面波频散测量的频时分析法

总结了面波频时分析(FTAN)的主要成果,如移动窗分析法、多重滤波法、残差频散测量法、时间变量滤波法,力图阐述各方法间的联系.对滤波参数的选择,详细介绍了常相对带宽、均等显示滤波、线性时间分辨、最佳滤波等,其中线性时间分辨是本文首次提出的新方法.对频时分析中的显示技术作了必要的讨论,最后介绍了如何利用频时分析方法作相速度测量.     

地震面波频散的层析成像

本文较详细地介绍了群速度频散测定的多重滤波法,以及ＬＳＱＲ反演方法运用于网格频散反演和地球内部结构反演的地震面波频散的层析成像方法。给出了计算程序框图及数值模拟结果     

面波频散反演的数值模拟

大量的数值模拟表明,ＳＶＤ和ＬＳＱＲＤ在面波频散网格反演两步法中的应用效率都很好。但ＳＶＤ可以用分辨矩阵、信息矩阵和协方差矩阵对解估计进行数学上客观有效的评价,而对于大型稀疏方程的求解,ＬＳＱＲＤ确是一种内存注小,计算速度快以及分辨抗噪能力都较强的算法。在现有计算机运算速度较快、内存可以扩弃较大的条件下,实测数据量不很大时,应采用ＳＶＤ算法进行线性反演。     

中国大陆及其相邻海域瑞利波群速度分布特征

用27个763和3个 WWSSN 长周期地震仪记录的中国大陆及邻域75个地震的资料,经适配滤波频时分析技术处理及分格频散反演,得到147格中纯路径瑞利面波频散曲线.群速度分布特征如下:中国大陆及海域存在以南北带为界分为东,西两部,以40-44N、28N(西部)和28-32N(东部)为界,南北分块以及岛弧西侧及陆架区呈北东向条带状分布的速度格局.40-44N 和28-32N 分界线有向东延伸到海域的迹象.这与大地构造单元的划分十分一致.此外,结果还表明,次级构造单元间也存在群速度结构的差异.不同大地构造单元间瑞利波群速度的差异直到周期 T=113s(相应深度约170km)仍有显示.      

基于瑞雷面波群速度频散反演上海地区S波速度结构

利用上海测震台网固定台站地震面波数据记录,通过多重滤波法提取周期为8—20s的瑞雷面波群速度频散曲线,反演得到台站下方介质一维速度结构。结果表明：对于整个上海地区,其剪切波速度横向不均性不明显,在相同深度,每个台站S波速度差异较小,上地壳平均速度约为3.6 km/s,中下地壳平均速度约为3.8 km/s、4.1 km/s。     

勒夫波群速度频散与太平洋地壳及上地幔三维构造

应用现代适配滤波频时分析技术对SRO/GDSN长周期面波记录进行处理,获得穿过太平洋盆地的117条波路径的勒夫波频散数据。我们用改进的分格频散反演方法,从混合路径频散数据中提取出对应于构成整个太平洋盆地的10°×10°分格的纯路径频散数据。所获得的18s到215s范围内的28个周期的太平洋勒夫波群速度的横向分布,揭示了速度随海底年龄的增大而逐渐增加的总趋势,以及其它变化细节。例如,对于同一等年龄线区而言,北太平洋及南太平洋的群速度要比中太平洋的低0.1—0.3km/s。在分格模型反演的基础上得出的深至300km的三维剪切波速度结构提供了太平洋盆地地壳及上地幔横向不均匀性的详尽的描述。     

勒夫波群速度频散与太平洋地壳及上地幔三维构造

应用现代适配滤波频时分析技术对SRO/GDSN长周期面波记录进行处理,获得穿过太平洋盆地的117条波路径的勒夫波频散数据。我们用改进的分格频散反演方法,从混合路径频散数据中提取出对应于构成整个太平洋盆地的10°×10°分格的纯路径频散数据。所获得的18s到215s范围内的28个周期的太平洋勒夫波群速度的横向分布,揭示了速度随海底年龄的增大而逐渐增加的总趋势,以及其它变化细节。例如,对于同一等年龄线区而言,北太平洋及南太平洋的群速度要比中太平洋的低0.1-0.3km/s。在分格模型反演的基础上得出的深至300km的三维剪切波速度结构提供了太平洋盆地地壳及上地幔横向不均匀性的详尽的描述。     

欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海瑞利面波频散反演

从亚洲、欧洲及西太平洋地区台网113个数字地震台所记录的分布在40°W~180°E,40°S~80°N范围内近万个地震事件中,挑选出发生在1982-2005年间,震级绝大部分在5.0~7.0之间,震源深度小于100 km的1 700余个事件。共得到周期在8~400 s之间9 980余条质量较高的瑞利面波频散曲线进行面波频散反演,得到欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海28个周期的群速度分布图。反映了欧亚大陆及西太平洋边缘海横向和纵向存在着明显的非均匀性。     

层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波频散函数的计算

本采用层状、均匀、各向同性和完全弹性模型，在柱坐标系下，利用位移应力在各界面处连续及自由表面边界条件和无穷远处的辐射条件，得出了层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波的频散函数，并进行了数值计算，取得了好的效果。对瑞利面波在工程中的应用有一定的理论指导作用。     

基于快速广义反射透射系数方法的面波群速度计算

在利用实际地震资料反演地球内部结构时,群速度往往比相速度更有意义.本文在水平层状均匀介质模型中,用快速广义反射透射系数方法（Pei,2008）计算了基阶瑞雷面波的群速度,并推导了Chen(1993) 4×4 层矩阵E的逆的解析表达式.文中用数值实验的方法合成了两个典型模型的群速度频散曲线,并与复合矩阵方法计算的结果进行了对比,结果表明本文的方法是切实可行的,与广义反射透射系数方法相比明显地提高了计算效率,尤其是在高频、层厚度大和层数多的情况下表现得更为突出.     

3-D surface wave group velocity distribution in Central-Southern Africa

Group velocities estimated from fundamental mode Love and Rayleigh waves are used in a tomography process in central-southern Africa. The waves were generated by eighteen earthquakes, which occurred along the East African Rift and recorded at BOSA, LBTB and SLR seismic stations in southern Africa. The group velocities from Love and Rayleigh waves were isolated using the Multiple Filter Technique (MFT) at the period range of 10 to 50 seconds. The tomography method developed by Ditmar and Yanovskaya (1987) and Yanovskaya and Ditmar (1990), was applied to calculate the lateral distribution of surface wave group velocities in central-southern Africa. The results of the tomographic inversion were plotted as distribution maps. In addition to the maps, I also produced two velocity cross-sections across the area of study. The velocity distribution maps show the regional tectonic units, though with poor resolution. The azimuthal bias of the surface wave paths is reflected in the distribution of the group velocities. The Moho depth appears to correlate with velocities at a period of about 30 s. A low velocity feature observed beneath the Zimbabwe craton implies a thickening upper asthenosphere and lithospheric thinning beneath the Zimbabwe craton. Also estimated was a shear wave velocity model beneath the Zimbabwe craton.     

基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演

获取准确的近地表横波速度对复杂地表条件下弹性波地震数据处理和成像非常重要.在浅层面波工程勘探中通过反演提取的频散曲线可以获得近地表横波速度结构.在多道面波频散曲线分析中, 频散关系拾取的精度直接影响速度反演结果的可靠性.本文在多道面波叠加及自动拾取频散曲线基础上, 提出了基于面波频散曲线聚类分析的近地表横波速度反演方法.该方法充分考虑了低信噪比条件下面波频散曲线的不确定性, 通过在频散曲线拾取中引入曼哈顿距离K-Means聚类算法提高频散曲线拾取的准确性.采用多道多窗口叠加技术提高了面波反演对横向速度变化的适应性, 通过聚类算法和多窗口叠加提高反演的可靠性, 聚类算法获得较准确的频散曲线更利于后续横波速度反演过程.模拟数据算例对比表明本文提出的方法比常规算法效果更好, 精度更高.将提出的方法应用于工程勘探和油气勘探的面波数据反演中, 结果也验证了该方法的有效性.

     

Seismic tomography of Yunnan region using short-period surface wave phase velocity

Introduction The Yunnan region is located on the east margin of the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates; it belongs to the south section of the N-S Seismic Belt of China and is the junc-ture of the Yangtze metaplatform, Songpan-Garz?fold system, Sanjiang fold system and South China fold system. This region has complex tectonic movements, crisscross faults and frequently occurring strong earthquakes, and hence it is one of the regions with the strongest earthquake ac-tivi…     

利用地震面波频散重建川滇地区壳幔S波速度

利用适配滤波频时分析技术分析覆盖川滇地区的长周期面波记录,计算了周期10~100 s内的面波群速度频散,对研究区进行划分尺度大小1.5°×1.5°分格后,采用射线追踪方法求取各分段射线的长度和时间,得到各个格子的纯路径频散.继而采用阻尼最小二乘法求解,反演得到该研究区壳幔S波速度分布.研究结果表明,川滇地区表现出地壳增厚和缩短,在地壳和上地幔顶部,川滇菱形块体内部与其外部相比,虽然存在局部速度负异常,总体上呈相对高速,其周边的走滑断裂带呈现深至上地幔顶部的负速度异常,这有助于地壳块体沿断裂的侧向挤出;此外,云南西部和四川西部壳内和上地幔高导层的存在被认为是与部分熔融的物质或与滑脱构造相关联;从纬向剖面和经向剖面可以得到四川盆地莫霍面平均深度大约为45 km,云南地区莫霍面深度南北方向不一致,云南地区最北端深度达到49 km,南端莫霍面深度大约为36 km,这说明不同构造块体在构造运动过程中受到影响的程度不同.     

The Western Bohemia uppermost crust shear wave velocities from Love wave dispersion

We present a detailed study of Western Bohemia Love waves generated by blasts with an intention to estimate the uppermost crust structure for a more detailed layer distribution than previous studies have used. The use of short-period (4 s and shorter) Love waves represents a new approach in the studied region. Properties of multiple filtering as a tool of frequency–time analysis are discussed. A new method of selecting the dispersion ridges is introduced. Tests of filtering are provided by analyzing signals with analytically known dispersion. The isometric algorithm for the inversion problem is applied, the problem of non-uniqueness is discussed, and tests of reliability of the inversion are presented. During the inversion, the forward problem is solved by use of the matrix method. Six records of blasts from the Western Bohemia region are analyzed to separate the fundamental modes of Love wavegroups, and shear wave velocity distributions down to a depth of 3.0 km are inferred. Modal summation is used to compute synthetic velocigrams, which are compared to measured ones. The lateral heterogeneity of the region is discussed and the presented models are compared to those of previous studies and to the geological setting of the region.     

Distribution characteristics of Rayleigh wave group velocity in China mainland and its adjacent sea areas

Making use of 75 earthquake data of China mainland and adjacent areas recorded by long period seismometers of 27 stations of China and 3 stations of WWSSN and processed by match-filtering frequency-time analysis technique and grid dispersion inversion, the authors obtain pure-path dispersion curves of Rayleigh surface wave in 147 grids in this paper. The distribution characteristics of group velocity are as follows:the China mainland and its adjacent sea areas are divided into two parts of east and west by South-North belt and are separated in blocks of south and north with boundaries of 44°–44°N,28°N (in the west part) and 28°–32°N (in the east part), the first and third boundaries may extend eastward into sea regions, in the west side of island arc and continental shelves, appears belt-form distribution of group velocity striping NE direction. These distribution characteristics correspond to zonation of tectonic structure. In addition, the results also indicate that the differences of group velocity dispersion curves exist between tectonic elements of next order. It is revealable for the differences of group velocity among different tectonic elements until periodT = 113s (corresponding depth is about 170km). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 32–38, 1993.     

Tomography and velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in southeastern Europe obtained from surface wave analysis

A set of two hundred shear-wave velocity models of the crust and uppermost mantle in southeast Europe is determined by application of a sequence of methods for surface-waves analysis. Group velocities for about 350 paths have been obtained after analysis of more than 600 broadband waveform records. Two-dimensional surface-wave tomography is applied to the group-velocity measurements at selected periods and after regionalisation, two sets of local dispersion curves (for Rayleigh and Love waves) are constructed in the period range 8–40 s. The shear-wave velocity models are derived by applying non-linear iterative inversion of local dispersion curves for grid cells predetermined by the resolving power of data. The period range of observations limits the velocity models to depths of 70 km in accordance to the penetration of the surface waves with a maximum period of 40 s. Maps of the Moho boundary depth, velocity distribution above and below Moho boundary, as well as velocity distribution at different depths are constructed. Well-known geomorphologic units (e.g. the Pannonian basin, southeastern Carpathians, Dinarides, Hellenides, Rodophean massif, Aegean Sea, western Turkey) are delineated in the obtained models. Specific patterns in the velocity models characterise the southeast Carpathians and adjacent areas, coast of Albania, Adriatic coast of southern Italy and the southern coast of the Black Sea. The models obtained in this study for the western Black Sea basin shows the presence of layers with shear-wave velocities of 3.5 km/s–3.7 km/s in the crust and thus do not support the hypothesis of existence of oceanic structure in this region.     

含流体砂岩地震波频散实验研究

为了研究孔隙流体对不同渗透率岩石地震波速度的影响,在实验室利用跨频带岩石弹性参数测试系统得到了应变幅值 -6的2~2000 Hz频段下的地震波速度和1 MHz频率下的超声波速度,利用差分共振声谱法得到了频率600 Hz岩石干燥和完全饱水情况下岩石声学参数.实验表明,在低饱和度下,致密砂岩在地震和超声频段下没有明显的频散;在高饱和度下纵波速度的频散变得明显.从干燥到完全水饱和条件,不同频率测量的致密砂岩的体积模量随岩石孔隙度增高而降低,且体积模量的变化量受岩石微观孔隙结构的影响较大.高孔、高渗砂岩无论在低含水度下还是在高含水饱和度下频散微弱,并且在地震频段下围压对于岩石纵横波速度的影响要大于频率的影响.高孔、高渗砂岩和致密砂岩不同含水饱和度下的频散差异可应用于储层预测,油气检测等方面,同时该研究可以更好地帮助理解岩石的黏弹性行为,促进岩石物理频散理论的发展,提高地震解释的精度.     

攀枝花地震台面波震级的改正值测算

选取了攀枝花近5年中763、DK－1地震仪记录较好的地震资料，用不同方法测算了地震台的面波震级台站改正值。经分析对比，认为“按震中距分离”计划得到的结果最好。列出了根据震中距求取面波台站改正值的实用简表，并用1999年2月763仪记录的41个地震、1999年1－8月DK－1仪记录的26个速报地震予以检验，地震震级准确率有明显提高。