经兔耳动脉与经股动脉插管行肝动脉造影的比较研究

【摘要】 目的 评价经兔耳中央动脉插管行肝动脉造影的可行性，并与经股动脉入路比较。方法 将28只健康大白兔随机分成经股动脉入路组14只和耳中央动脉入路组14只（左耳7只，右耳7只）。用泰尔茂穿刺套管针行动脉穿刺，外套管留作后续插管的鞘，以1.8 F微导管行肝动脉插管。了解两种方法插管的成功率，比较两组总的操作时间和每一步操作时间，观察术后动物的生存质量。结果 两组动物均成功完成肝动脉造影。经股动脉组所需剃毛时间为（54.0 ± 13.0）s，经耳动脉组不需此步骤。经股动脉组和经耳动脉组获得动脉入路时间分别为（585.0 ± 249.0）s和（83.0 ± 41.0）s，组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）；肝动脉造影时间分别为（230.5 ± 86.0）s和（257.0 ± 82.0）s，组间差异无统计学意义（P = 0.260 2）；修复入路时间分别为（211.0 ± 83.0）s和（90.0 ± 0.0）s，组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001），总操作时间分别为（1 125.5 ± 199.0）s和（419.5 ± 134.0）s，组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。术后，经股动脉组动物穿刺侧下肢活动受限，经耳动脉组动物无明显异常。结论 经兔耳动脉入路行肝动脉造影可行。与经股动脉入路相比，经耳动脉插管的操作时间短、创伤小、且不会留下肢体残疾。     

兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型建立与经兔股动脉微导管超选择性肝左动脉插管技术的探讨

目的 探讨开腹肝穿刺法建立兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型以及经兔股动脉微导管肝左动脉超选择性插管的可行性及技术特点。方法 健康新西兰大白兔４０只,开腹以１６Ｇ腰椎穿刺针将ＶＸ２瘤组织块种植到兔肝左内叶。２周后行螺旋ＣＴ扫描,然后在兔一侧腹股沟区行股动脉鞘管置入,在ＤＳＡ引导下应用微导管行腹腔动脉造影,分析兔腹腔动脉主要分支走行及肝脏肿瘤的ＤＳＡ表现,再行肝左动脉插管及肝癌相关实验研究。结果 经影像学及组织病理学检查证实４０只实验兔肝肿瘤种植全部成功;股动脉鞘管置入的成功率为９７．５％（３９／４０）。在此基础上腹腔动脉、胃肝动脉、肝总动脉、肝固有动脉、肝左动脉插管成功率分别为１００％（３９／３９）、１００％（３９／３９）、１００％（３９／３９）、９４．９％（３７／３９）、７１．２％（２８／３９）。每只实验兔的Ｘ线透视时间为（６．９±３．０） ｍｉｎ。结论 开腹直视下经穿刺针瘤组织块注入法是建立兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型稳定、可靠的方法。经兔股动脉鞘管置入微导管肝动脉插管技术能方便快捷的实现兔肝左动脉超选择性插管,有效的解决了兔ＶＸ２肝癌动脉介入治疗时肝左动脉超选择性插管的技术难题。     

Ｘ线导向下逆行腘动脉穿刺植入支架治疗股浅动脉闭塞症九例

目的 探讨Ｘ线导向下逆行腘动脉穿刺在股浅动脉闭塞介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 对９例股浅动脉长段闭塞患者采用经股动脉入路顺行开通受阻，改用Ｘ线导向下逆行腘动脉穿刺技术成功建立通路后，对闭塞段行球囊扩张及支架植入治疗。结果 ９例患者腘动脉穿刺技术均获成功，闭塞段股动脉均获开通，间歇性跛行症状消失，未出现相邻神经、血管损伤等严重并发症。踝肱指数由术前０．３８ ± ０．１３升至术后０．９２ ± ０．１１，差异有统计学意义（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）。随访２ ～ １６ 个月，１ 例患者于术后１１个月间歇性跛行复发， ＣＴＡ示股动脉支架下端狭窄，再次行经皮腔内血管成形术后好转。结论 Ｘ线导向下经腘动脉入路治疗股浅动脉闭塞成功率高、安全性好，在股动脉顺行开通受阻时，是有效的治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞的选择途径。     

两种顺行置管方式溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的对照研究

目的探讨经大隐静脉穿刺入路置管溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的应用价值。方法４６例经造影明确诊断的急性髂股静脉血栓患者,随机分为２组,经患肢大隐静脉入路置管溶栓的为A组（２１例）,经患肢静脉入路置管溶栓的为B组（２５例）。对两组患者总体治疗效果、静脉通畅度、患肢消肿率、穿刺置管消耗时间及治疗期间并发症发生率等进行观察比较。结果总体有效率A组９５．２％;B组９６．０％;消肿率A组（８６．６±２０．０）％,B组（８５．７±１４．６）％;静脉通畅度A组（５７．９±１９．４）％,B组（５７．７±１９．３）％。两组之间疗效差异无统计学意义（P＞０．０５）。A组穿刺消耗时间少于B组（P＜０．０５）,大隐静脉穿刺难度低于静脉。大隐静脉置管的并发症发生率低于静脉置管（P＜０．０５）。结论经大隐静脉穿刺置管溶栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成是简单易行、有效的方法。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换的实验方法和影像分析

目的建立经导管主动脉瓣置换的动物实验方法,确定主动脉窦部造影的最佳体位。方法选用健康杂种犬１０只,分别测量股动脉、髂总动脉、腹主动脉直径,穿刺置入１２、１４、１６F输送导管,经右颈动脉送入猪尾巴导管,行左心室造影,确定主动脉窦部造影最佳体位,并作影像分析。结果测得股动脉直径（３．１４±０．３９）mm,髂总动脉直径（３．６５±０．４５）mm,腹主动脉直径（５．０７±０．６３）mm。经腹主动脉可置入１６F输送导管,主动脉造影示左前斜位３２°±５°、头足位１０°±３°可清楚显示左右冠脉开口及主动脉窦部。结论经腹主动脉可建立经导管主动脉瓣置换实验的血管径路,左前斜位３２°±５°、头足位１０°±３°可获得清晰的主动脉窦部影像。     

前置胎盘剖宫产术中行子宫动脉栓塞术对防治产后出血的应用

【摘要】 目的 探讨前置胎盘剖宫产术前先经股动脉子宫动脉置管后术中行子宫动脉栓塞术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析17例前置胎盘剖宫产术前经股动脉子宫动脉置管后，术中再行子宫动脉栓塞术的患者（术前置管栓塞组）与18例前置胎盘剖宫产术后行子宫动脉栓塞术患者（术后置管栓塞组）的临床资料，比较两种手术方式在防治产后出血方面的效果。结果 术前置管栓塞组中未发生弥散性血管内凝血（DIC），术后置管栓塞术组有5例（26.3%）患者发生DIC，两组差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。术前置管栓塞组的出血量为（1 134 ± 912）ml，术后置管栓塞组为（5 067 ± 1 698）ml（P < 0.05）。术前置管栓塞组无栓塞失败病例，子宫收缩异常3例，剖宫产术后晚期产后出血1例，产后新生儿窒息1例。术后置管栓塞组2例栓塞效果不佳，行子宫切除术；子宫收缩异常8例，剖宫产术后晚期产后出血2例，产后新生儿窒息2例。结论 剖宫产术前置管，术中胎儿娩出后行子宫动脉栓塞安全、有效，能减少术中、术后出血量及术后并发症的发生.但仍需多中心大规模随机对照临床实验进一步证实其疗效。
     

经肱动脉肾动脉支架置入术技术分析

目的 探讨总结经肱动脉途径肾动脉支架置入术的可行性及方法、技巧.方法 回顾分析2002年1月-2005年1月8例肾动脉狭窄患者,均经术前影像学评价后决定采用经肱动脉途径肾动脉支架置入,支架置入时,根据患者体型大小分别使用猪尾导管及长鞘定位技术.术后随访6个月观察血压以及肾功能变化.结果 8例患者全部为单侧肾动脉狭窄,均成功实施经肱动脉肾动脉支架置入术.其中,7例采用长鞘定位技术,1例体型较大者采用猪尾导管定位技术.无手术相关严重并发症.经过6个月随访,疗效满意.结论 对于传统股动脉入路困难或无法经股动脉操作的情况,经肱动脉肾动脉支架置入术是一种安全可靠的替代方法.     

经皮血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄性疾病

目的探讨应用血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病的疗效。方法回顾分析１０例１１支锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管内介入治疗的临床资料。结果１０例８支锁骨下动脉狭窄病变（狭窄率大于７０％）成功置入支架,３支闭塞锁骨下动脉中１支成功置入支架,２支闭塞锁骨下动脉未能开通。７例经股动脉置入支架,１例经肱动脉逆行置入支架。锁骨下动脉支架成功置入后肱动脉及桡动脉搏动良好,伴有盗血现象的５例患者症状消失。随访２～２４个月发现１例锁骨下动脉支架置入后９个月近年来血管腔内技术发展迅速,已成为动脉狭窄和闭塞性疾病的重要治疗手段之一。锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是常见的阻塞性颅外脑血管病,不仅可引起上肢缺血症状,若闭塞发生在锁骨下动脉近端,可致同侧椎动脉血流逆流至锁骨下动脉远端供应患侧上肢,引起椎－基底动脉供血不足症状,谓锁骨下动脉盗血综合征（subclavian steal syndrome ,SSS）。为探讨应用血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病的疗效,我院于２００４年６月至２００７年４月对１０例锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞患者进行了治疗,现报道如下。１材料与方法１．１材料１．１．１临床资料本组１０例患者中男９例,女１例。年龄４５～７５岁,平均６６岁。单纯左锁骨下动脉病变７例（闭塞３例,狭窄４例）,单纯右锁骨下动脉狭窄２例,双锁骨下动脉狭窄１例。９例患者患肢动脉压比对侧低２０mmHg 以上,１例患者双侧锁骨下动脉狭窄无明显血压差。８例上肢有感觉异常伴脉搏减弱或无脉,７例有长期头晕病史,５例经颅多普勒超声检查（TCD）显示有椎动脉逆流。临床诊断动脉硬化９例,病理诊断大动脉炎１例。１例合并右肾动脉闭塞,１例合并对侧椎动脉重度狭窄,２例合并一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄。１．１．２使用材料与设备本组选择３种类型的镍钛合金自膨支架,有Protege（EV３,美国）７枚,Precise RX（Cordis,美国）１枚,Maris（Invatec,意大利）１枚。直径８～１０mm,长度４～６cm。使用血管造影设备为西门子AXIOM ARTIS FA DSA系统。１．２介入方法１．２．１术前血管造影采用Seldinger技术行股动脉穿刺,置入５F导管鞘。用５F猪尾导管、猎人头管、西蒙管或单弯管行主动脉弓及全脑DSA,明确病变血管的部位、形态、范围、侧支循环及其他脑血管供血情况,测量血管狭窄或闭塞的程度与长度,以便制订手术方案,选择合适的血管支架。对盗血患者行椎动脉造影时可观察到整个盗血过程１．２．２血管内支架成形术采用Seldinger技术行股动脉穿刺,置入８F导管鞘。将８F导引管与“y”阀、三通、压力盐水袋连接并排气,在黑泥鳅加硬交换导丝引导下,将导引管置于病变锁骨下动脉近端,送入导丝并越过狭窄段至远端,选择直径８mm、长４cm球囊（Cordis,美国）沿导丝送入狭窄段,用压力泵在６～１２atm下扩张１～２次,每次３０s左右,间隔１～２min。撤出球囊导管,将支架递送系统再狭窄,后再置入１枚支架,血管开通良好。１例患者双侧锁骨下动脉狭窄同时置入２枚支架后２个月突发脑出血死亡。结论应用血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法,有望成为主要的治疗手段     

兔血管造影的实验研究

目的 改良实验动物兔血管造影的方法,优化血管造影后的止血过程,提高ＤＳＡ检查的成功率,并且对兔主要的血管的ＣＴ三维血管成像和ＤＳＡ检查进行了初步研究,为兔成像的方法的顺利进行提供了相关经验。方法 新西兰大白兔１５只,麻醉后于耳缘静脉置管行ＣＴＡ检查,测量主要血管的管径并观察相关血管形态和走行方向。解剖腹股沟区,分离股动脉和股静脉,以Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ法进行血管置管。动脉造影方面,穿刺股动脉后,行大动脉弓、背大动脉、腹主动脉、髂总动脉、颈总动脉、椎动脉、腹腔动脉、肠系膜前动脉和肾动脉造影,延长造影时间观察相应的回流静脉。静脉造影方面,穿刺股静脉后,依次行后大静脉和肺动脉造影。股静脉止血采用直接压迫止血数分钟即可,股动脉止血采用止血钳、血凝酶局部湿敷和外科重建股动脉鞘的方法进行。结果 根据兔各主要血管平均管径的大小,选用１８ Ｇ血管穿刺针和４ Ｆ导管理论上可行兔大部分血管的ＤＳＡ检查。所有实验兔均成功进行了血管造影,术后成功实现了止血。结论 采用１８ Ｇ穿刺针和４ Ｆ导管适合进行兔主要血管的ＤＳＡ检查,同时采用药物和压迫止血的方法可以成功实现术后的止血过程,避免了血管结扎引起的正常组织结构的破坏。兔血管造影的工作仍需要进一步的深入研究和完善。     

经桡动脉入路弓上动脉内支架成形术临床研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨经桡动脉入路施行弓上动脉内支架成形术的安全性、可靠性和有效性。 方法 收集2012年1月至2016年1月连续收治的325例弓上动脉闭塞/狭窄患者临床资料,根据患者需求分别予以经桡动脉入路（52例）、经股动脉入路（273例）弓上动脉内支架成形术。观察并记录两组患者穿刺结果、手术结果、手术持续时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后卧床时间、平均住院时间。结果 两组患者穿刺成功率、手术成功率、术中出血量差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。手术持续时间≤30 min患者在桡动脉入路组占73.1%（38/52）,股动脉入路组占43.2%（118/273）,差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.000 1）。术后桡动脉入路组穿刺点出血8例、穿刺部位血肿1例,并发症发生率为17.3%（9/52）,股动脉入路组穿刺点出血23例、穿刺部位血肿7例、穿刺部位疼痛1例、脑出血1例,并发症发生率为11.7%（32/273）,差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.236,P=0.266）。桡动脉入路组患者术后即可下床活动。两组患者平均住院时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 经桡动脉入路和经股动脉入路弓上动脉内支架成形术临床治疗安全可靠、效果好,经桡动脉入路可作为经股动脉入路替代术式。

     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Energy consumption in rural transportation in India

Energy consumption in rural transportation has been computed, taking into account the energy embodied in vehicles or bullocks, as well as the fuels or feeds and food (of operators). Bullock cart transport consumes over four times more energy than vehicles. However, animal transport will continue to be preferred because of its availability.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.