谱-质谱测定。19 种PBDEs组分线性良好,相关系数R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）（n=6）为1.5%～5.6%,检出限为0.1～1.0 μg/L。PBDE-3和PBDE-209平均加标回收率为84.3%～93.2%,RSD为3.6%～10.1%。结果表明,该方法各项指标均能满足检测工作要求,适用于水中PBDEs残留量的日常检测。     

Photochemical Formation of Brominated Dioxins and Other Products of Concern from Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-PBDEs)

The photochemical conversion of selected hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) to dioxins and other products was investigated. OH-PBDEs, which are both transformation products of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and naturally occurring compounds, undergo direct photolysis to yield a number of products that may have a higher toxicity than their parent. The compounds investigated were 6-OH-PBDE 99, 6'-OH-PBDE 100, and 6'-OH-PBDE 118. Of special interest was 6'-OH-PBDE 118, a potential transformation product of PBDE 153 that is capable of photochemically generating 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, the most toxic brominated dioxin congener. Photolysis experiments were conducted at two different pH values to assess the photochemical behavior of both the phenol and phenolate form of the compounds. The percent conversion to dioxin and other photoproducts was determined and the natural product, 6-OH-PBDE 99, was found to have the highest conversion to dioxin (7%). The reaction quantum yields ranged from 0.027 to 0.16 across all photolysis conditions. In addition, it is shown that all three compounds are capable of photochemically generating other compounds of concern, including brominated phenols and a dibenzofuran.     

固相萃取/ 固相微萃取- 气相色谱法测定饮用水中多溴联苯醚

目的：建立固相萃取/固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中多溴联苯醚(BDE-47和BDE-99)含量的新方法。方法：固相萃取-气相色谱直接取水样100mL,过LC-C18柱,经正己烷洗脱,洗脱液于80℃水浴挥干,异辛烷定容至1mL,直接进样1μL测定,该法对BDE-47和BDE-99的检出限分别为0.0008μg/L和0.0009μg/L,回归方程相关系数分别为0.9996和0.9997,RSD(n＝6)分别为1.0%～4.9%和0.96%～4.4%;固相微萃取-气相色谱直接取水样10mL置于15mL固相微萃取瓶中,于40℃条件下固相微萃取吸附25min后,纤维头经风干,立即进样测定。该法对BDE-47和BDE-99的检出限分别为0.0000μg/L和0.0044μg/L,回归方程相关系数分别为0.9996和0.9992,RSD(n＝6)分别为6.7%～11.4%和6.0%～10.1%。结果：随机抽样某市52个水样进行检测,均未检出BDE-47和BDE-99。结论：建立饮用水中多溴联苯醚固相萃取/固相微萃取-气相色谱检测的新方法,两种方法操作简便、快速,精密度、准确度及回收率均令人满意。     

Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) in Irish food of animal origin

Brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) and 17 polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners including BDE-209 were analysed in 100 composite samples of commonly consumed foods of animal origin, prepared from ten to 40 individual subsamples of each type. These included 30 samples of milk from farms; eggs from chickens; fat from cows, pigs, sheep, and poultry; and liver from cows, pigs, sheep, horses, and poultry. The ISO 17025-accredited analytical methodology used, follows similar guidelines as given for chlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in European Commission Directive 2002/69/EC. Apart from some samples of milk, PBDD/Fs and PBDEs were detected in all food types. Concentrations ranged from 0.31 µg kg^?1 Σ17 PBDEs for a sample of milk to 37.5 µg kg^?1 Σ17 PBDEs for a sample of liver. The corresponding range for the PBDD/F toxicity (computed using analogous PCDD/F toxic equivalency factors (TEFs)) was 0.09 ng TEQ kg^?1 to approximately 3.5 ng TEQ kg^?1. The detection of these compounds, in particular PBDD/Fs, is consistent with the increased use and disposal of brominated organic compounds.     

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Fish Oil Supplements on the Canadian Market: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

ABSTRACT:  Canadians are interested in improving their diet through the consumption of fish oil food supplements, which are marketed to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Convenience samples of omega-3 enriched dietary supplements ( n  = 30) were collected in Vancouver, Canada, between 2005 and 2007. All of the omega-3 supplements were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and, although every sample was found to contain detectable residues of PBDEs, only 24 samples were found to have PCDD/F concentrations above the level of detection. PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 0.05 pg TEQ/g lipid to 45.7 pg TEQ/g lipid in salmon and shark oils, respectively. Maximum PBDE concentrations similarly were observed in shark oil (113 μg/kg lipid), however, most supplements had concentrations below 5 μg/kg lipid. Average PCDD/F and PBDE intake estimates, based on consumption of maximum supplement dose following product label recommendations, were 4.32 pg TEQ/d and 25.1 ng/d lipid, respectively.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US meat and poultry: 2012–13 levels,trends and estimated consumer exposures

ABSTRACT

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants whose use has contaminated foods and caused subsequent human exposures. To address the issue of possible human exposure, samples from a 2012–13 US meat and poultry (beef, pork, chicken, turkey) study were analysed for seven PBDEs. The mean summed concentrations of the seven BDE congeners (ΣPBDE) from beef, pork, chicken and turkey were 0.40, 0.36, 0.19, and 0.76 ng g^–1 lipid weight (lw). The range of ΣPBDEs for all meat classes was 0.01–15.78 ng g^–1 lw. A comparison of this study with a 2007–08 study revealed a decline in the median ΣPBDEs for all four meat classes, a reduction of 25.9% to 70.0%, with pork, chicken and turkey PBDE residues being statistically lower relative to the 2007–08 study. BDEs 47 and 99 contributed the most to the ΣPBDE concentrations, indicating likely animal exposures to the penta-BDE formulation. Based on the reported data an estimate of US consumer daily intake of PBDEs from meat and poultry was 6.42 ng day^–1.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biota representing different trophic levels of the Hudson River, New York: from 1999 to 2005

It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, is through fish consumption. Between 1999 and 2005 PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154 were analyzed in 3797 biological samples of 33 species of the Hudson River, New York. Approximately 98.4% of the samples contained PBDEs between 0.5 and 37 169 ng g(-1) lipid, with a median concentration of 772 ng g(-1) lipid. Yearly median sigmaPBDE concentrations fluctuated. Samples from river miles 112 and 153 contained higher sigmaPBDEs than those from other locations of the river. The 7-year median sigmaPBDE concentrations were the highest in large carnivorous fishes and the lowest in insects. The median abundance of congener PBDE-47 decreased from 80% to 63% with decreasing levels of sigmaPBDEs in the samples, while an increase from 2% to 23% was observed for PBDE-99. The median abundance of other congeners did not change with concentrations of sigmaPBDEs. Positive-, negative-, and no-correlation between sigmaPBDE concentrations and fish weight were observed for different species and for the same species from different locations of the river. The sources of PBDE contamination, diet, metabolic activity, and sediment chemistry might affect the levels of PBDEs in a fish.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) alter larval settlement of marine intertidal organisms across three phyla via reducing bacterial abundance on the biofilms

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants over the last three decades, and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment. While the harmful effects of PBDEs on the abnormal development and reproductive impairment in mammals and fish are well documented, the effects on marine invertebrates remain virtually unknown. Using three model intertidal species accross three phyla, including the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Phylum Annelida), the gastropod Crepidula onyx (Phylum Mollusca), and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Phylum Arthopoda), this study demonstrated that (a) chronic exposure to BDE-47 (at spiking concentrations up to 1000 ng L(-1)) throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development or growth of all three species per se, despite bioaccumulation was clearly evident (measured body burden ranging from approximately 7000 to 13?000 ng BDE-47 g(-1) lipid), and (b) BDE-47, at measured concentrations of 15 and 113 ng g(-1) lipid, reduced the bacterial abundance in biofilms and resulted in a concomitant change in larval settlement pattern of all the model intertidal species across three phyla.     

Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame retardants that have recently been detected in environmental samples, diverse biota, human blood serum, and breast milk at exponentially increasing concentrations. Currently, little is known about the fate of these compounds, and in particular, about the microbial potential to degrade them. In this study, debromination of deca-BDE and an octa-BDE mixture is demonstrated with anaerobic bacteria including Sulfurospirillum multivorans and Dehalococcoides species. Hepta- and octa-BDEs were produced by the S. multivorans culture when it was exposed to deca-BDE, although no debromination was observed with the octa-BDE mixture. In contrast, a variety of hepta- through di-BDEs were produced by Dehalococcoides-containing cultures exposed to an octa-BDE mixture, despite the fact that none of these cultures could debrominate deca-BDE. The more toxic hexa-154, penta-99, tetra-49, and tetra-47 were identified among the debromination products. Because the penta-BDE congeners are among the most toxic PBDEs, debromination of the higher congeners to more toxic products in the environment could have profound implications for public health and for the regulation of these compounds.     

AQUANEERING水生饲养系统在斑马鱼养殖中的应用

主要介绍利用AQUANEERING斑马鱼水生饲养系统饲养和繁殖斑马鱼的方法.该系统在有限的空间内,为斑马鱼提供了能达到的最清洁的环境,日常维护很简单.不仅饲养非常方便,而且也很适用于对斑马鱼研究.     

Turmeric Extract Rescues Ethanol‐Induced Developmental Defect in the Zebrafish Model for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Prenatal ethanol exposure causes the most frequent preventable birth disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The effect of turmeric extracts in rescuing an ethanol‐induced developmental defect using zebrafish as a model was determined. Ethanol‐induced oxidative stress is one of the major mechanisms underlying FASD. We hypothesize that antioxidant inducing properties of turmeric may alleviate ethanol‐induced defects. Curcuminoid content of the turmeric powder extract (5 mg/mL turmeric in ethanol) was determined by UPLC and found to contain Curcumin (124.1 ± 0.2 μg/mL), Desmethoxycurcumin (43.4 ± 0.1 μg/mL), and Bisdemethoxycurcumin (36.6 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Zebrafish embryos were treated with 100 mM (0.6% v/v) ethanol during gastrulation through organogenesis (2 to 48 h postfertilization (hpf)) and supplemented with turmeric extract to obtain total curcuminoid concentrations of 0, 1.16, 1.72, or 2.32 μM. Turmeric supplementation showed significant rescue of the body length at 72 hpf compared to ethanol‐treated embryos. The mechanism underlying the rescue remains to be determined.     

Genotoxicity of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs, and their mechanisms of toxicity

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively utilized as flame retardants, and recently there has been concern about potential adverse effects in humans and wildlife. Their hydroxylated analogs (OH-BDEs) have received increasing attention due to their potential for endocrine and neurological toxicities. However, the potentials and mechanisms of genotoxicity of these brominated compounds have scarcely been investigated. In the present study, genotoxicity of tetra-BDEs, penta BDE, octa-BDE, deca-BDE, and tetra-OH-BDEs were investigated by use of chicken DT40 cell lines including wild-type cells and a panel of mutant cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Tetra-BDEs have greater genotoxic potential than do the other BDEs tested. OH-tetra-BDEs were more genotoxic than tetra-BDEs. DT40 cells, deficient in base excision repair (Polβ(-/-)) and translesion DNA synthesis (REV3(-/-)) pathways, were hypersensitive to the genotoxic effects of tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs. The observation of chromosomal aberrations and gamma-H2AX assay confirmed that the studied brominated compounds caused double strand breaks. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly rescued the Polβ(-/-) and REV3(-/-) mutants, which is consistent with the hypothesis that PBDEs and OH-BDEs cause DNA damage mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some tetra-BDEs and OH-tetra-BDEs caused base damage through ROS leading to replication blockage and subsequent chromosomal breaks.     

Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Michigan salmonids

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively over the past two decades as flame retardants in most types of polymers. Many measurements of PBDEs in various environmental matrices from Sweden, Holland, Japan, and elsewhere have been reported, but few measurements are available for North America. PBDEs in 21 coho and chinook salmon taken from Lake Michigan tributaries in 1996 were measured for this study. The salmon samples were extracted and initially analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. It was demonstrated for these samples that the same extract fraction contains PBDEs. Six PBDE congeners were observed in all 21 samples, and the rank order of concentration of these congeners was similar to that in commercial mixtures of PBDEs. The average concentration across all samples of the sum of PBDE congeners was 80.1 ng/g of wet weight or 2,440 ng/g of lipid. This is much less than the average sum PCB concentration (1,450 ng/g of wet weight; 43,100 ng/g of lipid). However, the average concentration of the most abundant PBDE congener (IUPAC BDE-49: 52.1 ng/g wet, 1,590 ng/g of lipid) was about one-third of the average concentration of the most abundant PCB congener (IUPAC CB-153: 149 ng/g wet, 4,550 ng/g of lipid). On the basis of an extensive literature survey, the concentrations of PBDEs reported here are among the highest in the world for salmon in open waters. The concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs are both correlated with fish length and mass, but not with lipid content. The concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs are highly correlated in individual fish, implying that PBDEs are as prevalent as PCBs in Lake Michigan.     

Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air

We used personal air samplers to measure indoor air exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for 20 residents of the Greater Boston Area (Massachusetts). Area air measures were simultaneously collected from two rooms in each participant's home. Total personal air concentrations (particulate + vapor) were 469 pg/m3 for non-209 BDEs and 174 pg/m3 for BDE 209, significantly higher than bedroom and main living room concentrations (p = 0.01). The ratio of personal air to room air increased from 1 for vapor-phase congeners to 4 for fully particulate-bound congeners, indicating a personal cloud effect. Bedroom and main living area air samples were moderately correlated for non-209 BDEs (r = 0.45, p = 0.045) and BDE 209 (r = 0.58, p = 0.008). Use of personal air concentrations increased estimates of inhalation exposure over those previously reported. Inhalation may account for up to 22% of the total BDE 209 exposure in U.S. adults.     

Determination of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk cream by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An analytical method for polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk cream has been optimized. The six PBDEs targeted were chosen on criteria of toxicity and occurrence in environmental matrices. Three methods of extraction were tested and compared in terms of lipid recovery yields and repeatability. The sample preparation process includes two steps: extraction by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and purification by solid phase extraction (SPE). The preferred method of extraction used a hexane/methylene chloride/methanol (5 : 2 : 1, v/v) solvent mixture. Three extraction cycles were carried out per sample at a temperature of 80 degrees C and a pressure of 1500 psi. The method was validated on milk cream samples spiked with the specified PBDEs. Recoveries for the whole sample preparation process (extraction and cleanup) for cream samples spiked at 10 and 100 ng g(-1) were greater than 80% (ranging from 81 to 106%) at both concentrations for BDE-99, -100, -153 and 154. Recoveries were lower (ranging from 65 to 75%) for BDE-28 and BDE-47. PBDEs were quantified by GC/MS detection with selected ion monitoring (SIM) using three ions formed by electron capture. The method was successfully tested on real samples.     

Remarkable findings concerning PBDEs in the terrestrial top-predator red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

In the present study, we have analyzed muscle, liver, and adipose tissue of 33 red foxes from Belgium for their content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Median sums of seven tri- to hepta-BDEs (BDE 28, BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 100, BDE 153, BDE 154, and BDE 183) were 2.2, 2.4, and 3.4 ng/g lipid weight in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, respectively. These levels were lower than those found in various species of voles and mice, the main prey species of the red fox. This is probably related to the high capacity of the foxes to metabolize and eliminate lower brominated congeners. BDE 209 generally dominated the PBDE congener profiles in the red fox samples. In samples containing BDE 209, this congener contributed, on the average, approximately 70% to the total PBDE content. BDE 209 was measured in concentrations as high as 760 ng/g lipid weight in the liver, but the detection frequency was not more than 40%. In animals with the highest BDE 209 levels, this congener was detected in muscle, liver, as well as in adipose tissue. Other abundant congeners were BDE 153 and BDE 47, which prevail in other terrestrial species. The particular PBDE congener profile observed in the red fox resembles that seen in grizzly bears from Canada, but differs from those previously reported for terrestrial avian species. Our data confirms unambiguously that BDE 209 does bioaccumulate in terrestrial top predators, such as the red fox.