Gel Properties of Surimi from Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis): Influence of Setting and Soy Protein Isolate

ABSTRACT: The effects of setting conditions and soy protein isolate (SPI) on textural properties and microstructures of surimi produced from bighead carp were investigated. The incubation conditions of bighead carp surimi affected the breaking force and distance. The optimum setting conditions were 35 °C to 40 °C for 60 min. When the surimi was cooked after 50 °C incubation for 30 to 120 min, the breaking force and distance were inferior to that of no incubation. The gel structure showed that the incubation conditions affected the bighead carp surimi gel microstructures, thus producing surimi with different gelling properties. Breaking force and distance of surimi gels decreased when the protein ratio of SPI was increased in the total protein at 30 °C and 40 °C for 60 min setting and heating at 85 °C for 30 min, but the breaking force obtained for 90% surimi protein plus 10% SPI protein was higher than surimi alone at 50 °C for 60 min incubation and heating at 85 °C for 30 min.     

加热方式对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

以鲢鱼糜为原料,研究蒸制、煮制及微波加热对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,采用分形分析鱼糜凝胶微观结构,并初步探讨鱼糜微观结构与鱼糜凝胶特性的相关性。结果表明：加热方式显著影响鱼糜凝胶的硬度、咀嚼性、凝胶强度、破断强度和微观结构参数(P≤0.05),对内聚性、凹陷深度、持水性有一定影响。相关性分析表明：分形维数较大和平均当量直径较小时,鱼糜凝胶的硬度、咀嚼性、凝胶强度、破断强度、凹陷深度和持水性都较大。     

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白均可以明显提高鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性,降低其蒸煮损失率和横向弛豫时间(T_2)。但是与大米蛋白相比,面筋蛋白在改善鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性方面效果更加显著。当面筋蛋白添加量为3%时,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、破断距离、凝胶强度和持水性分别为669.0 g、12.2 mm、8 162.0 g·m和89.8%,与对照组(未添加蛋白)相比分别增加了79.8%、37.2%、147.0%、11.6%;而蒸煮损失率为8.51%,与对照组相比降低了19.7%。且此时的凝胶横向弛豫时间T_(23)和T_(24)分别为42.4 ms和156.0 ms。3%的面筋蛋白促使鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成十分致密的空间三维网络结构,使其具有较高的凝胶强度和持水性,但是由于面筋蛋白带有浅黄色,所以鱼糜凝胶的白度有轻微下降。     

脂肪酶对革胡子鲶鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

以革胡子鲶为研究对象,在加工过程中添加脂肪酶,通过测定鱼糜凝胶强度、白度、持水力等指标,评价脂肪酶对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,并通过测定二硫键含量、观察凝胶微观结构,进一步分析脂肪酶对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善效果。结果表明:在斩拌过程中添加脂肪酶比漂洗过程中添加效果更好,斩拌过程中添加0.75%脂肪酶后,鱼糜凝胶强度提升至原来的2.3倍,白度值增大了4.9%,脂肪含量降低34.5%,持水力变化较小。斩拌添加脂肪得到的鱼糜凝胶中二硫键含量高于漂洗添加组,且斩拌添加组鱼糜凝胶结构更加平整、致密。脂肪酶的添加能够有效改善革胡子鲶鱼糜凝胶品质,本研究为革胡子鲶鱼糜加工研究提供一定理论基础。     

Rapid Heating of Alaska Pollock and Chicken Breast Myofibrillar Proteins as Affecting Gel Rheological Properties

Surimi seafoods (fish/poikilotherm protein) in the U.S.A. are typically cooked rapidly to 90+°C, while comminuted products made from land animals (meat/homeotherm protein) are purposely cooked much more slowly, and to lower endpoint temperatures (near 70 °C). We studied heating rate (0.5, 25, or 90 °C/min) and endpoint temperature (45 to 90 °C) effects on rheological properties (fracture, small strain) of washed myofibril gels derived from fish (Alaska pollock) compared with chicken breast at a common pH (6.75). This was contrasted with published data on gelation kinetics of chicken myosin over the same temperature range. Heating rate had no effect on fracture properties of fish gels but slow heating did yield somewhat stronger, but not more deformable, chicken gels. Maximum gel strength by rapid heating could be achieved within 5 min holding after less than 1 min heating time. Dynamic testing by small strain revealed poor correspondence of the present data to that published for gelling response of chicken breast myosin in the same temperature range. The common practice of reporting small‐strain rheological parameters measured at the endpoint temperature was also shown to be misleading, since upon cooling, there was much less difference in rigidity between rapidly and slowly heated gels for either species.     

漂洗工艺和热处理对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同的漂洗工艺、加热温度和冻藏时间对鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶特性(包括破断强度、凹陷度、凝胶强度和析水率)的影响。结果表明:用4倍质量水漂洗3次,得到鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质最佳;用0.5%的CaCl2漂洗对改善鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的效果最明显;90℃一段加热的鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质最好;在50～70℃加热时,鲤鱼鱼糜会发生一定程度凝胶劣化现象;冻藏对鱼糜凝胶品质的影响很大,随着冻藏时间的延长鲤鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质降低。     

变性淀粉对白鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白构象的影响

为了研究原木薯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯和醋酸酯淀粉对白鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白构象的影响,分析不同淀粉添加量条件下,白鲢鱼鱼糜白度、凝胶强度、持水性、质构特性、储能模量(G')、化学作用力、蛋白二级结构和微观结构的变化规律.结果表明,添加淀粉可以显著提高鱼糜凝胶的持水性.当其添加量为1％时,可提高鱼糜凝胶的白...     

不同添加物对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质改良的研究

研究了淀粉类添加剂(玉米淀粉、地瓜淀粉、马铃薯淀粉)、蛋白类添加剂(卵清蛋白、花生蛋白)以及卡拉胶对鲤鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,马铃薯淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于玉米淀粉和地瓜淀粉。卵清蛋白对鱼糜凝胶品质的改良优于花生蛋白,添加花生蛋白对鱼糜凝胶的品质有降低的作用。当马铃薯淀粉、卵清蛋白和卡拉胶分别以10:1:1的质量比复配时,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度达到最高。鲤鱼鱼糜与猪肉以8:2质量比制作的鲤鱼猪肉混合肠受到欢迎。     

热处理条件对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究加热条件对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,主要采用质构分析法、扫描电镜法、持水力、白度、TCA-可溶性肽含量和鱼糜凝胶溶解度的测定等方法研究凝胶化温度、凝胶化时间和加热方式对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：凝胶化温度、凝胶化时间和加热方式影响竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的制备宜采用30℃凝胶化5h 或40℃凝胶化4h,然后90℃加热20min 的二段加热方式,竹荚鱼鱼糜形成了高度致密、均一的三维网络结构。50～70℃凝胶化后,竹荚鱼鱼糜形成大小不一的凝胶孔洞,凝胶网络的致密性下降,呈现出明显的凝胶劣化现象。     

Protease Inhibitors Affect Physical Properties of Arrowtooth Flounder and Walleye Pollock Surimi

The effects of protease inhibitors from potato, bovine plasma and egg white on the punch, torsion and color tests of arrowtooth flounder and pollock surimi were determined. At 2% addition, the inhibitors increased the strength of arrowtooth gels while variable results were found with pollock gels. Bovine plasma produced a gel with a yellow hue while the gel with potato inhibitor was darkest.     

加热模式对添加葡萄糖氧化酶鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究两段法加热模式对添加葡萄糖氧化酶鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,在凝胶化阶段,高温短时（40 ℃、1 h）模式下,鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、白度和不易流动水含量最高,且自由水含量最低,凝胶网络结构最致密;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）图谱显示,在高温短时（40 ℃、1 h）模式下,肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy china,MHC）条带强度降低,说明此时蛋白降解较多。在熟化阶段时,微波加热鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、持水性和白度最高,三氯乙酸-溶解肽含量、自由水含量和孔隙当量直径最小,形成了有序致密的三维网络结构;SDS-PAGE图谱显示,相比水浴加热,微波加热下MHC条带强度更高,说明微波加热促进了二硫键的形成。因此,适宜的加热模式能改善鱼糜凝胶的品质。     

不同食用蛋白的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶特性的影响

目的:研究大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolated,SPI)、乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)、花生分离蛋白(peanut protein isolate,PPI)的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶性质的影响。方法:利用流变仪、质构仪、色差计等对添加不同蛋白鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、凝胶强度、破断强度、凹陷深度、持水性以及白度进行测定,并采用相关性分析法研究各指标之间的相互关系。结果:不同添加量的SPI、WPI和PPI均能有效地改善鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、破断强度、凝胶强度和持水性,但会降低破断深度和白度,但各测定指标间存在显著相关(p<0.05)。SPI和PPI的添加对鱼糜的流变性、破断强度、凝胶强度的提高效果更好,添加量为8%时,鱼糜的凝胶强度均达到最大值,其中SPI组可达3806.70 g·mm,比对照组增加了34.63%;WPI对鱼糜的保水性效果最好,添加量为8%时,失水率仅为12.6%;白度随着蛋白添加量的增加而降低,其中PPI组与WPI组引起的白度降低较少,且差异不显著(p>0.05)。结论:在实际鱼糜制品的生产中,应根据产品的特征选择适合的蛋白种类和合理的添加量,来提高鱼糜制品的品质。     

5 种淡水鱼肌肉热特性比较研究

为研究不同品种名优淡水鱼冷藏保鲜及热加工的特性,采用差示扫描量热法研究武昌鱼、草鱼、黄颡鱼、鲈鱼和鳜鱼5 种新鲜淡水鱼鱼肉的水分含量、冰点、变性温度、变性热焓和比热容并进行品种间的比较。结果发现：5 种淡水鱼冰点分布在－0.57～－0.1 ℃之间;50 ℃附近热吸收峰起始温度分布在37～41.57 ℃之间,终止温度分布在60.47～62.33 ℃之间;变性热焓在1.680 0～2.499 7 J/g之间;70 ℃附近热吸收峰的起始温度分布在66.33～71.13 ℃之间,终止温度分布在73.60～82.20 ℃之间,变性热焓在0.418 0～0.512 2 J/g之间;鱼肉的比热容在1.658 0～3.862 3 J/（g·K）之间。结果表明：在5 种新鲜淡水鱼中,武昌鱼水分含量和冰点相对较低;草鱼肌球蛋白和鳜鱼肌动蛋白变性温度和变性热焓相对较高,蛋白质稳定性更高;新鲜鱼肉的比热容高于冻结鱼肉,加工后鱼肉的比热容高于未加工鱼肉。     

Thermal Effects on Fast Skeletal Myosins from Alaska Pollock, White Croaker, and Rabbit in Relation to Gel Formation

Thermodynamic properties in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and changes in viscoelasticity upon heating of myosins from white croaker, Alaska pollock, and rabbit fast muscles were investigated in relation to their thermal gel formation abilities. Alaska pollock myosin unfolded in a wide temperature range of 19 to 69°C as revealed by DSC, whereas rabbit myosin unfolded in very narrow range of 32 to 56°C. Thermal unfolding of white croaker myosin occurred in an intermediate temperature range of 30 to 60°C. Viscoelastic properties determined as storage modulus, G′, and loss modulus, G″, reflected differences observed in DSC for the 3 myosins.     

电子束辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响

以梅鱼鱼糜为原料,研究不同电子束辐照剂量(0～9 k Gy)对鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及其凝胶特性的影响,确定提高鱼糜凝胶品质的最适剂量。结果表明:低剂量(≤5 k Gy)组总巯基和活性巯基含量下降不明显,但7 k Gy和9 k Gy组下降明显;随辐照剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATPase活性明显下降,而表面疏水性先增大后减小,5 k Gy组表面疏水性值达到最大。SDS-PAGE和DSC分析显示,随辐照剂量的增加,尤其在7 k Gy和9 k Gy组,肌球蛋白重链、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性下降明显;鱼糜凝胶特性结果表明,经5 k Gy电子束处理,梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、白度值和持水性均高于对照及其它剂量组。综上所述,5 k Gy辐照剂量可有效改善梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,且相比于高剂量(≥7 k Gy)组,低剂量辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响不显著。电子束辐照处理可以成为改善梅鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的一种有效手段,合适剂量为5 k Gy。     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Various Fish Species as Affected by Moisture Content

Torsion, punch, and color tests as affected by moisture content were evaluated for surimi from pollock, Pacific herring, arrowtooth flounder, and Pacific whiting. Torsion stress and strain decreased linearly with increased moisture content but strain values were less sensitive to moisture than were stress values. This finding enabled mathematical normalization of torsion stress and strain values rather than adjusting the moisture content of samples prior to testing. Punch test results, while linearly related to moisture content, were not as consistent as torsion test results. The L* and whiteness increased with higher moisture content, but changes in a* and b* values were not consistent for surimi from different species.     

复合南极磷虾糜中鱼糜配比量及外源添加剂对其凝胶特性的影响

采用等电点沉淀法制备了南极磷虾糜,对其营养成分进行了分析,并与阿拉斯加狭鳕鱼糜复配提高凝胶性能。通过分析复配虾糜的凝胶强度、持水力、感官评分结果,结合差示扫描量热值的变化及动态流变学特征,来确定最佳的鱼糜复配比例,并在此基础上探究不同功能性外源添加剂及其添加量对复合鱼糜凝胶强度的影响。结果表明,制备的南极磷虾糜中,粗蛋白含量为81.01%,氟含量为79.79 mg/kg,必需氨基酸含量达521.5 mg/g蛋白;确定的虾糜与鱼糜的最佳配比为3:7,此复配比例条件下,相较于南极磷虾糜,复合鱼糜凝胶的热相变温度(45.73、108.26 ℃)与南极磷虾糜(19.24、97.56 ℃)相比,显著提升(p<0.05),储能模量(G')上升幅度增加,表明凝胶强度得到了明显提升;功能性辅料中,大豆蛋白、蛋清粉、木薯淀粉和TG酶的添加量分别为15%、15%、20%、0.4%时,复合虾糜的凝胶强度值达到最大,表明复配以鱼糜后,可加入添加剂进一步改善南极磷虾糜的质构特性。     

超高压对带鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响

以带鱼鱼糜为原料,分别采用不同的超高压参数和热处理,分析鱼糜凝胶强度、白度、质构指标、微观结构以及肌原纤维蛋白含量和构象单元的变化,探究超高压处理对带鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响。结果表明：超高压诱导带鱼鱼糜凝胶网络结构形成,超高压诱导组质构特性、凝胶强度、白度均比对照组有所提高,扫描电子显微镜图显示350 MPa保压8 min后（350-8组）所形成的鱼糜凝胶网络结构与热诱导组接近;超高压处理后,鱼糜凝胶中的肌原纤维蛋白含量有所降低,经圆二色光谱测定,肌原纤维蛋白的两个负峰逐渐消失,其α-螺旋结构相对含量下降,无规卷曲和β-折叠的相对含量有不同程度上升,350-8组无规卷曲相对含量与热诱导组接近。综上,适宜的超高压处理条件（350 MPa保压8 min）显著影响带鱼鱼糜凝胶特性及其肌原纤维蛋白二级结构,促进凝胶网络形成,改善鱼糜凝胶品质。