一种新的即时性图像法膳食调查技术和效果评价

目的研制一种新的基于即时性膳食图像的新膳食调查方法,并进行效果评价。方法利用印有背景坐标和外围框线的矩形餐盘纸或台布,要求被调查者独自分餐进食,进餐前用数码照相机或具备拍照功能的智能手机,对放置在餐盘纸(布)上的食物从不同角度进行影像拍摄,进餐结束后再次对剩余食物进行影像记录。将拍摄的膳食影像文件,通过存储介质或远程传送的方式,发送给后方技术平台,由专门人员依据预先建立的相关估量参比食物图谱,对影像图片中的食物进行估重和膳食评价,从而完成膳食调查。给35名二年级大学生提供一餐经严格称重而烹制的膳食,进餐前按照上述方法对食物进行数码影像记录,次日再接受24h膳食回顾调查。研究中,备餐、供餐、24h膳食回顾以及图像法食物估重等环节的工作均由不同的调查者承担,各环节间信息完全隔离。归类汇总各位受试者各类食物和全部食物的供应量和摄入量,计算膳食营养素供应量和摄入量;比较两种调查方法获得数据与食物称量数据之间的差异,计算估重差值(d)和估重差值绝对值(D),再计算估重差率(d%)和绝对估重差率(D%),即估重差值d和估重差值绝对值D相当于实际称量重量的百分比;同时对两种调查方法数据分别与称重数据进行相关性分析,比较两组方法反映实际膳食情况的差异。结果所开展的实验餐膳食共涉及大米、16种蔬菜、5种水果、瘦猪肉、鲅鱼和鸡蛋共24种食物。与24h回顾法数据相比,图像法估重数据与称重数据的相关性更好,图像法数据的分布更集中于线性趋势,与称重数据的差距更小,具有更小的标准差。基于各种食物的图像法估重数据计算的能量、蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素C和钙的摄入量数据,与称重数据的计算结果更接近,而且分布更集中,标准差更小。结论与常规的24h回顾法比,应用新的即时性图像法膳食调查技术进行膳食调查,可以获得与称重数据更接近的食物消费量和营养素摄入量数据。     

即时性图像法在南京市孕妇膳食调查中应用效果评价

目的评价即时性图像法膳食调查技术在城市孕妇人群膳食评估中的有效性和可行性。方法招募61名住院保胎孕妇,为其提供一次经严格称重后烹制的午餐,运用即时性图像法膳食调查技术,评估每位孕妇的膳食量,并与传统24 h回顾法进行比较。其中食物称重、膳食图像估量、24 h膳食回顾调查三个环节工作分别由三组不同的调查员完成,各环节间信息相互隔离。将图像法估计数据和24 h回顾数据分别与膳食称重数据进行相关性分析,并基于不同膳食评估数据计算能量和营养素供应量,比较不同方法所获数据的差异。最后就图像法和称重法进行方法一致性检验,结合问卷调查定性指标综合评价图像法的可行性和研究效率。结果实验餐膳食共涉及粮谷类、蔬菜、豆制品、鱼类、肉类共23种食物。图像法估量数据与实际量的相关性(r=0.778,P<0.05,n=308)比24 h回顾(r=0.413,P<0.05)更好,分布更集中于线性趋势;从两组数据与实际量的差值绝对值分布来看,图像法为17.51±14.27,24 h回顾法为36.20±36.25(P<0.05,n=308),从两种方法计算得到的能量值与实际能量供给的差值绝对值分布看,图像法为77.23±56.02,24h回顾法为172.77±115.18(P<0.05,n=61),图像法与实际能量供给更接近,分布更集中。Bland-Altman检验发现即时性图像法与称重法一致性良好,差值均数和0逼近,绝大数散点都分布在x珋±1.96s内。问卷调查统计结果显示,56名孕妇认为图像法负担更小,耗时更少;58名孕妇表示愿意通过图像法了解自己的膳食状况。结论即时性图像法膳食调查技术在参与调查的城市孕妇中依从性更好,可靠性更高,与称重法一致性良好。     

食物图谱辅助提高24h回顾法膳食调查准确性的评价研究

目的评价新研制的食物图谱辅助提高24h回顾法膳食调查准确性的效力。方法选取我院40名普食住院病人,分别用称重法、无图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾法和有图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾法对其进行一日膳食调查。将两种24 h膳食回顾法获得的食物消费量和营养素摄入量,与称重法获得的相应数据进行比较,计算与称重法的差值及其比例,比较两种24 h膳食回顾法所获数据与称重法的接近程度,探讨新研制的食物图谱在24 h膳食回顾中的作用。结果与称重法相比,无图谱辅助的24 h回顾法除鸡蛋和牛肉外,其余食物及所有营养素都是低估的,除脂肪、总维生素E、钠、钙和膳食纤维摄入量数据与称重法呈一定程度的正相关,其他营养素和各种食物摄入量则未见相关性。有图谱辅助的24 h膳食回顾所获食物和营养素摄入量与称重法无差别,且两组数据高度相关。结论新研制的食物图谱能有效提高24 h膳食回顾的准确性,携带方便,应用简便,是一种很好的现场调查工具,值得推广应用。[营养学报,2012,34(6):558-562]     

学龄前儿童377名膳食调查及营养状况评价

合理膳食、均衡营养是保证儿童身体和智力发育的物质基础 ,也是预防疾病、提高健康水平的重要条件。为了解长沙市某幼儿园学龄前儿童的营养摄入状况 ,评价其膳食组成的合理性 ,为合理的营养配餐提供科学依据 ,我们于 2 0 0 0年 5月 16～18日对该幼儿园学龄前儿童进行了膳食调查。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　选择长沙市某幼儿园 3～ 6岁儿童 377人为调查对象 ,其中男 2 0 7人 ,女 170人。1.2　方法1.2 .1　膳食调查　幼儿园内膳食调查采用 3日称重法 ,称量每餐各种食物下锅前的生重 ,出锅后熟重 ,计算食物的生熟比例 ;称量每个班各种食物熟重以…     

孕妇膳食摄入量两种评估方法的比较

目的:探讨孕妇孕中期能量与营养素摄入的评估方法,为孕期膳食调查研究方法提供依据。方法:在孕中期同时采用24 h膳食回顾法和连续3天24 h膳食记录法分别记录被调查者调查前一日膳食摄入情况和连续3天24 h所摄取的所有食物名称及数量,计算每人每日食物和营养素摄入量。采用非参数检验法和Spearman相关分析比较两种膳食调查方法调查结果间的差异性和相关性。结果:24 h膳食回顾法获得数据中除蛋白质和碳水化合物摄入量被高估外,脂肪及其他营养素摄入量均低于3天×24 h膳食记录法。两种膳食调查方法获得的结果间差异无统计学意义,相关性较差。结论:在总体评估孕妇膳食能量及营养素摄入水平时24 h回顾法和3天×24 h记录法调查结果间是相似的,但在评估个体膳食能量及营养素摄入量及其与健康相关问题时,3天×24 h记录法得出结果可能相对较好。     

新乡铁路地区学龄前儿童膳食状况调查

目的为了解新乡铁路地区学龄前儿童膳食状况,以便为指导该年龄组儿童合理膳食提供科学依据,使孩子们保持合理的膳食方式,纠正不良的膳食行为。方法采用3日称重记帐法,收集园内2日称重加园外1日记帐该人群食物消费数据,与RDA进行比较。结果三大营养素供给热量基本合理,钙缺乏严重,其次是维生素A、B2缺乏比较严重。结论目前新乡铁路地区学龄前儿童营养素供给量基本符合要求,钙、维生素A、B2缺乏严重,需要进一步改善该人群膳食结构。     

称重法、回顾法和食物频率法评估人群食物摄入量的比较

目的比较称重法、回顾法和食物频率法在评估人群食物摄入量的差异和相关性。方法2002年中国居民营养与健康调查中同时使用称重法、24 h回顾法和食物频率法进行膳食调查的15-75岁的居民23 198名(男11 107名,女12 091名)。称重法入户称量调查对象全家过去3 d在家吃的所有食物重量;24 h回顾法回顾调查对象过去3 d每天在家及在外所消费的食物的种类和数量;食物频率法调查对象过去1年内所摄入的33类食物及油盐和调味品的摄入频率及摄入量。结果回顾法和称重法调查得出的平均每天食物摄入量比较接近;除水果和饮酒量外,其他食物摄入量与称重法的差异均在10％以内;低估和高估的个体的比例均比较少,60％以上的个体食物摄入量的估计值在称重法的±25％以内;回顾法得出的个体食物摄入量与称重法的结果均呈中高度正相关,相关系数在0．58-0．88之间。食物频率法得出的摄入频率较高的食物与称重法比较接近,米及其制品、面及其制品、其他谷类、豆类、蔬菜、坚果和油的摄入量与称重法的相对差异均在15％以内;食物频率法低估和高估的比例均比较高,一般在称重法的±25％以内的个体不足50％;食物频率法得出的食物摄入量与称重法呈低中度相关,相关系数在0．08-0．76之间。结论以称重法为标准的验证结果支持称重法修正24 h回顾法在群体以及个体中进行食物摄入量的调查。食物频率法可以反映群体及个体的食物摄入情况,尤其对消费频率较高的食物,比较适用研究膳食和健康的关系。     

温州市居民膳食结构及食物消费量调查分析

目的 掌握温州市居民膳食结构与食物消费量数据,为开展营养教育及营养改善工作提供科学数据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对1 689户居民5 287人进行食物消费量调查。采用非连续3 d 24 h回顾法为基础,3 d称重法为补充收集居民食物消费量数据。结果 温州市居民平均每标准人日谷薯类摄入量394.8 g,蔬菜类273.4 g,水果类180.0 g,畜禽肉类71.7 g,水产品类78.4 g,蛋类35.5 g,大豆及坚果类29.8 g。城区除水果摄入量和城乡无统计学差异外,其余种类食物摄入量均大于城乡,且差异有统计学意义。水产品超过中国居民膳食指南推荐量要求,谷薯类、畜禽肉类、大豆及坚果类达到推荐量要求,蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类未达到推荐量要求。结论 温州市居民膳食结构及食物消费基本合理,但非主食类植物性食物摄入量未达到推荐量,应加强营养知识的健康教育,提倡合理膳食和健康的生活方式。     

食物频率问卷法评估人群膳食营养素摄入量的相对效度研究

目的 以称重记录法结合24 h回顾法为参考方法,评估食物频率问卷法(FFQ)应用于调查人群膳食营养素和食物摄入量的相对效度。方法 采用随机抽样的方法在上海市抽取闵行区和金山区居民作为调查对象。使用称重法结合24 h膳食回顾法与食物频率问卷法对调查对象进行膳食调查,并以称重法结合24 h膳食回顾法作为标准,采用t检验,Wilcoxon秩和检验及相关系数检验对食物频率问卷所得数据进行统计分析。结果 FFQ和24 h回顾调查2种方法食用的食物大类相同,获得的谷类、豆类及其制品、蔬菜、十字花科蔬菜、水果、肉禽水产类以及奶及奶制品的每日摄入量有相关性(相关系数0.248~1.000)。FFQ和24 h回顾调查2种方法获得的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、胆固醇每日摄入量均呈显著正相关(相关系数0.209~0.340),其中能量与脂肪无统计学差异;镁、钾、磷、锰、碘、钙与硒每日摄入量呈显著正相关(相关系数0.204~0.419),其中镁、钾、磷、锰、碘元素无统计学差异;维生素B1、B2、C、烟酸每日摄入量均呈显著正相关(相关系数0.170~0.305),其中维生素B1、B2无统计学差异。结论 食物频率问卷可以评估碘元素、十字花科蔬菜、大豆异黄酮以及能量、脂肪、镁、钾、磷、锰、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入量。     

裕固族140名3～6岁儿童膳食营养及营养状况评价

目的了解3~6岁裕固族儿童膳食营养及营养状况,为少数民族地区开展营养指导和干预提供基础资料。方法采用随机整群分层抽样的方法,抽取甘肃省肃南裕固族自治县140名3~6岁裕固族儿童,通过24 h回顾法结合记账法进行膳食调查,并测量身高、体重,采用Z评分法进行营养状况评价。结果除维生素A、维生素C摄入量较低外,其他能量及多种营养素的摄入量与中国其他民族儿童比较接近;体格发育状况也比较乐观,基本达到2005年中国9个城市儿童体格发育调查结果及WHO的标准;调查对象存在消瘦和超重现象,未出现生长迟缓及肥胖。结论裕固族学龄前儿童营养状况基本接近中国其他民族儿童及WHO标准。建议增加该群体新鲜蔬菜、水果、肉类等食物的摄取,结合营养教育,加强平衡膳食理念的宣传,以进一步改善营养状况。     

济南市历下区学龄前儿童饮食行为习惯及营养品摄入调查分析

目的 了解历下区学龄前儿童的饮食行为习惯及营养品摄入基本情况及特征,为进一步开展行为干预,促进儿童健康提供科学依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取了济南市历下区4所幼儿园,将所有600名儿童作为研究对象,使用自制的调查问卷,问卷内容包括学龄前儿童的一般资料、家长的一般资料、儿童饮食行为习惯问题和儿童营养品摄入情况问题。结果 存在饮食行为习惯问题的儿童检出率为98.8%,不良饮食行为习惯排在前4位的分别是:吃快餐(66.0%),边吃饭边看电视(57.1%),挑食或偏食行为(56.4%),每餐吃的很饱(32.1%)。 结论 历下区学龄前儿童确实存在饮食行为习惯问题,应加强健康教育和早期行为干预,促使其养成良好的饮食习惯,践行正确的饮食行为。     

Validation of the 24-hour dietary recall in preschool children

The results of the current study indicate that data obtained by the dietary recall correlate highly with the children's weighed food intake if a parent or the primary caretaker providing the child's food responds to the interview. Meredith et al. found parents to be poor reporters of children's consumption outside the home. It is encouraging to note that parents can be reliable reporters of their children's food intake in the home environment. When errors did occur, they were errors in portion size, as 96% of foods eaten by the children were correctly identified by the parents. Parents under-reported only 4% of the time. This slight tendency to under-report is consistent with other reports of the validity of the 24-hour dietary recall. In younger children, parents appear to be reliable reporters of their children's in-home dietary intake. As children become older, they appear to be able to recall their own intake both within and outside the home. There are several possible explanations for these findings. First, several factors could have influenced the accuracy of parental reports of the child's intake during the day that we weighed foods. Because food was weighed in the homes, the parents undoubtedly attended more closely to their child's diet. Additionally, the dietary recalls were collected at the end of the day of observation. This was closer in time than most 24-hour recalls and may have reflected less memory decay than usual. Also, since our sample was primarily middle-class families who were well educated, the correspondence between actual vs. reported dietary intake may have been artificially enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

山东省部分农村地区学龄前儿童膳食营养现状研究

目的了解山东省农村地区学龄前2~7岁儿童膳食营养状况,为科学合理的饮食、有针对性地开展营养干预,促进儿童健康成长提供现实依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法调查儿童3d饮食情况,计算主要能量、蛋白质等营养素摄入;测量身高、体重,采用Z评分法进行生长发育评价。结果调查儿童膳食结构不合理,食物消费率低且摄入量不足;分别有32.7%和35.9%的调查儿童能量和蛋白质的摄入量达不到RNIs的80%;微量元素的摄入量均达不到推荐摄入量的标准;儿童低体重率为4.1%,生长迟缓率为4.3%。结论膳食营养问题突出,应加强对山东农村地区儿童家长营养知识的宣传教育,开展营养干预,保障儿童健康成长。     

山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题调查分析

目的 了解山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题现状及影响因素,为进一步干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法获取样本,利用自制调查问卷获取数据信息,并用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。结果 山东省农村学龄前儿童各项饮食行为问题检出率依次为:边吃边玩(69.25%)、吃零食(57.96%)、吃饭需要哄(51.16%)、偏食挑食(47.07%)、厌食(40.00%)、不吃早餐(22.45%)、睡前半小时吃东西(16.19%)。家长接受饮食营养讲座义诊、不吃保健品的儿童吃零食越少。家庭年纯收入越高、家长不注重饮食搭配,独生子女厌食的越多。养育儿童总支出越高、独生子女偏食挑食和边吃边玩的越多。家庭年纯收入越高,儿童不吃早餐的越多。家长接受过饮食讲座或义诊,儿童睡前吃东西的越少。独生子女、家庭年纯收入越高、儿童年龄越小吃饭越需要哄。结论 山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题较严重,应针对不同类型、年龄阶段的饮食问题采取相应的干预措施。     

An evaluation of a colour food photography atlas as a tool for quantifying food portion size in epidemiological dietary surveys

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of a colour food photography atlas for quantifying portion size eaten compared with weighed foods. DESIGN: The colour food photography atlas was prepared by cooking, weighing and taking digital photographs of three portion sizes of 434 foods and beverages typical of the Italian diet. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS: In all, 448 male and female volunteers aged 6-60 y from a wide variety of social backgrounds completed 9075 assessments of food portions eaten at lunch and dinner in relation to a set of colour food photographs during 8 weeks of investigation. The amounts of foods eaten by individuals in five different cafeterias in Pavia, Northern Italy, were weighed by trained investigators at the time of serving and, within 5-10 min of the end of the meal, each subject was asked to quantify all foods consumed with reference to one of the three food photographs or in terms of virtual portions among those shown in the photographs. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis shows that weights of portion sizes chosen from the set of photographs are significantly associated (P<0.05) to weights of eaten portions (beta=0.81; R(2)=0.70) and are independent of age, gender and BMI. The differences between mean weights of the portions chosen by individuals from photographs and mean weights of eaten foods are significant for all food categories (P<0.05), except for bread. However, because of the very large number of observations, the mean differences are very small (range: from +23.2 g (+11.2%) for first courses to -1.3 g (-2.7%) for bread). Bland-Altman plots show that first courses limits of agreement are wide because the dispersion is increasing while weights are rising. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a series of three photographs and virtual portion sizes being associated with relatively small errors, our findings support the validity of using this colour food photography atlas as a tool for quantifying food portion size in epidemiological dietary surveys on different age groups of Italian subjects.     

Accuracy of a PDA-based dietary assessment program

OBJECTIVE: Study objectives were to assess the accuracy of a food record delivered on a personal digital assistant (PDA) and to examine sources of error from the PDA-based food record. METHODS: Thirty-nine adults recruited with a newspaper advertisement were trained to record food intake using DietMatePro, a dietary assessment program delivered on a PDA. After 3 d of use, subjects returned for a follow-up visit in which a 24-h recall was conducted. Subjects also were timed while recording an observed, weighed lunch. Recalled and actual food intakes were compared with estimates recorded by the subjects when using the PDA. Paired sample t tests and Pearson's correlations assessed means and measurements of association between DietMatePro data compared with the 24-h recall data and observed meal data. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess bias in food recording. Sources of error were quantified by using calories as the unit for comparison. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in daily totals for calories and macronutrients between DietMatePro data and comparison measurements. Pearson's correlations of associations between DietMatePro data and the comparison measurement ranged from 0.505 to 0.797 (P < 0.005, n = 28) for the 24-h recall and from 0.419 to 0.786 (P < 0.005, n = 33) for the observed lunch, depending on the nutrient measured. The largest source of absolute error in caloric estimation was attributable to portion size estimation error (49%). CONCLUSIONS: DietMatePro, a PDA-based dietary assessment program, provides a method of assessing energy and macronutrient intakes comparable to the 24-h recall in samples lacking dietary restrictions.     

From food databases to dietary assessment: A beginning to an end approach for quality nutrition data

Aim: This paper reviews the historical basis of modern assessment of nutrient composition—from food composition tables and the transition to nutrient databases. Method: A narrative review was formed beginning with the first, very crude printed food composition tables, to electronic food databases and continuing to how dietary assessment is currently impacted by state‐of‐the‐art techniques and what that means for food composition. Results: A plethora of studies, especially international studies, have utilised information from food composition via nutrient databases and software designed to extract food composition data into relevant files for dietary assessment. The United States Department of Agriculture's nutrient data bank is widely used, even internationally, and concerns about its appropriateness in other locales needs to be addressed. A number of countries have developed food composition databases unique to the foods of their population. International studies realised a number of problems related to inconsistencies between countries. Essentially, high‐quality food composition data requires up‐to‐date information on food supply, supplement use and potential food contaminants. Food composition tables form the basis for data published on nutrient intakes of individuals via food diaries, food recalls and surveys and, in addition, nutrient claims for some food products; thus, accuracy and reliability are paramount. New tools in dietary assessment, such as food photography, make nutrient assessment more widely available, requiring even more attention paid to the accuracy of food composition databases. Conclusions: The globalisation of food sources and the need for continuity regarding dietary data present challenges needing reconciliation. International concepts for food composition tables have evolved to address these problems.     

Season‐related variation in dietary recalls used in a paediatric population

Background: The effect of seasonality in estimating population mean nutrient intake using a single dietary recall has not been fully explored. The present study aimed to evaluate variation in energy and nutrient intake using a single 24‐h recall between two seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) in a sample of children and adolescents. Methods: A randomly selected subgroup (n = 623) of a representative sample of 3–18‐year‐old Greek children and adolescents was used in the present analysis. Information on participants’ socio‐demographic characteristics, body weight/height and dietary intake were collected through telephone interviews. Dietary assessment was based on two 24‐h recalls (the first during the spring/summer season and the second 6 months later, during autumn/winter season). Results: Reported daily energy intake in spring/summer was 344 ± 130 kJ (82 ± 31 kcal) higher compared to the one in autumn/winter after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.008). However, the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake was not statistically different between the two periods and the same was also true for vitamin C and calcium. The results remained unchanged after excluding low energy reporters. Conclusions: The use of a second 24‐h recall in a different season of the year does not confer additional information with regard to a population assessment of macronutrient contribution to the total energy intake in paediatric samples; its use appears to be justified in the light of a more accurate assessment of energy intake.     

Effect of the energy density and volume of high carbohydrate meals on short term satiety in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of energy density and food volume intakes in one meal (lunch-time) on food and energy intakes in the subsequent meal (tea-time). DESIGN: During lunch, two meals with different energy densities (1.26 and 0.69 kcal/g) were offered to preschool children using normal foods and maintaining a similar energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes. In the subsequent meal a varied type of high acceptability foods were served in higher amounts than those that children usually consume. SETTING: A day care center where the children were fed during lunch-time and tea-time. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and thirty-four normal preschool children, 108 males and 126 females, according to the weight for height index using the NCHS standards. METHODS: Chemical analysis of the meals served using the AOAC methods and determination of food and energy intakes by differential weighing of the foods. RESULTS: The preschool children had a similar energy intake at lunch but a significantly higher food intake when they consumed the meal with the lower energy density (313 vs. 290.7 kcal) (P = 0.001). There were no differences in the food intakes at the subsequent meal times. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this present work demonstrate that under the conditions of the study, there is an inverse relationship between the energy density of the meals consumed at the first meal-time and the energy intakes at the subsequent meal in normal preschool children; and a direct relationship with the short-term satiety. It is possible that differences in satiety reflect, in part, effects from the characteristics of the normal food used in the dietary treatments. These conclusions suggest that future research must be carried out in order to investigate the separate effects of food and the dietary variables commonly used in the studies of food and energy regulations in humans.