2012 - 2015年某院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某院金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素和医院感染控制提供依据。方法 回顾性分析该院2012-2015年金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及耐药特点。采用VITEK -2 Compact药敏仪对可疑菌落进行鉴定和药敏检测;使用WHONET 5.6软件和SPSS17.0软件统计分析。结果 4年间分离菌株总株数6 777株,检出金黄色葡萄球菌 632株,其中耐甲氧西林177株,甲氧西林敏感455株,金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林株、甲氧西林敏感株检出率均低于全国平均水平。SA对青霉素G、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为94.5%、73.6%、60.0%,对苯唑西林、阿米卡星、利福平、左旋氧氟沙星、复方新诺明总的耐药率均小于30%,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁不耐药;MRSA对青霉素 G、苯唑西林、阿米卡星、利福平、左旋氧氟沙星、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均高于MSSA,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 该院金黄色葡萄球菌总体控制较好,但耐药率较高,耐甲氧西林和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌呈多重耐药性且耐药率高。     

213株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏分析

目的调查分析医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏率。方法采用VITEK-2微生物鉴定仪及纸片扩散法K-B对2006-2010年收集到的213株金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验分析。结果 213株金黄色葡萄球菌中,49.3%为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),50.7%为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);在105株MRSA中ICU、普通外科、呼吸科、脑外科检出率较高,儿科检出率相对较低;所有MRSA均对青霉素耐药(100.0%),同时对测试的多种抗菌药物耐药;所有金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,敏感率100.0%。结论 MRSA的高检出率对多种药物的耐药性表明,应加强其监测,合理使用抗菌药物,防止MRSA医院感染暴发的流行。     

333株金黄色葡萄球菌引起的临床感染类型及耐药性分析

摘要:目的　了解金黄色葡萄球菌的感染现况及耐药性,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染提供依据。方法　对某院2011年1月-2014年10月临床送检的标本（痰标本除外）中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏实验及分析研究。结果　共检出金黄色葡萄球菌333株,主要来源于局部脓肿和引流液,占63.35％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出97株,占29.13%。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁的敏感率均为100%,对青霉素和红霉素的耐药性大于75%。结论　金黄色葡萄球菌感染多导致局部化脓性炎症,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）,临床应根据分离株耐药特点选用不同的治疗方案,以确保用药合理、安全、有效。     

196株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析近3年医院住院患者金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)分离株的临床分布及耐药性,为指导临床治疗SAU感染合理使用抗菌药物提供帮助.方法 对196株SAU的分布及耐药性进行调查分析,严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行SAU培养与鉴定,采用CLSI推荐的KB法进行药敏试验.结果 196株SAU中,48.5％为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),51.5％为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);在95株MRSA中,ICU、呼吸科、神经内科检出率较高,儿科检出率相对较低;SAU对多种常用抗菌药物均产生了不同程度的耐药;MRSA的耐药率均高于MSSA.结论 SAU引起的耐药现象严重,加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物非常重要.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的目标性监控与分析

目的 了解临床耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离及耐药性,探索耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例的监控措施.方法 对2010年医院临床分离的病原菌进行目标性监测,统计出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的株数以及耐药性,并对临床耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例实施监控.结果 全年检测结果发现,共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌334株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌50株,检出率为14.97％;对抗菌药物耐药率较高;全院未发生耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的暴发和流行.结论 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株数较多,耐药率较高,应该加强临床合理使用抗菌药物的管理,并对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染病例实施监控,预防和减少多药耐药菌的产生,控制医院感染.     

临床标本中566株葡萄球菌的检测及耐药性研究

目的 了解医院临床标本中葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况,为临床用药提供依据.方法 对广西医科大学第一附属医院2007年1～12月检出的566株葡萄球菌的药敏结果 进行分析.结果 从临床标本中分离出的566株葡萄球菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)249株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)317株.其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)有112株,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)有229株.药敏结果 显示,葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素的耐药率均>50%,其中甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌对多种抗生素的耐药性均高于甲氧西林敏感的葡萄球菌,但对万古霉素的耐药率为0%.结论 葡萄球菌对多种抗生素耐药情况严重,临床医生应重视药敏试验,合理选用抗生素.     

下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法对医院2008年1月-2009年12月临床各科室送检的下呼吸道标本中分离的SAU进行回顾性调查分析。结果 137株SAU对糖肽类抗菌药物万古霉素和替考拉宁100.0%敏感,137株SAU中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)61株,占44.5%,MRSA对青霉素G和苯唑西林100.0%耐药;对氯霉素耐药率较低,为10.2%;对喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药率均较高,且存在多药耐药性;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)76株,占总株数的55.5%,MRSA对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物和其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于MSSA耐药率。结论医院SAU的耐药情况已非常严重,建议医院领导加强监控力度,预防SAU医院感染暴发流行。     

妇产科患者医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌的基因分析及耐药分子机制研究

目的探讨妇产科医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌的基因分型及耐药机制,为合理用药提供依据。方法对2008年8月-2013年8月医院分离出的57株金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验,采用随机引物聚合酶链式反应检测并计算Aph(3′)-Ⅲ、Aph(2″)、Ant(4′,4″)、qacA/B、erm、macA、tetM、TEM等基因携带率,并对金黄色葡萄球菌进行分型。结果 57株金黄色葡萄球菌中共检出34株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率59.6%;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌23株,检出率为40.4%;除万古霉素外,金黄色葡萄球菌对抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球也表现出不同程度的耐药,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因携带率普遍高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌;57株金黄色葡萄球菌共分为3种亚型,Ⅰ型33株占57.9%、Ⅱ型6株占10.5%、其他18株占31.6%,Ⅰ型为主要流行株。结论妇产科医院感染的金黄色葡萄球菌主要是Ⅰ型,其对多数抗菌药物已经发生耐药,耐药机制可能与基因变异有关。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎患者危险因素与耐药性分析

目的调查医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)肺炎患者危险因素的分布特点及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为探寻MRSA肺炎在感染控制与临床合理用药提供依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,根据判断标准将2008年1月-2013年6月129例MRSA肺炎患者分为91例医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(HA-MRSA)肺炎与38例社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(CA-MRSA)肺炎,并对两组MRSA肺炎患者的危险因素资料与药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果 91例HA-MRSA肺炎与38例CA-MRSA肺炎在年龄、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染史及入住ICU史等危险因素分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);标本来源以痰液为主,占86.04%;对头孢西丁和苯唑西林均耐药,占96.12%;HA-MRSA对临床常用的β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、糖肽类等抗菌药物耐药率高于CA-MRSA。结论 HA-MRSA肺炎与CA-MRSA肺炎危险因素分布有差异性和共同性,应采取相应的消毒隔离措施,加强预防控制与教育,合理应用抗菌药物,减少MRSA肺炎的发生。     

98株金黄色葡萄球菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析近两年本院患者中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法用湖南天地人公司TDR-200B微生物分析系统进行鉴定和药敏试验,WHONET5.3软件统计分析结果。结果 98株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌（MRSA）65株（66.3%）,主要来源于痰、伤口分泌物、脓等。检出的MRSA除对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感,对米诺环素和氯霉素耐药率较小（24.6%和27.7%）,对利福平的耐药率为52.3%外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均大于80.0%,且耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌。结论临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,MRSA对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,许多MRSA菌株为多重耐药菌,实验室应加强对MRSA的耐药监测,以便合理使用抗菌药物。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.