PCD刀具切削各向同性热解石墨时石墨转移膜的形成机理

为研究石墨转移膜在刀具表面形成的可能性和演变规律及形成机理,采用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具进行了各向同性热解石墨切削试验.对刀具磨损区域形貌、表面加工质量和切削力进行了分析.根据试验结果分析表明:切削过程中PCD刀具后刀面上形成了一层石墨转移膜.石墨转移膜的形成机理以物理吸附作用和摩擦挤压为主.石墨晶体结构特性、石墨晶体缺陷和环境氛围是影响石墨转移膜形成的三个主要因素.刀具磨损、表面加工质量和切削力的变化情况与石墨转移膜的动态变化过程具有较高的一致性,石墨转移膜的形成可以有效地降低刀具磨损速度,提高表面加工质量,降低切削力.     

不同碳源浓度金刚石涂层刀具切削石材的性能研究

采用不同碳源浓度金刚石涂层刀具与未涂层刀具铣削石材,研究切削参数对切削力及加工表面质量的影响,分析刀具磨损机理,找到金刚石刀具最佳切削参数,进而实现切削优化.采用正交实验法,通过测力仪测量出不同刀具、不同切削参数下的切削力,测试已加工材料的表面粗糙度,观测刀具磨损情况.结果表明,对铣削分力Fx、Fz影响最大的是涂层碳源浓度;对铣削分力Fy影响最大的是切削深度;对表面粗糙度影响最大的是进给速度;当主轴转速达到n=3000 r/min、进给速度为vf=300 mm/min、切削深度d=1.0 mm、涂层碳源浓度为3;时,刀具切削性能最佳;3;涂层碳源浓度金刚石刀具较其他碳源浓度(含未涂层)刀具,加工后的石材表面粗糙度最低、切削力最小、耐磨性高,提高了加工精度,延长刀具的使用寿命.     

微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具的制备及切削试验

利用化学气相沉积法在硬质合金基体上制备微/纳米金刚石复合涂层,采用扫描电镜、Raman光谱仪、洛氏硬度计、微粒喷浆试验仪对涂层进行微结构与性能表征,同时进行切削试验.结果表明:涂层表面晶粒细小,颗粒尺寸达到纳米级,涂层纯度高,膜/基结合力好,耐磨性高.切削试验结果显示:微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具切削加工工件的表面粗糙度比硬质合金刀具小,其表面粗糙度平均值为0.931μm;从后刀面磨损量结果看出微/纳米金刚石复合涂层刀具使用寿命长;从前、后刀面磨损形貌看出金刚石复合涂层结合力好,耐磨性高.     

基于螺旋刻划方法的KDP晶体临界切削厚度研究

为了取得贴近切削加工的临界切削厚度,本文提出了一种采用金刚石刀具对KDP晶体进行螺旋刻划、基于所得刻槽微观形貌特征参数计算临界切削厚度的新方法;分析了切削速度和材料各向异性对临界切削厚度的影响;通过切削实验验证所得临界切削厚度.结果表明,晶体材料的各向异性对临界切削厚度有显著影响;在低速切削范围内,切削速度对临界切削厚度影响不显著;基于所得临界切削厚度选择切削参数,实现了KDP晶体全晶向延性域切削,取得了表面粗糙度为2.57 nm(Ra)的超光滑表面.     

铣削方式对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件高速铣削表面质量影响研究

应用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件进行了高速铣削实验.在不同铣削速度下,研究了顺、逆两种铣削方式对薄壁件高速铣削的表面粗糙度及表面形貌的影响,提出了不同铣削方式下已加工表面的形成机理,揭示了铣削方式和铣削速度对试件切入部、中部和切出部处表面粗糙度的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的切削用量和刀具几何参数下,顺铣加工的表面粗糙度小于逆铣,且顺铣加工表面粗糙度的变化幅度小于逆铣;薄壁件在切出部的表面粗糙度大于中部和切入部的表面粗糙度;顺铣时已加工表面的形成以切削层金属的滑移为主,材料内部SiC颗粒的滑移、刻划造成已加工表面沿刀具进给方向的微观沟痕;逆铣时已加工表面主要由后刀面的挤压、摩擦作用形成;宏观上顺铣的已加工表面存在由残留面积高度形成的平行于刀具轴线方向的残留痕迹,而逆铣这一特征则不明显.     

种晶表面粗糙度及边部形态对MPCVD法生长单晶金刚石的影响

针对种晶的表面粗糙度和边部形态对MPCVD法生长金刚石单晶的影响进行了研究。结果表明,当样品表面粗糙度Ra值达到0.0066μm时,单晶金刚石沉积层已经可以呈现出较高的结晶质量。当表面粗糙度Ra值达到0.0162μm后,种晶的中心区域受到的影响较小,但种晶边缘区域的沉积却受到了较明显的影响。研究边部形态的实验中,在同一种晶的不同区域抛磨出45°边棱和90°边棱,生长后分别对这两个区域进行了拉曼光谱测试,测试结果表明,90°边棱处1332 cm-1金刚石本征峰的半高宽较小,沉积层质量较好,初步推测90°是更适合的种晶边棱角度。     

SiC单晶刻划过程的脆塑性转变特征研究

SiC单晶化学性能稳定、导热系数高、热膨胀系数小、耐磨性能好,广泛用于大功率器件产业.但由于其材料的硬度很大,加工非常困难.脆性材料塑性域加工为提高该类材料的表面质量,降低加工时间和成本提供了有效的途径.本文采用不同刀具角度和刀尖圆弧半径的单点金刚石刀具对4H-SiC单晶进行刻划实验,利用声发射、摩擦力传感器来监测刻划过程中声发射信号强度以及摩擦力的变化,并通过Leica DCM3D以及SEM观察划痕沟槽表面形貌、切屑状态,综合分析以获得4H-SiC单晶在不同角度、刀尖圆弧半径下塑脆转变的临界切削深度.结果表明,增大刀具角度有利于塑性域加工;在相同条件下,刀尖圆弧半径越大,临界切削深度越大.     

高性能超细晶粒金刚石涂层刀具制备及试验研究

采用改进的预处理方法和变参数沉积工艺在硬质合金刀片上制备了超细晶粒金刚石薄膜涂层.通过玻璃纤维增强塑料的车削试验,研究了薄膜与基体之间的附着强度、涂层刀具的磨损和加工工件的表面粗糙度.试验结果表明改进的预处理方法能够有效增强金刚石薄膜与基体之间的附着强度;超细晶粒金刚石薄膜减小了刀具与工件之间的摩擦,降低了刀具磨损,并使加工表面的表面粗糙度显著降低;使用改进预处理方法和变参数沉积工艺制备的超细晶粒金刚石涂层刀具的寿命达到未涂层刀具寿命的8倍以上.     

PVD-TiAlN和PVD-TiAlSiN涂层氮化硅刀具的切削性能研究

采用物理气相沉积(Physical vapor deposition,PVD)工艺在氮化硅陶瓷刀具表面分别沉积TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层表面形貌和微观结构,X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究涂层晶体结构,显微硬度计表征涂层硬度.采用TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层氮化硅刀具对灰铸铁进行连续干切削试验,分别研究TiAlN和TiAlSiN涂层对刀具寿命、磨损性能的影响,并探讨涂层刀具磨损机理.实验结果表明:TiAlSiN涂层晶粒比TiAlN涂层细小,从而具有更高的表面硬度.TiAlN涂层可将氮化硅陶瓷刀具寿命提高50;左右,TiAlSiN涂层可将刀具寿命提高1倍.切削过程中,TiAlN涂层刀具在磨损初期的主要磨损机理是磨粒磨损和少量粘结磨损,而后转为严重的粘结磨损;而TiAlSiN涂层刀具主要的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和粘结磨损.     

氟金云母玻璃陶瓷切削加工中刀具角度对刀具磨损的影响

氟金云母玻璃陶瓷材料在切削过程中存在严重的磨损现象.对氟金云母玻璃陶瓷进行了车削加工实验,应用分式析因实验设计研究刀具角度参数对高速钢刀具磨损的影响.通过方差分析,获得刀具角度对刀具磨损的影响显著性及其排序,通过回归分析,建立了刀具磨损量与刀具角度之间的回归方程.研究表明,刀具角度参数对刀具磨损量的影响程度依次为刃倾角,后角,前角,主偏角和副偏角.刀具磨损受到刀具角度间交互作用的影响,其中前角与主偏角、后角和主偏角的交互作用极显著.所建立的回归方程能够较好地描述高速钢刀具磨损量与高速钢刀具角度之间的关系.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.