Development of Breeder-Friendly KASP Markers for Low Concentration of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybean Seeds

Trypsin inhibitors (TI), a common anti-nutritional factor in soybean, prevent animals’ protein digestibility reducing animal growth performance. No commercial soybean cultivars with low or null concentration of TI are available. The availability of a high throughput genotyping assay will be beneficial to incorporate the low TI trait into elite breeding lines. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a breeder friendly Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assay linked to low Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) in soybean seeds. A total of 200 F_3:5 lines derived from PI 547656 (low KTI) X Glenn (normal KTI) were genotyped using the BARCSoySNP6K_v2 Beadchip. F_3:4 and F_3:5 lines were grown in Blacksburg and Orange, Virginia in three years, respectively, and were measured for KTI content using a quantitative HPLC method. We identified three SNP markers tightly linked to the major QTL associated to low KTI in the mapping population. Based on these SNPs, we developed and validated the KASP assays in a set of 93 diverse germplasm accessions. The marker Gm08_44814503 has 86% selection efficiency for the accessions with low KTI and could be used in marker assisted breeding to facilitate the incorporation of low KTI content in soybean seeds.     

Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solutions Using Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Formed by Various Anionic Surfactants

The structural organization of chitosan hydrogel beads (CSBs) formed by various anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium decyl sulfate (DS), dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (SDBS), and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DSS), and their applications as adsorbents for environmental purifications were investigated using Congo red (CR) as a model dye. The adsorption capacities of CSB as a function of surfactant concentration revealed that CSBs formed by 5 g/L anionic surfactant were the most effective for CR adsorption. The structure of CSBs and their adsorption capacities for CR depend on the nature of anionic surfactants. The maximum adsorption capacities of CSB_SDS, CSB_DS, CSB_SDBS, and CSB_DSS obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model were 186.02, 209.28, 207.25, and 113.83 mg/g, respectively, indicating that CSB_DS was the best adsorbent for CR.     

Trypsin Inhibitor and Urease Activity of Soybean Meal Products from Different Countries and Impact of Trypsin Inhibitor on Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Pig

Trypsin inhibitor (TI) and urease activity (UA) are the most relevant quality aspects of soybean meal (SBM) for monogastric animals. This study’s objective was to determine the levels of TI and UA in SBM collected from feed mills in different countries, whether TI and UA are correlated since they are both heat-labile, and impact of TI on pig ileal amino acid digestibility. TI was 1.20–8.37 mg g⁻¹ with 36.4% samples <3 mg g⁻¹, UA was 0–0.311 ΔpH unit with 64.2% samples <0.05 ΔpH unit in 847 solvent-extracted SBM samples. TI and UA results varied by countries and world areas. By country, mean TI was highest in Germany and lowest in Philippines, mean UA was highest in India and lowest in Philippines. By world areas, mean TI was highest in Latin America and lowest in North America, UA was highest in Asia and lowest in Latin America. TI and UA results vary in different soybean products, TI ranked as raw soybeans > expeller SBM > full-fat-extruded (FFE) SBM ≥ heat-inactivated full-fat (HIFF) SBM > solvent-extracted SBM; UA ranked as raw soybeans > HIFF SBM > FFE SBM ≥ solvent-extracted SBM ≥ expeller SBM. TI was not correlated with UA in 847 solvent-extracted SBM, suggesting that UA may not be used as a surrogate indicator for TI. A diet contained 38% SBM with 8.78 mg g⁻¹ TI significantly reduced apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein by 13.3–26.0% and 23.3% points, respectively, in cannulated pigs compared to SBM with 2.51 mg g⁻¹ TI.     

Characterization of Tri-Phasic Edible Films from Chitosan,Guar Gum,and Whey Protein Isolate Loaded with Plant-Based Antimicrobial Compounds

Essential oil containing tri-phasic films of chitosan, guar gum, and whey protein isolate were prepared. Eugenol, carvacrol, and citral were used as the oil phase, either alone or in combination. The addition of essential oils decreased the water vapor transmission rate and tensile strength of the films. CLSM confirmed the presence of essential oil droplets within the biopolymer matrix. XRD analysis indicated that the addition of essential oils altered biopolymer interactions. FTIR analysis suggested alterations within whey protein structure in the presence of essential oils. The essential oil containing films showed good antimicrobial activity, suggesting potential application in food packaging.     

钴/锰印迹谷氨酸-壳聚糖对低浓度Mn2 和Co2 的选择性吸附

以硝酸锰和硝酸钴为印迹分子,采用反相悬浮和溶胶凝胶法结合制备了双印迹交联壳聚糖微球(Co/MnCCTS),并与谷氨酸的氨基接枝合成钴/锰双印迹谷氨酸-壳聚糖吸附剂(Glu-Co/Mn-CCTS)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜对其结构进行了表征,并进行了低质量浓度Co2+和Mn2+的静态吸附实验。结果表明,溶液的p H、温度和初始质量浓度、吸附时间、干扰离子对Glu-Co/Mn-CCTS的吸附性能均有较大影响,Glu-Co/Mn-CCTS对Co2+、Mn2+的吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级动力学以及Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型;303 K下,当p H=4~7时,对Co2+和Mn2+的去除率均在98%以上;303 K下,当p H约为5.5时,对Co2+和Mn2+的去除率在吸附4 h后均在96%以上;干扰离子存在下,吸附剂对Co2+的选择吸附性能和抗干扰能力优于Mn2+。     

Chitosan/polyaniline hybrid for the removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions

Nanostructured chitosan/polyaniline (CH/PANI) hybrid was synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of chitosan. The CH/PANI hybrid was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The CH/PANI hybrid had a nanofibrous structure with an average diameter of 70 nm. This hybrid was employed as an ecofriendly and efficient adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for the removal of Acid Green 25 (AG) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. AG and MB were used as anionic and cationic model dyes, respectively. The CH/PANI adsorbent showed high dependence on the pH of the medium with an excellent adsorption performance and regeneration manner. The kinetics and adsorption isotherms were studied. The CH/PANI hybrid follows the pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics and Temkin isotherm model for the adsorption of both AG and MB dyes. This assumes that the enthalpy of dyes molecules decreases with the adsorption on heterogeneous surface with various kinds of adsorption sites and as well as the ability to form multilayers of the dye. Also, intraparticle diffusion was found to play an important role in the adsorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 240.4 mg g⁻¹ of AG at pH 4 and 81.3 mg g⁻¹ of MB at pH 11. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47056.     

单斜相与四方相混合晶相组成ZrO2负载镍催化剂催化顺酐选择性加氢

通过调控水热法制备条件制备同为单斜相和四方相混合晶相组成、但织构性质和表面结构性质不同的两种ZrO_2载体,采用浸渍法制备镍质量分数为10%的Ni/ZrO_2催化剂,考察不同反应温度[(150～240)℃]和氢气压力[(3～7)MPa]条件下两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂的顺酐加氢性能。采用XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,与镍物种发生较强相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较高的■键加氢活性与选择性,几乎没有■加氢活性,在所考察的反应温度和反应压力范围,催化剂上丁二酸酐选择性均高于95.1%,γ-丁内酯选择性均低于4.9%。与之不同,与镍物种发生较弱相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较弱的■键加氢活性,然而,该催化剂表现出一定的■加氢活性,并且其■加氢活性随反应温度或反应压力的提高而显著提高。在反应温度240℃、氢气压力5 MPa条件下,γ-丁内酯选择性高达60.6%。推测晶相组成相似的两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂明显的■加氢性能差异与其表面结构性质不同有关。     

Isolation of Marine Paracoccus sp. Ss63 from the Sponge Sarcotragus sp. and Characterization of its Quorum-Sensing Chemical-Signaling Molecules by LC-MS/MS Analysis

Gram-negative bacteria often use N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the production of AHLs by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, which was isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Sarcotragus sp. High performance liquid chromatography – high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) provided evidence for the production, by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, of twelve saturated long-chain AHLs (3-OH-C10-HSL, 3-OH-C12-HSL, C10-HSL, 3-OH-C14-HSL, C12-HSL, 3-O-C16-HSL, 3-OH-C16-HSL, C14-HSL, 3-OH-C18-HSL, C16-HSL, 3-O-C18-HSL, and C18-HSL), along with four putative unsaturated long-chain AHLs (C10 : 1-HSL, 3-OH-C18 : 1-HSL, C16 : 1-HSL, and C18 : 1-HSL). The distribution of Paracoccus sp. Ss63 in different sponge species, as well as in seawater and marine sediment samples, suggests a mixed lifestyle for this bacterium, i.e., free-living and host-associated. The high pH of seawater is likely to inactivate the AHL signal molecules, and limit the possibility of AHLs to accumulate to the concentration required for QS-based gene regulation. We hypothesize that Paracoccus sp. Ss63 utilizes quorum sensing to sense and respond to the different environments it experiences, with an active QS only when found inside enclosed niches (host-associated and at lower pH).