衬底温度对电子束蒸发ZnS薄膜结构和光学特性的影响

采用电子束蒸发法在不同衬底温度下,150℃、200℃、250℃和300℃,制备了ZnS薄膜;用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、膜厚仪和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计分别表征ZnS薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌和光学特性;并分析了不同衬底温度对薄膜的结构和光学特性的影响.结果表明:在硅衬底上制备的ZnS都为多晶薄膜,具有闪锌矿β-ZnS结构;随衬底温度升高呈(111)晶面高度择优取向,平均晶粒尺寸有所增大,内应力、位错密度、折射率和吸收系数有所减小,禁带宽度随之增大;衬底温度为300℃时制备的薄膜表面均匀致密,呈现较优的结构和光学性能.     

沉积时间对Zn(O,S)薄膜性能及Cu2ZnSnSe4薄膜电池的影响

无镉材料Zn(O,S)因其带隙宽且可调节、无毒无害等优点被作为缓冲层材料重点研究,通过化学水浴法制备Zn(O,S)薄膜,研究了沉积时间的不同(20~35 min)对Zn(O,S)薄膜的成分、结构特性、光学性能及形貌的影响.通过XRD测试可知,水浴法制备的Zn(O,S)薄膜为非晶态.通过透反射谱测试可知,薄膜的光学透过率较高(>80;).通过表面形貌测试可知,30 min时Zn(O,S)薄膜为致密均匀的小颗粒.将Zn(O,S)薄膜应用在CZTSe电池中,在30 min时获得较高器件转换效率5.37;.     

衬底温度对In2S3薄膜结构及其性能的影响

采用超声喷雾热解法,在玻璃基底上一步合成了In2S3薄膜.研究了衬底温度对In2S3薄膜的结构、表面形貌、电学和光学性能影响.结果表明:所制备的In2S3薄膜均具有沿(220)面择优取向生长特性且无其他杂相,衬底温度对薄膜的均匀性、致密度、结晶程度均有明显影响,并因此影响薄膜的光电性能.薄膜的导电件随着衬底温度的升高迅速增强,但足在衬底温度为350℃时有所降低.衬底温度为300℃所制备的薄膜在可见光区透光率最高达到90;以上,禁带宽度达到2.43 eV.     

衬底温度对SnS薄膜性能的影响

采用真空蒸发法在玻璃衬底上沉积硫化亚锡(SnS)薄膜,并对不同衬底温度沉积的薄膜性能进行了探讨.对薄膜的结构、表面形貌、成份、电学特性和光学特性进行了表征.实验发现,最佳的衬底温度为150℃;制备的SnS薄膜为多晶的斜方晶系,晶粒大小约为0.5 μm,Sn和S元素的化学计量比接近1,导电类型为P型,暗电导率、光电导率分别为 0.01 Ω-1·cm-1 和 0.08Ω-1·cm-1,禁带宽度为1.402 eV.     

沉积温度对Zn0.95Co0.05O稀磁半导体薄膜结构与磁性的影响

本文利用磁控溅射法在Si(100)衬底上制备了Zn0.95Co0.05O薄膜,考察了沉积温度对Zn0.95Co0.05O样品的结构与磁性的影响.采用XRD、FESEM、XPS和SQUID等方法对样品的结构与磁性进行了表征与分析.XRD结果表明:Zn0.95Co0.05O薄膜样品为纤锌矿结构且具有(002)择优生长,不存在Co和其他杂质相.XPS数据证明:薄膜样品中的Co是以Co2+形式存在,并且Co2+占据ZnO晶格中的Zn原子位.磁滞回线表明:Zn0.95Co0.05O薄膜具有明显的室温铁磁性,随着沉积温度的升高,薄膜的铁磁性逐步减弱.     

热处理对Ni0.7Zn0.3O薄膜结构及缺陷荧光特性的影响

采用脉冲激光沉积法在Si(100)衬底上制备了Ni0.7Zn0.3O薄膜,通过热处理改变薄膜的缺陷状态,并利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和荧光光谱仪表征薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌和缺陷发光特性.结果表明:沉积态薄膜为立方结构的Ni0.7Zn0.3O单相,且沿着(200)面高度取向生长.经过热处理后,薄膜形成ZnO和Ni0.7Zn0.3O两相共存的镶嵌结构.样品具有非常丰富的室温荧光光谱,其发光峰主要来自Ni0.7Zn0.3O的缺陷能级跃迁,多缺陷能级导致了多发光峰的荧光光谱.热处理引起薄膜中缺陷的种类和浓度发生变化,严重影响其发光特性.     

衬底温度对磁控溅射法制备掺Ta氧化锌薄膜性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射法,在不同的衬底温度下制备了钽(Ta)掺杂的氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜,采用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见分光光度计和光致发光(PL)光谱研究了衬底温度对制备的Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜的组分、微观结构、形貌和光学特性的影响.EDS的检测结果表明,Ta元素成功掺入到了ZnO薄膜;XRD图谱表明,掺入的Ta杂质是替代式杂质,没有破坏ZnO的六方晶格结构,随着衬底温度的升高,(002)衍射峰的强度先增大后降低,在400℃时达到最大;SEM测试表明当衬底温度较高时(400℃和500℃),Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜的晶粒明显变大;紫外-可见透过光谱显示,在可见光范围,Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜的平均透光率均高于80;,衬底不加热时制备的Ta掺杂ZnO的透光率最高;制备的Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜的禁带宽度范围为3.34~3.37eV,衬底温度为500℃时制备的Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜的禁带宽度最小,为3.34eV.PL光谱表明衬底温度为500℃时制备的Ta掺杂ZnO薄膜中缺陷较多,这也是造成薄膜禁带宽度变小的原因.     

溅射制备Zn(O,S)薄膜及其在CIGS电池中的应用

通过射频磁控溅射(MS)工艺,在不同溅射功率下制备Zn(O,S)薄膜,并将其应用于CIGS异质结器件结构中.采用XRD、XRF、台阶仪、透反射光谱仪、SEM以及wxAMPS仿真软件对Zn(O,S)薄膜以及MS-Zn(O,S)/CIGS异质结器件进行研究.结果表明,低功率条件下(<80 W),Zn(O,S)薄膜内S/Zn明显降低,带隙减小,所制备的微晶或非晶结构Zn(O,S)薄膜材料中生成闪锌矿结构ZnS (α-ZnS);高溅射功率下(>100 W),薄膜内S/Zn增加并趋于稳定,Zn(O,S)材料结晶性能改善,α-ZnS消失,带隙增加.器件仿真结果表明,低功率条件下,缓冲层与吸收层(AB)界面导带失调值(CBO)增大,空间电荷区(SCR)复合加剧;高功率条件下,器件品质因子升高明显,主要是由于高功率引起的异质结界面类受主缺陷浓度增加.     

氨水浓度对化学浴沉积的Zn(O,S)薄膜形貌、结构和性能的影响

采用化学浴法,以ZnSO4·7H2O和SC( NH2)2作为反应前驱物,C6H5O7 Na3·2H2O作为络合剂,NH3·H2O 作为辅助络合剂和缓冲剂制备Zn(O,S)薄膜.采用SEM、EDS、XPS、XRD和透射光谱分析方法,研究氨水浓度对化学浴法制备的Zn(O,S)薄膜形貌、成分、结构和光学性能的影响以及Zn(O,S)薄膜的形成机理.结果表明:Zn(O,S)薄膜是由ZnO和ZnS纳米颗粒混合组成的,ZnO具有纤锌矿结构,ZnS是以非晶相存在.随着反应溶液中氨水浓度的降低,薄膜中所包含的ZnO逐渐减少,ZnS逐渐增加,S/Zn原子比逐渐增加,透射率和光学带隙也逐渐增大.     

溅射气压对硼掺杂ZnO薄膜光电特性的影响

采用脉冲磁控溅射系统在玻璃衬底上制备了ZnO∶B薄膜,利用霍尔测试仪和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计及逐点无约束最优化法,研究了溅射气压(0.1 ～3 Pa)对ZnO薄膜的光学和电学特性的影响.结果表明:ZnO∶B薄膜在可见光区域内的平均透光率高于80;,近红外波段的透过率及薄膜的电阻率与溅射气压成正比;折射率n随溅射气压降低呈下降趋势,其值介于1.92 ～2.09之间;在较低的溅射气压下(PAr=0.1 Pa)获得的薄膜电阻率最小(3.7×10-3Ω·cm),且对应着小的光学带隙(Eg=3.463 eV).     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.