大菱鲆体重性状遗传参数及选育遗传进展研究

本研究估计了大菱鲆收获体重性状的遗传参数和选育遗传进展。数据共包括3个世代（G0,G1,G2）的508个全同胞家系10952尾个体。G0,G1,G2的体重估计遗传力分别为0.11±0.08,0.18±0.09,0.17±0.07;世代间估计遗传力为0.19±0.04。每一世代母本和共同环境效应分别为0.10±0.04,0.14±0.04,0.13±0.03;世代间为0.12±0.01。G0和G1世代选择差分别为,18.24g和21.19g。对应的G1和G2世代的遗传进展为22.06g,11.93g;百分比表示分别为6.36%,3.52%。连续两代选择之后总遗传进展为10.10%。以上结果说明针对大菱鲆体重性状的选育项目是成功的。     

大菱鲆体重和形态性状的遗传动态分析

In order to elucidate the genetic mechanism of growth traits in turbot during ontogeny, developmental genetic analysis of the body weights, total lengths, standard lengths and body heights of turbots was conducted by mixed genetic models with additive-dominance effects, based on complete diallel crosses with four different strains of Scophthalmus maximus from Denmark, Norway, Britain, and France. Unconditional genetic analysis revealed that the unconditional additive effects for the four traits were more significant than unconditional dominance effects, meanwhile, the alternative expressions were also observed between the additive and dominant effects for body weights, total lengths and standard lengths. Conditional analysis showed that the developmental periods with active gene expression for body weights, total lengths, standard lengths and body heights were 15–18, 15 and 21–24, 15 and 24, and 21 and 27 months of age, respectively. The proportions of unconditional/conditional variances indicated that the narrow-sense heritabilities of body weights, total lengths and standard lengths were all increased systematically. The accumulative effects of genes controlling the four quantitative traits were mainly additive effects, suggesting that the selection is more efficient for the genetic improvement of turbots. The conditional genetic procedure is a useful tool to understand the expression of genes controlling developmental quantitative traits at a specific developmental period(t-1→t) during ontogeny. It is also important to determine the appropriate developmental period(t-1→t) for trait measurement in developmental quantitative genetic analysis in fish.     

基于Gibbs抽样的贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长和耐高温性状的遗传参数

为了开展大菱鲆耐高温选育工作,对其进行耐高温性状及其相关生长性状的遗传评估是非常必要的。以来源于英国、法国、丹麦和挪威4个国家的不同群体构建大菱鲆选育家系,利用F₁的20个和F₂的22个耐高温选育家系进行耐高温实验,统计耐高温评估指标（UTT）和相应的实验鱼体重（每个家系选取40-50尾实验鱼）。基于Gibbs抽样的贝叶斯方法,采用包含母性效应和不包含母性效应的两种动物模型,对大菱鲆耐高温（UTT）和生长性状的遗传力以及这两个性状间的遗传相关和表型相关进行分析。结果表明,基于不包含母性效应的动物模型估计的体重和耐高温性状的遗传力以及这两个性状之间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.239±0.141,0.111±0.080,0.075±0.026和-0.019±0.011。基于包含母性效应的动物模型估计的这4个值分别为0.203±0.115,0.055±0.026,0.047±0.034和-0.024±0.028,体重和耐高温性状的母性效应分别为0.050±0.017和0.013±0.004。母性效应对这两个性状的遗传评估有一定的影响。本文的研究结论为制订合理的大菱鲆耐高温育种规划提供了理论依据。     

九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)耐低盐与生长性状的遗传参数评估

采用不平衡巢式设计方法和人工授精技术,1个雄九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)配3个雌九孔鲍,建立12个半同胞家系和36个全同胞家系,各家系养殖240d后统计每个家系生长性状,并分别从所建立36家系中随机选取40个稚鲍,在盐度16下进行耐盐实验,48h后统计各个家系的存活率,应用约束最大似然法(Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method,REML)估算九孔鲍体重,壳宽,壳长与耐低盐性状的遗传参数。结果表明,九孔鲍稚鲍在240日龄时,壳长、壳宽和体重遗传力为中等遗传力,估计值分别为0.18±0.04,0.13±0.06,0.18±0.15;耐低盐性状遗传力较低,估计值为0.056±0.022,48h家系的平均存活率为0.44±0.23。壳长,壳宽,体重与耐低盐性状的表型相关与遗传相关系数分别为?0.04—?0.156和?0.03—0.14,呈负相关关系,检验不显著。结果证明,对九孔鲍生长性状与耐低盐性状进行改良时,可采用复合育种技术,以加快育种进程。     

大菱鲆体重和主要体型比率性状的遗传动态分析

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of body width(BW)to body length(BL)ratio(BW/BL)and of body weight traits(BWT)in turbot,and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of the two traits during ontogeny by dynamic genetic analysis.From 3 to 27 months,BW,BL and BWT of each communally stocked fish were measured every 3 months.The BW/BL ratio was measured at different sampling ages.A twotrait animal model was used for genetic evaluation of traits.The results showed that the heritability values of BW/BL ratio ranged from 0.2168 to 0.3148,corresponding to moderate heritability.The BWT heritability values ranged from 0.2702 to 0.3479 corresponding to moderate heritability.The heritability of BW/BL ratio was lower than that of BWT,except at 3 months of age.Genetic correlation between BW/BL ratio and BWT decreased throughout the measurement period.Genetic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations.The current results for estimating genetic parameters demonstrate that the BW/BL ratio could be used as a phenotypic marker of fast-growing turbot,and the BW/BL ratio and BWT could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding.     

大菱鲆低温生长遗传参数及相关的估计

The objectives of this present research were to assess the heritability of growth traits under low temperature conditions in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.), and to analyze the correlation between body weight(BW) and body length(BL). There were 536 individuals from 25 full- and half-sib families involved in this study. During the entire 90-day period, which was initiated at 233 dph(day old) and ended at 323 dph, the individuals' BW and BL were weighed consecutively six times every 18 days. The heritability of BW and BL and the correlation between these two traits were estimated based on an individual animal model with the derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood(DFREML) method. These results showed that the specific growth rates(SGR) of 25 families was from 0.75±0.11 to 1.05±0.14 under water temperature of 10.5–12°C. In addition, the heritability of BW and BL estimated under low-temperature were 0.32±0.04 and 0.47±0.06, respectively. The BW had a medium heritability(0.2–0.4), and the BL had a high heritability(0.45), which suggested that selection for increased weight and length was feasible. Moreover, there was potential for mass selection on growth. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between BW and BL were 0.95±0.01 and 0.91±0.01(P 0.01), respectively. A significant correlation between BW and BL showed that BL could be instead of BW for indirect selection, which could be effectively implemented in the breeding program.     

进口大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus L.苗种的遗传结构分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)和微卫星两种分子标记技术分析了从法国(F)、英国(E)、西班牙(S)引进我国的三个大菱鲆群体的遗传结构。20个RAPD随机引物对每个群体各20尾大菱鲆的基因组DNA进行扩增，共获得125个重复性好且谱带清晰的RAPD标记，片段大小在200—2500bp之间，三群体的多态位点比例在12．80％—20．00％之间，Nei基因多样性指数在0．0142—0．0352之间，Shannon多样性指数在0．0423—0．0720之间。微卫星引物的分析结果与RAPD一致。总体上，三个群体的遗传多样性均较低，其中西班牙群体遗传多样性水平最高，英国群体次之，而法国群体最低。利用Shannon多样性指数和Nei多样性指数估算群体遗传变异的来源，两者得出一致的结论：群体问遗传分化很弱。AMOVA分析结果进一步证实了shannon多样性指数和Nei基因多样性指数的分析结果：群体的遗传变异有97％以上是由群体内个体问的遗传变异引起的，遗传变异主要来自于群体内个体间，显著性检验表明群体间的变异对总变异的影响不显著。实验结果证明我国进口大菱鲆群体种质较单一。     

利用限制性最大似然方法和贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长性状的遗传参数。

Bayesian and restricted maximum likelihood(REML) approaches were used to estimate the genetic parameters in a cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus stock. The data set consisted of harvest body weight from 2 462progenies(17 months old) from 28 families that were produced through artificial insemination using 39 parent fish. An animal model was applied to partition each weight value into a fixed effect, an additive genetic effect, and a residual effect. The average body weight of each family, which was measured at 110 days post-hatching, was considered as a covariate. For Bayesian analysis, heritability and breeding values were estimated using both the posterior mean and mode from the joint posterior conditional distribution. The results revealed that for additive genetic variance, the posterior mean estimate( δ_a~2=9 320) was highest but with the smallest residual variance,REML estimates( δ_a~2=8 088) came second and the posterior mode estimate( δ_a~2=7 849) was lowest. The corresponding three heritability estimates followed the same trend as additive genetic variance and they were all high. The Pearson correlations between each pair of the three estimates of breeding values were all high,particularly that between the posterior mean and REML estimates(0.996 9). These results reveal that the differences between Bayesian and REML methods in terms of estimation of heritability and breeding values were small. This study provides another feasible method of genetic parameter estimation in selective breeding programs of turbot.     

大菱鲆的生物学特性和苗种生产关键技术

简要介绍了大菱鲆的形态、生态、生长和生殖等生物学特性以及胚胎和仔稚鱼发育过程中的形态特征变化,着重报道了有关亲鱼培育、控光控温和人工采卵以及室内水泥池苗种培育等人工繁育的关键技术。     

利用父母本微卫星标记估计大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长性状的遗传参数

The estimation of genetic parameters has played an important role in animal selective breeding for growth traits.Recently studies show that molecular markers can be incorporated into genetic evaluations. In order to improve the performance of an incomplete pedigree(i.e, only parents are known) in the genetic evaluations, 12 microsatellite markers have been applied in the estimation of the genetic parameters for body weight in a farmed population(n=1 890) of juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.). A new relatedness called parental molecular relatedness(PMR) is estimated based on results of genotyping of 48 parents(31 males, 17 females) with microsatellites markers. The feasibility of PMR in estimation of genetic parameters is verified by comparison with pedigree related(PR) which is obtained from a complete pedigree. The results demonstrate that a high correlation(0.872) between them is found. Heritabilities are estimated using the PMR(0.52±0.13) and PR(0.55±0.22) with the same animal model. A cross-validation shows that the predictive abilities of models using the PMR and the PR are identical(0.81). From that, a conclusion can be made that PMR and PR predicted genetic values equally well in a population of juvenile turbot. Therefore PMR can be applied as an alternative of the PR when only parents are known. However, for a better performance, more markers and more families should be included in a further study.     

长牡蛎壳橙品系幼虫和稚贝的生长性状遗传参数评估

为查清长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳橙品系在不同生长阶段各生长性状的遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关,本实验通过平衡巢式设计和人工授精的方法,建立了30个全同胞家系,利用个体动物模型计算了长牡蛎壳橙品系幼虫期和稚贝期的壳高、壳长、壳宽和湿重的遗传参数。研究发现:幼虫在1～21日龄时壳高和壳长的遗传力分别为0.19±0.08～0.36±0.11和0.17±0.08～0.28±0.10,均为中等遗传力;稚贝在90～270日龄时壳高和壳长的遗传力分别为0.13±0.07～0.40±0.12和0.11±0.06～0.37±0.12,在270日龄时壳宽和湿重的遗传力分别为0.17±0.08和0.22±0.09。在不同生长阶段,各性状之间的遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,其中壳高和湿重与其它性状间的遗传相关相对更高(分别为0.35±0.30～0.99±0.08和0.72±0.17～0.93±0.06),表明对这两个性状的直接选育将对其它生长性状起到间接促进作用。本研究获得了长牡蛎壳橙品系不同生长阶段的遗传参数,这些参数将为制定适宜的选育技术路线提供基础资料。     

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)耐低温性状和生长性状遗传参数评估

采用人工控温的方式, 对构建的31个F₁红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)全同胞家系开展低温胁迫实验, 获得耐低温性状低温累计存活时间(CDH), 基于混合线性模型分别开展耐低温性状和生长性状遗传参数评估,对每一性状是否需要考虑共同环境效应所构建的两种模型进行似然比检验。结果显示, 经似然比检验, 最终选用模型A和模型BF进行耐低温和生长性状遗传评估; 耐低温性状CDH遗传力为(0.27±0.08),属于中等遗传力; 体重BW遗传力为(0.36±0.13), 属于中等遗传力, 体长BL遗传力为(0.14±0.06), 属于低等遗传力, 经检验, 遗传力估计值均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。CDH和体重、体长的遗传相关分别为(-0.40±0.22)和(-0.44±0.24), 表型相关分别为(-0.09±0.06)和(-0.16± 0.05), 均为负相关; 体重和体长之间的遗传相关为(0.92±0.05), 表型相关为(0.80±0.02), 呈正相关且结果极显著(P<0.01)。研究结果表明, 红鳍东方鲀的耐低温性状和生长性状都具有较好的改良潜力, 考虑到两性状间存在负遗传相关, 在开展耐低温选育时, 对首先不同性状进行品系选育, 然后利用品系间杂交培育出耐高温、生长快的新品种。该项研究首次完成了红鳍东方鲀耐低温性状的遗传参数评估, 为制订红鳍东方鲀耐低温选育育种规划提供了理论依据。     

文蛤早期发育阶段生长性状遗传参数的估计

采用部分因子设计构建了23个全同胞家系,应用单性状及两性状动物模型对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)早期不同生长发育时期的生长性状进行遗传力和相关性估计。结果表明,文蛤附着变态期以及稚贝期生长性状的遗传力并无显著差别,在0.11~0.41范围内变化,属于中等遗传力。非遗传的共同环境效应随着年龄的增长而呈现上升趋势,由附着变态期的0.02逐渐增加到稚贝期的0.38,且稚贝期的共同环境效应显著大于其附着变态期(P0.01)。壳长与壳高表型相关和遗传相关的分析结果显示,从附着变态期到稚贝期,壳长与壳高之间的表型相关及遗传相关都存在极显著的正相关性,相关系数的范围分别为0.84~0.95、0.93~0.99。早期发育连续时间段生长性状之间的遗传相关均为正相关,但并不显著,且不同时期的遗传相关也不尽相同(0.34~0.71)。     

4月龄军曹鱼幼鱼形态性状与体质量的相关性及通径分析

为了研究4月龄军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)幼鱼的形态性状对体质量的影响效应。在实验中,随机选取该月龄幼鱼115尾,先逐一称其体质量(g)和测量其9个形态性状[全长(X_1)、体长(X_2)、头长(X_3)、吻长(X_4)、体宽(X_5)、眼间距(X_6)、体高(X_7)、尾柄长(X_8)及眼后头长(X_9), cm],然后统计分析获得性状间的相关性、通径系数和决定系数,并进一步构建形态性状和体质量的回归方程。结果表明,本实验中所测的9个形态指标,与体质量间的相关性均达到了极显著水平(P0.01);在通径系数分析中,3个形态性状(X_2、X_3和X_9)对体质量的直接作用达到极显著水平(P0.01),而它们的直接作用均小于间接作用,反映多形态性状联合效应成为影响军曹鱼体质量的主要因素。以体质量为因变量(Y),X_2、X_3和X9为自变量,采用逐步线性回归的方法,建立的回归方程为:Y=–483.321+12.899X_2+36.818X_3+32.666 X9。该回归方程中总决定系数为0.919,认为方程中X_2、X_3和X_9这3个形态性状是4月龄军曹鱼幼鱼体质量的主要影响因素。本研究结果可为军曹鱼人工育种提供理想的测度指标。     

养殖水体中氨氮对大菱鲆的急性毒性效应研究

为了评估大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)耐氨氮性状的遗传参数和为循环水养殖大菱鲆提供科学指导,作者研究了养殖海水中氨氮对4月龄和8月龄大菱鲆的急性毒性效应,同时对比了氨氮对白化和正常个体、雌性和雄性个体的急性毒性效应差别。结果表明:非离子氨对4月龄大菱鲆的24、48、72、96 h LC50分别为2.19、1.94、1.80、1.72 mg/L,对8月龄大菱鲆的24、48、72、96 h LC50分别为3.64、3.02、2.93、2.86 mg/L,非离子氨对4月龄和8月龄大菱鲆的安全质量浓度分别为0.17和0.29 mg/L;氨氮对白化和正常大菱鲆以及雌性和雄性大菱鲆的急性毒性效应均没有显著性差异,研究结果为进一步选育大菱鲆的耐氨氮品系提供科学依据。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)生长和耐低溶氧性状的遗传参数估计和遗传获得评估

选择来自75个家系的6000尾凡纳滨对虾个体进行为期96h的耐低溶氧试验,测定其生长性状和耐低溶氧性状。利用线性动物模型估计了凡纳滨对虾收获时期生长和耐低溶氧性状的方差组分和遗传参数。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾收获体长和收获体质量的遗传力分别为0.35±0.11和0.48±0.15,表现为中高遗传力水平,且统计检验显著(P0.05)。收获体长和收获体质量间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.89和0.95,表现为高度线性正相关(P0.05)。凡纳滨对虾耐低溶氧性状的遗传力为0.07±0.03,表现为低遗传力水平。生长性状(收获体长和收获体质量)和耐低溶氧性状间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.14—0.18和0.11—0.13,表现为低度线性正相关,但统计检验不显著(P0.05)。耐低溶氧性状的选择反应和遗传获得的估计值较低,分别为0.02±0.02和4.87%。体长的选择反应和遗传获得分别为0.65±0.18和7.22%;体质量的选择反应和遗传获得分别为1.13±0.31和11.07%,表明第一代对生长性状的选育达到了良好的效果。     

大菱鲆与耐高温性状相关的微卫星标记筛选

采用微卫星分子标记(SSR)技术分析大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)耐高温相关特性,为耐高温大菱鲆的分子辅助育种提供合适的分子标记.将大菱鲆经过高温实验处理,区分为耐高温组与高温敏感组,用于实验分析.采用Salah.M法抽提大菱鲆肌肉组织的DNA,根据已知的30个大菱鲆微卫星位点的侧翼保守序列设计引物,进行微卫星引物PCR(SSR-PCR)扩增.对PCR扩增出的差异条带进行个体统计,最后进行微卫星位点与耐高温性状的相关性分析.结果表明,有1个微卫星位点与大菱鲆耐高温性状存在一定的负相关性;有3个微卫星位点与大菱鲆耐高温性状存在正相关性,其中位点Sma-USC27 286 bp的等位基因片段与耐高温性状的正相关性极显著,相关系数达到0.383(P＜0.01),其余2个位点为一般显著性相关.微卫星位点Sma-USC27所扩增出的差异等位基因片段可作为分子标记指导耐高温大菱鲆的辅助育种.     

大菱鲆(Scophrhalmus maximus)不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用非求导约束最大似然法(DFREML)进行了大菱鲆不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值研究,每一生长阶段分别对4种不同动物模型估计遗传参数的差异进了比较.不同模型中对全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量作了不同的考虑:模型A,不考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量:模型AD,仅考虑日龄协变量;模型AE仅考虑全同胞家系效应;模型AFD,同时考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量.结果表明,6月龄利用模型AF,3月龄、9月龄、12月龄、15月龄利用模型AFD对遗传参数和育种值进行估计较为适合.利用育种值选择和表型值选择两种方法分别进行了家系选择和个体选择的效率比较,结果表明,在每一生长阶段依据育种值选择的效率均高于表型值选择的效率.利用不同生长阶段的家系育种值以及亲本育种值分别进行了家系选择比较和亲本选择比较,结果表明,在不同生长阶段,按家系、父本和母本的育种值分别排序,前50%的相同率和育种值的相关系数均为9-12月龄较6-9月龄的提高幅度比其它相邻阶段显著增加,推测家系提前筛选的时间以及父本和母本选择的时期均不低于9月龄.     

大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用非求导约束最大似然法（DFREML）进行了大菱鲆不同生长阶段体重的遗传参数和育种值研究,每一生长阶段分别对4种不同动物模型估计遗传参数的差异进了比较。不同模型中对全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量作了不同的考虑：模型A,不考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量;模型AD,仅考虑日龄协变量;模型AF,仅考虑全同胞家系效应;模型AFD,同时考虑全同胞家系效应和日龄协变量。结果表明,6月龄利用模型AF,3月龄、9月龄、12月龄、15月龄利用模型AFD对遗传参数和育种值进行估计较为适合。利用育种值选择和表型值选择两种方法分别进行了家系选择和个体选择的效率比较,结果表明,在每一生长阶段依据育种值选择的效率均高于表型值选择的效率。利用不同生长阶段的家系育种值以及亲本育种值分别进行了家系选择比较和亲本选择比较,结果表明,在不同生长阶段,按家系、父本和母本的育种值分别排序,前50％的相同率和育种值的相关系数均为9-12月龄较6—9月龄的提高幅度比其它相邻阶段显著增加,推测家系提前筛选的时间以及父本和母本选择的时期均不低于9月龄。     

大菱鲆与耐高温性状相关的微卫星示记筛选

采用微卫星分子标记(SSR)技术分析大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)耐高温相关特性,为耐高温大菱鲆的分子辅助育种提供合适的分子标记.将大菱鲆经过高温实验处理,区分为耐高温组与高温敏感组,用于实验分析.采用Salah.M法抽提大菱鲆肌肉组织的DNA,根据已知的30个大菱鲆微卫星位点的侧翼保守序列设...